Name: quantitative analysis of alternative pre-mrna splicing in mouse brain sections using rna in situ hybridization assay
Uploaded: 2018-08-26T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af American Heart Association [licensbetaling 0365274B til H.L.], National Cancer Institute [GI SPORE P50CA150964 til Z.W.], National Institutes of Health [Office for forskning infrastruktur delt Instrumentation Grant S10RR031845 til den lysmikroskopi Imaging facilitet ved Case Western Reserve University], og Kina stipendium Rådet [til X.G.]. Forfatterne takke Richard Lee i lys mikroskopi Imaging Core for hans hjælp med diasscanning.

Alle forsøg beskrives her, der involverer mus er blevet godkendt af Case Western Reserve University institutionelle Animal Care og brug udvalget. Titlen på protokollen 2016-0068 (PI: Hua Lou) er "Rolle alternative pre-mRNA-splicing i hvirveldyr udvikling".
Bemærk: Oplysninger om alle de udstyr, reagenser og forsyninger, der anvendes i denne protokol er inkluderet i Tabellen af materialer.
1. Forbered Formalin fast Paraffin indlejret (FFPE) afsnit</...

<ol>
	<li>Wang, E. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+isoform+regulation+in+human+tissue+transcriptomes.">Alternative isoform regulation in human tissue transcriptomes.</a> Nature. 456, 470-476 (2008).</li><li>Pan, Q., Shai, O., Lee, L. J., Frey, B. J., Blencowe, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+surveying+of+alternative+splicing+complexity+in+the+human+transcriptome+by+high-throughput+sequencing.">Deep surveying of alternative splicing complexity in the human transcriptome by high-throughput sequencing.</a> Nature Genetics. 40, 1413-1415 (2008).</li><li>Cieply, B., Carstens, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+roles+of+alternative+splicing+factors+in+human+disease.">Functional roles of alternative splicing factors in human disease.</a> Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: RNA. 6, 311-326 (2015).</li><li>Xiong, H. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+splicing.+The+human+splicing+code+reveals+new+insights+into+the+genetic+determinants+of+disease.">RNA splicing. The human splicing code reveals new insights into the genetic determinants of disease.</a> Science. 347, 1254806 (2015).</li><li>Shirai, Y., Watanabe, M., Sakagami, H., Suzuki, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+splice+variants+in+the+5'UTR+of+Gtf2i+expressed+in+the+rat+brain:+alternative+5'UTRs+and+differential+expression+in+the+neuronal+dendrites.">Novel splice variants in the 5'UTR of Gtf2i expressed in the rat brain: alternative 5'UTRs and differential expression in the neuronal dendrites.</a> Journal of Neurochemistry. 134, 578-589 (2015).</li><li>Cui, Y., Liu, J., Irudayaraj, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+quantification:+in+situ+analysis+of+transcriptome+and+pre-mRNA+alternative+splicing+at+the+nanoscale.">Beyond quantification: in situ analysis of transcriptome and pre-mRNA alternative splicing at the nanoscale.</a> Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology. 9, (2017).</li><li>Trifonov, S., Yamashita, Y., Kase, M., Maruyama, M., Sugimoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutamic+acid+decarboxylase+1+alternative+splicing+isoforms:+characterization,+expression+and+quantification+in+the+mouse+brain.">Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 alternative splicing isoforms: characterization, expression and quantification in the mouse brain.</a> BMC Neuroscience. 15, 114 (2014).</li><li>Hollander, D., Naftelberg, S., Lev-Maor, G., Kornblihtt, A. R., Ast, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+Are+Short+Exons+Flanked+by+Long+Introns+Defined+and+Committed+to+Splicing?.">How Are Short Exons Flanked by Long Introns Defined and Committed to Splicing?.</a> Trends in Genetics. 32, 596-606 (2016).</li><li>Cassidy, A., Jones, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developments+in+in+situ+hybridisation.">Developments in in situ hybridisation.</a> Methods. 70, 39-45 (2014).</li><li>Meshorer, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+splicing+and+neuritic+mRNA+translocation+under+long-term+neuronal+hypersensitivity.">Alternative splicing and neuritic mRNA translocation under long-term neuronal hypersensitivity.</a> Science. 295, 508-512 (2002).</li><li>Wang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAscope:+a+novel+in+situ+RNA+analysis+platform+for+formalin-fixed,+paraffin-embedded+tissues.">RNAscope: a novel in situ RNA analysis platform for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.</a> Journal of Molecular Diagnostics. 14, 22-29 (2012).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAscope+for+in+situ+detection+of+transcriptionally+active+human+papillomavirus+in+head+and+neck+squamous+cell+carcinoma.">RNAscope for in situ detection of transcriptionally active human papillomavirus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. , (2014).</li><li>Zhu, H., Hinman, M. N., Hasman, R. A., Mehta, P., Lou, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+neuron-specific+alternative+splicing+of+neurofibromatosis+type+1+pre-mRNA.">Regulation of neuron-specific alternative splicing of neurofibromatosis type 1 pre-mRNA.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 28, 1240-1251 (2008).</li><li>Hinman, M. N., Sharma, A., Luo, G., Lou, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurofibromatosis+type+1+alternative+splicing+is+a+key+regulator+of+Ras+signaling+in+neurons.">Neurofibromatosis type 1 alternative splicing is a key regulator of Ras signaling in neurons.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 34, 2188-2197 (2014).</li><li>Nguyen, H. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurofibromatosis+type+1+alternative+splicing+is+a+key+regulator+of+Ras/ERK+signaling+and+learning+behaviors+in+mice.">Neurofibromatosis type 1 alternative splicing is a key regulator of Ras/ERK signaling and learning behaviors in mice.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 26, 3797-3807 (2017).</li><li>Zhou, H. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hu+proteins+regulate+alternative+splicing+by+inducing+localized+histone+hyperacetylation+in+an+RNA-dependent+manner.">Hu proteins regulate alternative splicing by inducing localized histone hyperacetylation in an RNA-dependent manner.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108, E627-E635 (2011).</li><li>Sharma, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium-mediated+histone+modifications+regulate+alternative+splicing+in+cardiomyocytes.">Calcium-mediated histone modifications regulate alternative splicing in cardiomyocytes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111, E4920-E4928 (2014).</li><li>Adzemovic, M. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunohistochemical+Analysis+in+the+Rat+Central+Nervous+System+and+Peripheral+Lymph+Node+Tissue+Sections.">Immunohistochemical Analysis in the Rat Central Nervous System and Peripheral Lymph Node Tissue Sections.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. , (2016).</li><li>Shokry, I. M., Callanan, J. J., Sousa, J., Tao, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+In+Situ+Hybridization+using+Oligonucleotide+Probes+on+Paraformaldehyde-prefixed+Brain+of+Rats+with+Serotonin+Syndrome.">Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. , (2015).</li><li>Erben, L., He, M. 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Denne meddelelse rapporterer brugen af BaseScope RNA ISH at undersøge som udtryk mønstre i mus hjernen sektioner. Det er påvist, at antisense exon-exon junction sonder kortere end 50 nukleotider kan målrette exon integration og overspringelse isoformer håndfast og konkret. Derudover kan de deraf følgende signaler bruges til at beregne PSI af en alternativ exon.
Et par variationer blev testet i proceduren. For eksempel, blev frossen væv sektioner genereret af kryostaterne skæring testet...

Alternative splejsning (AS) er en fælles proces, der opstår under pre-mRNA modning. I denne proces, kan en exon medtages varierende i modent mRNA. Således, gennem AS, ét gen kan generere mange mRNAs at kode for forskellige proteinprodukter. Det anslås, at 92 – 94% af menneskelige gener gennemgår alternative splejsning1,2. Unormal alternativ splicing mønstre skyldes genetiske mutationer har været knyttet til en lang række sygdomme, herunder Amyotrofisk lateral sklerose, født dystrofi og kræft3,4. Det er således vigtigt at undersøge og bedre at forstå alternative splejsning reguleringsmekanismer i et forsøg på at finde nye behandlinger af sygdomme hos mennesker.
SOM ofte er reguleret i en celle typespecifikke mode. Det er vigtigt at fastlægge AS udtryk mønster af et specifikt gen i et givet biologisk system. Men dette bliver kompliceret, når et komplekst organ, der indeholder mange forskellige typer af celler, som hjernen eller hjertet, er undersøgt. I dette tilfælde er et ideelt valg af assay system RNA i situ hybridisering (ISH) ved hjælp af væv sektioner så AS udtryk mønster af et specifikt gen kan påvises i mange celletyper samtidigt. Faktisk, exon-specifikke sonder har anvendt til at vurdere udtryk niveauer af en alternativ exon5,6,7. Dog, denne fremgangsmåde er ikke velegnet til som mønster analyse af følgende grunde. Første, konventionelle ISH metoder normalt bruge sonder længere end 300 bp, mens den gennemsnitlige størrelse af hvirveldyr interne exons (ikke første eller sidste exon) er 170 nukleotider8,9. For det andet, når en exon-specifikke sonde bruges til at undersøge det splejsning mønster af en indre alternative exon, den eneste mRNA isoform opdaget af sonden er den, der indeholder exon, mens mRNA isoform uden exon ikke kan påvises. Beregning af den procentvise splejset (PSI) værdi for den alternative exon er således kompliceret. Derudover kombinerer konventionelle fluorescerende ISH ofte ISH med immunfarvning, hvilket reducerer opdagelse effektivitet og robusthed. For eksempel i en undersøgelse, som undersøgte stress-induceret splejsning isoform skift af acetylcholinesterase (AChE) mRNA, digoxigenin blev indarbejdet i ISH sonden og påvises ved hjælp af anti-digoxigenin antistof. Alternativt, biotin-mærket sonde blev opdaget af en basisk fosfatase/streptavidin konjugat og et substrat for basisk fosfatase10. Hverken metode bruger enhver forstærkning strategi til at øge følsomheden af påvisning. Som et resultat, er det udfordrende for at opdage mRNA udskrifter, der er udtrykt på et lavt niveau. Således, en enklere og mere robust ISH assay system er nødvendig for at analysere som udtryk mønstre i situ.
BaseScope blev for nylig udviklet baseret på platformen af RNAscope, en veletableret og udbredt ISH assay system. Begge assay systemer anvender en target-specifikke forstærkning teknologi, der øger følsomheden af påvisning11,12. Hvad adskiller en fra den anden er længden af target sekvens, som er så korte som 50 nukleotider for BaseScope og 300 – 1.000 nucleotider for RNAscope. Det er således muligt at design sonder, der er målrettet exon-exon kryds til at registrere specifikke alternativ mRNA isoformer. I den aktuelle undersøgelse, blev en procedure etableret for at undersøge som udtryk mønstre af neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1) exon 23a, en alternativ exon grundigt undersøgt i samme laboratorium13,14,15 , 16 , 17, i mus hjernen sektioner. Resultaterne viser, at BaseScope er et ideelt system til at studere udtryk mønstre af Nf1 exon 23a in situ. Da denne analyse system kan tilpasses til at analysere som udtryk mønstre af mange alternative exons, repræsenterer det en kraftfulde nye redskab i undersøgelser af AS.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization Oven</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>241000ACD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humidity Control Tray (with lid)</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>310012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stain Rack</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>310017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot plate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1160049SH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imperial III General Purpose Incubator</td>
			<td>Lab-Line</td>
			<td>302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide Scanner</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>SCN400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pretreatment kit</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>322381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen Peroxide</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2000899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease III*</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2000901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X Target Retrieval</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2002555</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BaseScope Detection Reagent Kit</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>332910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMP 0</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2001814</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMP 1</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2001815</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMP 2</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2001816</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMP 3</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2001817</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMP 4</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>16229B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMP 5-RED</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>16229C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMP 6-RED</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2001820</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast RED-A</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>2001821</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast RED-B</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>16230F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50X Wash Buffer</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>310091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Negative Control Probe- Mouse DapB-1ZZ</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>701021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Positive Control Probe- Mouse (Mm)-PPIB-1ZZ</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>701081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control slide-mouse 3T3 cell pellet</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>310045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Other supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humidifying Paper</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>310015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Washing Rack</td>
			<td>American Master Tech Scientific</td>
			<td>9837976</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Washing Dishes</td>
			<td>American Master Tech Scientific</td>
			<td>LWS20WH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrophobic Barrier Pen</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratory</td>
			<td>H-4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover Glass, 24 x 50 mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12--545-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemicals</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>002689</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% ethanol (EtOH)</td>
			<td>Decon Labs</td>
			<td>2805</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>formalde solution</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SF94-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin I</td>
			<td>American Master Tech Scientific</td>
			<td>17012359</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Vector Labs</td>
			<td>H-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>173942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantitative analysis of alternative pre-mrna splicing in mouse brain sections using rna in situ hybridization assay

Alternative splejsning (AS) forekommer hos mere end 90% af menneskelige gener. Udtryk mønster af et alternativt splejset exon er ofte reguleret i en celle typespecifikke mode. SOM udtryk mønstre analyseres typisk af RT-PCR og RNA-seq ved hjælp af RNA prøver isoleret fra en population af celler. Kan foretages i situ undersøgelse af som udtryk mønstre for et bestemt biologiske struktur af RNA i situ hybridisering (ISH) ved hjælp af exon-specifikke prober. Men denne særlige brug af ISH har været begrænset, fordi alternative exons er generelt alt for korte til at designe exon-specifikke prober. I denne betænkning er brugen af BaseScope, en nyligt udviklede teknologi, der beskæftiger kort antisense oligonukleotider i RNA ISH, beskrevet at analysere som udtryk mønstre i mus hjernen sektioner. Exon 23a af neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1) bruges som et eksempel til at illustrere, at korte exon-exon afkørsel sonder udviser robust hybridisering signaler med høj specificitet i RNA ISH analyse på musen hjernen sektioner. Endnu vigtigere, kan signaler registreret med exon inklusion og overspringelse specifikke sonder bruges til at pålideligt beregne procent splejset i værdier af Nf1 exon 23a udtryk i forskellige anatomiske områder af en mus hjerne. Forsøgsplan og beregningsmetode for som analyse præsenteres. Resultaterne viser, at BaseScope giver en kraftfuld ny værktøj til at vurdere som udtryk mønstre i situ.

BaseScope ISH blev udført ved hjælp af tre mus stammer: CD1 vildtype mus, C57BL/6J vildtype mus og Nf123aIN/23aIN mutant mus i C57BL/6J baggrund, i hvilke exon 23a er inkluderet i alle celletyper som følge af manipuleret splejsning websted mutationer14,15.
Som et første skridt, ISH assay system blev testet ved hjælp af virksomheden leveret reage...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay at JoVE.com

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

En i situ hybridisering (ISH) protokol, der bruger korte antisense oligonukleotider til at registrere alternative pre-mRNA splejsning mønstre i mus hjernen sektioner er beskrevet.

Kvantitativ analyse af Alternative Pre-mRNA-Splicing i mus hjernen sektioner ved hjælp af RNA In Situ hybridisering Assay

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in more than 90% of human genes. The expression pattern of an alternatively spliced exon is often regulated in a cell ...

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Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

Unit 1

Transcription: DNA to RNA

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

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Single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful technique to study gene expression in single cells due to its ability to detect ...

Tissue-specific miRNA Expression Profiling in Mouse Heart Sections Using In Situ Hybridization

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Væv-specifikke miRNA udtryk profilering i mus hjerte sektioner ved hjælp af In Situ hybridisering

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Current methods routinely used to quantify mRNA in oocytes and embryos include digital reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), ...

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