Dette arbeidet ble støttet av tilskudd fra National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) til H-JZ. TMBW er en mottaker av en Australia Postgraduate Award fra den australske regjeringen og Ann Henderson påfylling stipend fra australske Rotary helse i partner med roterende av Templestowe og Dine for en kur.

Alle dyreforsøk ble godkjent av University of Melbourne dyr etikk.
Merk: Sekvens, bygging og generasjon protokollen for det adenoviral vektorer pAd-CMV-Td-Tom, pAd-CMV-GFP og pAd-CAGA12- Luc/Td-Tom har vært beskrevet tidligere11,12, 13. Alle vektorer er kommersielt tilgjengelig.
1. virus Titer besluttsomhet bruker 50% vev-kultur smitts...

<ol>
	<li>Massague, J., Like, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+receptors+for+type+beta+transforming+growth+factor.+Ligand+binding+and+affinity+labeling+in+human+and+rodent+cell+lines.">Cellular receptors for type beta transforming growth factor. Ligand binding and affinity labeling in human and rodent cell lines.</a> The Journal of biological chemistry. 260, 2636-2645 (1985).</li><li>Xu, L., Chen, Y. G., Massague, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nuclear+import+function+of+Smad2+is+masked+by+SARA+and+unmasked+by+TGFbeta-dependent+phosphorylation.">The nuclear import function of Smad2 is masked by SARA and unmasked by TGFbeta-dependent phosphorylation.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 2, 559-562 (2000).</li><li>Massague, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGFbeta+signaling+in+context.">TGFbeta signaling in context.</a> Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology. 13, 616-630 (2012).</li><li>Massague, J., Seoane, J., Wotton, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Smad+transcription+factors.">Smad transcription factors.</a> Genes Development. 19, 2783-2810 (2005).</li><li>Blobe, G. C., Schiemann, W. P., Lodish, H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+transforming+growth+factor+beta+in+human+disease.">Role of transforming growth factor beta in human disease.</a> The New England journal of medicine. , 1350-1358 (2000).</li><li>Zhu, H. J., Burgess, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+transforming+growth+factor-beta+signaling.">Regulation of transforming growth factor-beta signaling.</a> Molecular cell biology research communications : MCBRC. 4, 321-330 (2001).</li><li>Massagu&#233;, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGF&#946;+in+Cancer.">TGF&#946; in Cancer.</a> Cell. 134, 215-230 (2008).</li><li>Luwor, R. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+live+cell+TGF-beta+signaling+imaging:+breast+cancer+cell+motility+and+migration+is+driven+by+sub-populations+of+cells+with+dynamic+TGF-beta-Smad3+activity.">Single live cell TGF-beta signaling imaging: breast cancer cell motility and migration is driven by sub-populations of cells with dynamic TGF-beta-Smad3 activity.</a> Molecular cancer. 14, 50 (2015).</li><li>Clarke, D. C., Liu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decoding+the+quantitative+nature+of+TGF-beta/Smad+signaling.">Decoding the quantitative nature of TGF-beta/Smad signaling.</a> Trends in Cell Biol.ogy. 18, 430-442 (2008).</li><li>Zhao, R., Li, N., Xu, J., Li, W., Fang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+single-molecule+study+of+TGF-beta/Smad+signaling.">Quantitative single-molecule study of TGF-beta/Smad signaling.</a> Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica (Shanghai). 50, 51-59 (2017).</li><li>Luwor, R. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+reagents+for+improved+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+examination+of+TGF-beta+signalling.">New reagents for improved in vitro and in vivo examination of TGF-beta signalling.</a> Growth factors. 29, 211-218 (2011).</li><li>Dennler, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+binding+of+Smad3+and+Smad4+to+critical+TGF+beta-inducible+elements+in+the+promoter+of+human+plasminogen+activator+inhibitor-type+1+gene.">Direct binding of Smad3 and Smad4 to critical TGF beta-inducible elements in the promoter of human plasminogen activator inhibitor-type 1 gene.</a> EMBO J. 17, 3091-3100 (1998).</li><li>Luwor, R. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+Stat3+and+Smad7+to+restore+TGF-beta+cytostatic+regulation+of+tumor+cells+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Targeting Stat3 and Smad7 to restore TGF-beta cytostatic regulation of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.</a> Oncogene. 32, 2433-2441 (2013).</li><li>Reed, L. J., Muench, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simple+Method+of+Estimating+Fifty+Per+Cent+Endpoints.">A Simple Method of Estimating Fifty Per Cent Endpoints.</a> American Journal of Epidemiology. 27, 493-497 (1938).</li><li>Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIH+Image+to+ImageJ:+25+years+of+image+analysis.">NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.</a> Nature methods. 9, 671-675 (2012).</li><li>Dennler, S., Prunier, C., Ferrand, N., Gauthier, J. M., Atfi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=c-Jun+inhibits+transforming+growth+factor+beta-mediated+transcription+by+repressing+Smad3+transcriptional+activity.">c-Jun inhibits transforming growth factor beta-mediated transcription by repressing Smad3 transcriptional activity.</a> The Journal of biological chemistry. 275, 28858-28865 (2000).</li><li>Fink, S. P., Mikkola, D., Willson, J. K., Markowitz, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGF-beta-induced+nuclear+localization+of+Smad2+and+Smad3+in+Smad4+null+cancer+cell+lines.">TGF-beta-induced nuclear localization of Smad2 and Smad3 in Smad4 null cancer cell lines.</a> Oncogene. 22, 1317-1323 (2003).</li><li>Zinn, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+bioluminescence+imaging+in+small+animals.">Noninvasive bioluminescence imaging in small animals.</a> ILAR J. 49, 103-115 (2008).</li><li>Kim, T. K., Eberwine, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+cell+transfection:+the+present+and+the+future.">Mammalian cell transfection: the present and the future.</a> Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 397, 3173-3178 (2010).</li><li>Russell, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Update+on+adenovirus+and+its+vectors.">Update on adenovirus and its vectors.</a> Journal of General Virology. 81, 2573-2604 (2000).</li><li>Lee, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenovirus-Mediated+Gene+Delivery:+Potential+Applications+for+Gene+and+Cell-Based+Therapies+in+the+New+Era+of+Personalized+Medicine.">Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Delivery: Potential Applications for Gene and Cell-Based Therapies in the New Era of Personalized Medicine.</a> Genes &amp; Diseases. 4, 43-63 (2017).</li><li>Wang, I. I., Huang, I. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenovirus+technology+for+gene+manipulation+and+functional+studies.">Adenovirus technology for gene manipulation and functional studies.</a> Drug Discovery Today. 5, 10-16 (2000).</li><li>Kochanek, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+adenoviral+vector:+Replacement+of+all+viral+coding+sequences+with+28+kb+of+DNA+independently+expressing+both+full-length+dystrophin+and+beta-galactosidase.">A new adenoviral vector: Replacement of all viral coding sequences with 28 kb of DNA independently expressing both full-length dystrophin and beta-galactosidase.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93, 5731-5736 (1996).</li><li>Wang, Q., Finer, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Second-generation+adenovirus+vectors.">Second-generation adenovirus vectors.</a> Nature Medicine. 2, 714-716 (1996).</li><li>Durham, H. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicity+of+replication-defective+adenoviral+recombinants+in+dissociated+cultures+of+nervous+tissue.">Toxicity of replication-defective adenoviral recombinants in dissociated cultures of nervous tissue.</a> Experimental Neurology. 140, 14-20 (1996).</li><li>MacKenzie, K. L., Hackett, N. R., Crystal, R. G., Moore, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenoviral+vector-mediated+gene+transfer+to+primitive+human+hematopoietic+progenitor+cells:+assessment+of+transduction+and+toxicity+in+long-term+culture.">Adenoviral vector-mediated gene transfer to primitive human hematopoietic progenitor cells: assessment of transduction and toxicity in long-term culture.</a> Blood. 96, 100-108 (2000).</li><li>Zhang, W. W., Koch, P. E., Roth, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+wild-type+contamination+in+a+recombinant+adenoviral+preparation+by+PCR.">Detection of wild-type contamination in a recombinant adenoviral preparation by PCR.</a> Biotechniques. 18, 444-447 (1995).</li><li>Choi, Y., Chang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+vectors+for+vaccine+applications.">Viral vectors for vaccine applications.</a> Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research. 2, 97-105 (2013).</li><li>de Cassan, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+requirement+for+potent+adjuvants+to+enhance+the+immunogenicity+and+protective+efficacy+of+protein+vaccines+can+be+overcome+by+prior+immunization+with+a+recombinant+adenovirus.">The requirement for potent adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of protein vaccines can be overcome by prior immunization with a recombinant adenovirus.</a> Journal of immunology. 187, 2602-2616 (2011).</li><li>Krasnykh, V. N., Mikheeva, G. V., Douglas, J. T., Curiel, D. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+recombinant+adenovirus+vectors+with+modified+fibers+for+altering+viral+tropism.">Generation of recombinant adenovirus vectors with modified fibers for altering viral tropism.</a> Journal of Virology. 70, 6839-6846 (1996).</li><li>Wickham, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+gene+transfer+by+adenovirus+vectors+containing+chimeric+fiber+proteins.">Increased in vitro and in vivo gene transfer by adenovirus vectors containing chimeric fiber proteins.</a> Journal of Virology. 71, 8221-8229 (1997).</li><li>Smith, F., Jacoby, D., Breakefield, X. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virus+vectors+for+gene+delivery+to+the+nervous+system.">Virus vectors for gene delivery to the nervous system.</a> Restorative neurology and neuroscience. 8, 21-34 (1995).</li><li>Zhou, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+receptor+NR4A1+promotes+breast+cancer+invasion+and+metastasis+by+activating+TGF-beta+signalling.">Nuclear receptor NR4A1 promotes breast cancer invasion and metastasis by activating TGF-beta signalling.</a> Nature communications. 5, 3388 (2014).</li></ol>

Vi har utviklet en teknikk for å muliggjøre sanntids avbilding av TGF-β/Smad3 signalering i live enkeltceller. Bruker denne romanen metoden, har vi tidligere identifisert en sub-populasjon av celler med dynamisk TGF-β/Smad3 transcriptional aktivitet som ble tilknyttet forbedret invasjon og overføring8. Denne metoden forbedrer på tradisjonelle analyser for TGF-β signalnettverk, som vestlige blots av Smad3 fosforylering og TGF-β målrettet genuttrykk, ved å fange heterogenitet av TGF-β/Sma...

Transformasjon av vekstfaktor β (TGF-β) er en viktig cytokin innblandet i menneskelig utvikling som signaliserer gjennom en heterodimeric består av type II og type I-reseptorer1. Binding til type II reseptor resulterer i rekruttering og fosforylering typen jeg reseptoren, som i sin tur phosphorylates nedstrøms Smad2/3 proteiner2,3. Dette aktivert Smad2/3 proteiner binde til Smad4, danner et kompleks som translocates til kjernen og regulerer genet transkripsjon4. Under homøostatisk forhold TGF-β/Smad er signalering strengt regulert; men i mange sykdommer, signalveien er deregulert og ofte overexpressed fører til progresjon av sykdommen5,6,7. Nyere studier har vist at cellulær respons til TGF-β er heterogene og subpopulasjoner av TGF-β/Smad aktive cellene er ansvarlige for biologisk funksjon i en tidsavhengige måte8,9. Vanlige mobilnettet analyse av TGF-β/Smad signalering innebærer bruk av fast endepunktet analyser som gir bare et øyeblikksbilde av cellulære aktiviteten og ofte quantitate gjennomsnittlig TGF-β/Smad effekt10. Disse metodene, men kan ikke nøyaktig representere molekylær oppførsel av TGF-β/Smad signalering i fysiologisk tilstand under sykdomsprogresjon. Image-basert analyse av lever celler fange dynamikken i mobilnettet og biologiske prosesser med både en romlig og timelige forståelse.
Målet var å utvikle en følsom høy gjennomstrømming metode for levende celle avbilding av TGF-β/Smad signalering bruker adenovirus-baserte reagenser. Her infisert vi menneskelig bryst kreft cellen linjen MDA-MB-231 med en adenovirus uttrykke Smad3 CAGA motiv bindende sekvensen og luciferase (Luc) eller Td-tomat (Td-Tom) reporter genet. Adenoviral reporter systemer er en rask og billig metode for plasmider introduksjon som kan resultere i en 100% infeksjon rate i kreftcelle linjer. Adenoviral reporter systemer har også vært anvendt på linjer som er vanskelige å transfect med konvensjonelle plasmider11. I denne protokollen vil vi beskrive en reproduserbar og noninvasive prosess for å oppnå levende celle avbildning av TGFβ/Smad-signalveien både i vivo og i vitro.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>1881024</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C waterbath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Scientifix Life</td>
			<td>FBS500-S</td>
			<td>Heat inactivated before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human TGF-&#946;1</td>
			<td>PEPROTECH</td>
			<td>100-21</td>
			<td>Aliquot in DDW to make final concentration at 10 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst-33258</td>
			<td>Tocris Bioscience</td>
			<td>5117</td>
			<td>Dilute in to PBS to make final concentration at 1 &#956;L/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luciferase Reporter Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>197897</td>
			<td>Dilute 5x in PBS before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luminometer</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>9100-002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phase contrast fluorescence microscopy</td>
			<td>OLYMPUS</td>
			<td>IX50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>eppendorf</td>
			<td>5810 R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VivoGl Luciferin</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>P1041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS Lumina III In Vivo Imaging System</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>CLS136334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5% Trypsin-EDTA (10x)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>15400-054</td>
			<td>Diltue to 0.05% (1x) in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Lysis 5x Reagent</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E153A</td>
			<td>Dilute to 1x in DDW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Formalin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F5554-4L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK 293A</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>R70507</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MDA-MB-231</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRM-HTB-26</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PRKDC-SCID</td>
			<td>Animal Resources Centre</td>
			<td>SCIDF6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Zoetis</td>
			<td>26675-46-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Chem-supply</td>
			<td>EA043-10L-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refresh Night Time</td>
			<td>Allergan</td>
			<td>1750D</td>
			<td>Lubricating Eye Ointment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Composition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>NaH2PO4.2H2O (4 mM); NaHPO4 (16 mM); NaCl (0.12M)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS-DMEM&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5% heat inactivated FBS; 10 &#956;g/mL penicillin; 100 &#956;g/mL streptomycin</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

live cell imaging of the tgf-	&beta;/smad3 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo using an adenovirus reporter system

Transformasjon av vekstfaktor β (TGF-β) signalering regulerer mange viktige funksjoner som kreves for mobilnettet homeostase og er vanligvis grunnlegge overexpressed i mange sykdommer, inkludert kreft. TGF-β er sterkt involvert i metastasering under sent stadium kreft progresjon, aktivere et delsett av trekkfugler og invasive kreftceller. Gjeldende metoder for signalering sti analyse fokuserer på sluttpunktet modeller, som ofte forsøker å måle signalnettverk innlegg-hoc av biologiske hendelsen og reflekterer ikke progressive natur sykdommen. Her viser vi en roman adenovirus reporter systemet bestemt for den TGF-β/Smad3 signalveien som kan oppdage transcriptional aktivisering i levende celler. Bruker en Ad-CAGA12-Td-Tom reporter, kan vi oppnå en 100% infeksjon rate av MDA-MB-231 celler i 24 h i vitro. Bruk av fluorescerende reporter tillater avbilding av live enkeltceller i sanntid med direkte identifikasjon av transcriptionally aktive celler. Stimulering av infiserte celler med TGF-β viser bare et delsett av celler som er transcriptionally aktive og involverte i bestemte biologiske funksjoner. Denne tilnærmingen gir høy spesifisitet og følsomhet på en enkelt cellenivå å øke forståelsen av biologiske funksjoner knyttet til TGF-β signalnettverk i vitro. Smad3 transcriptional aktivitet kan også rapportert i vivo i sanntid gjennom bruk av en Ad-CAGA12- Luc reporter. Ad-CAGA12- Luc kan måles på samme måte som tradisjonelle stabilt transfekterte luciferase linjer. Smad3 transcriptional aktiviteten til cellene implantert i vivo kan analyseres gjennom konvensjonelle IVIS avbildning og overvåket live under svulst progresjon, gir unik innsikt i dynamikken i TGF-β signalveien. Våre protokollen beskriver en fordelaktig reporter leveringssystem muliggjør rask høy gjennomstrømming avbilding av levende celle signalnettverk trasé både i vitro og i vivo. Denne metoden kan utvides til en rekke bilde basert analyser og gaver som en følsom og reproduserbar tilnærming til både grunnleggende biologi og terapeutiske utvikling.

Leve enkelt celle bildebehandling i vitro
Å nøyaktig vurdere aktivering av TGF-β/Smad signalering i enkeltceller bruker adenovirus basert reagenser, er det viktig å først bestemme den optimale mangfold av infeksjon (MOI) for hver celle linje. Den optimale MOI bestemmes når 100% av celler er positivt for adenoviral infeksjon uten stede cytopathic eller cytotoksiske effekter. For å fastslå dette, brukte vi constituti...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Cell Imaging of the TGF-	ÃŽÂ²/Smad3 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo Using an Adenovirus Reporter System at JoVE.com

Live Cell Imaging of the TGF-	ÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â²/Smad3 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo Using an Adenovirus Reporter System

Live celle avbildning av den TGF-β/Smad3 signalnettverk Pathway In Vitro og i Vivo bruker en Adenovirus Reporter System

Her presenterer vi en protokoll for levende celle imaging TGF-β/Smad3 signalnettverk aktivitet ved hjelp av en adenovirus reporter system. Systemet sporer transcriptional aktivitet i sanntid og kan brukes til både enkeltceller i vitro og i levende dyrmodeller.

Transforming Growth Factor &#946; (TGF-&#946;) signaling regulates many important functions required for cellular homeostasis and is commonly found ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Live Cell Imaging of the TGF-	&beta;/Smad3 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo Using an Adenovirus Reporter System

In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment

In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment

I Vivo EPR vurdering av pH, pO2, Redox Status, og konsentrasjoner av fosfat og glutation i svulst Microenvironment

This protocol demonstrates the capability of low-field electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-based techniques in combination with functional paramagnetic ...

Radionuclide-fluorescence Reporter Gene Imaging to Track Tumor Progression in Rodent Tumor Models

Radionuklidenes-fluorescens Reporter genet å spore svulst progresjon i gnager svulst modeller

Metastasis is responsible for most cancer deaths. Despite extensive research, the mechanistic understanding of the complex processes governing metastasis ...

Long-term Live-cell Imaging to Assess Cell Fate in Response to Paclitaxel

Langsiktig Live-celle Imaging for å vurdere celle skjebne som svar på paklitaxel

Live-cell imaging is a powerful technique that can be used to directly visualize biological phenomena in single cells over extended periods of time. Over ...

Live-Cell Imaging Assays to Study Glioblastoma Brain Tumor Stem Cell Migration and Invasion

Live-celle Imaging analyser studie Glioblastoma hjerne svulst stamcelleforskningen migrasjon og invasjon

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that is poorly controlled with the currently available treatment options. Key features of GBMs include ...

Monitoring Hippo Signaling Pathway Activity Using a Luciferase-based Large Tumor Suppressor (LATS) Biosensor

Monitoring Hippo Signaling Pathway Activity Using a Luciferase-based Large Tumor Suppressor LATS Biosensor

Overvåking Hippo signalering Pathway aktivitet ved hjelp av en Luciferase-baserte store Tumor Suppressor (LATS) Biosensor

The Hippo signaling pathway is a conserved regulator of organ size and has important roles in the development and cancer biology. Due to technical ...

A Simple Migration/Invasion Workflow Using an Automated Live-cell Imager

En enkel overføring/invasjonen arbeidsflyt ved hjelp av en automatisert Live-celle-Imager

Cancer cell mobility is crucial for the initiation of metastasis. Therefore, investigation of the cell movement and invasive capacity is of great ...

Characterize Disease-related Mutants of RAF Family Kinases by Using a Set of Practical and Feasible Methods

Karakterisere sykdom-relaterte mutanter av RAF familie kinaser ved hjelp av et sett av praktiske og gjennomførbare metoder

The rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF) family kinases play a central role in cell biology and their dysfunction leads to cancers and developmental ...

In Vitro Assay to Study Tumor-macrophage Interaction

In vitro-analysen for å studere tumor-macrophage interaksjon

Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) account for a large percentage of cells in the tumor mass for different types of cancers. Glioblastoma (GBM), a ...

In Vitro Establishment of a Genetically Engineered Murine Head and Neck Cancer Cell Line using an Adeno-Associated Virus-Cas9 System

Opprettelse av en genetisk konstruert murine hode-og nakke kreftcelle linje ved bruk av et Adeno-tilknyttet virus Cas9 system

The use of primary normal epithelial cells makes it possible to reproducibly induce genomic alterations required for cellular transformation by ...

In Vitro Evaluation of Oncogenic Transformation in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells

In Vitro evaluering av onkogen transformasjon i humane pattedyr epitelceller

Tumorigenesis is a multi-step process in which cells acquire capabilities&#160;that allow their growth, survival, and dissemination under hostile ...