Name: a video surveillance system to monitor breeding colonies of common terns (sterna hirundo)
Uploaded: 2018-07-22T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns Sterna Hirundo at JoVE.com

Alle data, der indberettes i dette manuskript blev indsamlet i overensstemmelse med protokol godkendes af Patuxent dyreliv forskning Center Animal Care og brug udvalget. Dette projekt blev finansieret af Maryland Department of Natural Resources og støttet af USGS økosystemer missionsområdet.  Video produktion blev finansieret af The Chesapeake Bay Trust og venner af Patuxent. Vi vil gerne takke US Army Corps of Engineers, Maryland miljømæssige Service og Maryland Department of Transportation Maryland Port Administration for generel logistisk støtte og giver mulighed for video optagelserne på stedet. Vi vil gerne anerkende Dr. Bill Bowerman og Dr. Daniel Gruner fra University of Maryland for deres input i systemdesign og implementering. Vi vil også gerne anerkende Bill Schultz, Kaitlyn Reintsma og Katie DeVoss for deres hjælp i fejlfinding og i feltet set-up i sommeren 2017. Endelig vil vi gerne takke Michael Glow (interne revision) og anonym korrekturlæsere for deres input. Brugen af handel, produkt eller firma navne i denne publikation er til beskrivende formål og er ikke ensbetydende med påtegning af den amerikanske regering.

1. før området forberedelse af den Video aflytning ordning
Bemærk: Dette omfatter de nødvendige skridt til at forberede opførelsen på webstedet felt solpaneler, batterisystem, kameraer og satsningen system.
<ol><li>For at begynde Opsætning af solpaneler og batterisystem, skære og lodde 20 isoleret 10 amerikanske wire gauge (AWG) kobbertråde (10 positive, 10 negative), montering ring terminaler når det er nødvendigt.<ol>
<li>Skære seks negative (sort) og seks positive (rød) ledni...

<ol>
	<li>Nisbet, I. C. T., Arnold, J. M., Oswald, S. A., Pyle, P., Patten, M. A., Rodewald, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+Tern+(Sterna+hirundo.).">Common Tern (Sterna hirundo.).</a> The Birds of North America. , (2017).</li><li>Brinker, D. F., Mccann, J. M., Williams, B., Watts, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colonial-nesting+seabirds+in+the+Chesapeake+Bay+region:+where+have+we+been+and+where+are+we+going?.">Colonial-nesting seabirds in the Chesapeake Bay region: where have we been and where are we going?.</a> Waterbirds. 30 (1), 93-104 (2007).</li><li>Maryland Natural Heritage Program. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> List of rare, threatened, and endangered animals of Maryland. , 21401 (2016).</li><li>Palestis, B. G., Hines, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+survival+and+breeding+dispersal+of+common+terns+(Sterna+hirundo)+in+a+declining+population.">Adult survival and breeding dispersal of common terns (Sterna hirundo) in a declining population.</a> Waterbirds. 38 (3), 221-228 (2015).</li><li>Buckley, F. G., Buckley, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microenvironmental+determinants+of+survival+in+saltmarsh-nesting+common+terns.">Microenvironmental determinants of survival in saltmarsh-nesting common terns.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 5, 39 (1982).</li><li>Erwin, R. M., Brinker, D. F., Watts, B. D., Costanzo, G. R., Morton, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islands+at+bay:+rising+seas,+eroding+islands,+and+waterbird+habitat+loss+in+Chesapeake+Bay+(USA).">Islands at bay: rising seas, eroding islands, and waterbird habitat loss in Chesapeake Bay (USA).</a> Journal of Coastal Conservation. 15 (1), 51-60 (2010).</li><li>Drury, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Population+changes+in+New+England+seabirds+(Continued).">Population changes in New England seabirds (Continued).</a> Bird-Banding. 45 (1), 1 (1974).</li><li>Anderson, J. G., Devlin, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+a+multi-species+seabird+colony.">Restoration of a multi-species seabird colony.</a> Biological Conservation. 90 (3), 175-181 (1999).</li><li>Erwin, R. M., Miller, J., Reese, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poplar+Island+environmental+restoration+project:+challenges+in+waterbird+restoration+on+an+island+in+Chesapeake+Bay.">Poplar Island environmental restoration project: challenges in waterbird restoration on an island in Chesapeake Bay.</a> Ecological Restoration. 25 (4), 256-262 (2007).</li><li>Kress, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+status+of+tern+populations+in+northeastern+United+States+and+adjacent+Canada.">The status of tern populations in northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 6, 84-106 (1983).</li><li>Carney, K. M., Sydeman, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+human+disturbance+effects+on+nesting+colonial+waterbirds.">A review of human disturbance effects on nesting colonial waterbirds.</a> Waterbirds. 22 (1), 68-79 (1999).</li><li>Brubeck, M. V., Thompson, B. C., Slack, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+trapping,+banding,+and+patagial+tagging+on+the+parental+behavior+of+least+terns+in+Texas.">The effects of trapping, banding, and patagial tagging on the parental behavior of least terns in Texas.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 4, 54 (1981).</li><li>Gochfeld, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+behavioral+responses+of+young+common+terns+and+black+skimmers+to+intrusion+and+handling.">Differences in behavioral responses of young common terns and black skimmers to intrusion and handling.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 4, 47 (1981).</li><li>Nisbet, I. C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavior+of+common+and+roseate+terns+after+trapping.">Behavior of common and roseate terns after trapping.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 4, 44 (1981).</li><li>Carey, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigator+disturbance+reduces+reproductive+success+in+Short-tailed+Shearwaters+Puffinus+tentuirostris.">Investigator disturbance reduces reproductive success in Short-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus tentuirostris.</a> IBIS. 153 (2), 363-372 (2011).</li><li>Stein, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absence+from+the+nest+due+to+human+disturbance+induces+higher+nest+predation+risk+than+natural+recesses+in+Common+Eiders+Somateria+mollissima.">Absence from the nest due to human disturbance induces higher nest predation risk than natural recesses in Common Eiders Somateria mollissima.</a> IBIS. 158 (2), 249-260 (2015).</li><li>Safina, C., Burger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+human+disturbance+on+reproductive+success+in+the+black+skimmer.">Effects of human disturbance on reproductive success in the black skimmer.</a> The Condor. 85 (2), 164-171 (1983).</li><li>Ellenburg, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+the+impact+of+nest+searches+on+breeding+birds-+a+case+study+on+Fiordland+creasted+penguins+(Eudyptes+pachyrhynchus).">Assessing the impact of nest searches on breeding birds- a case study on Fiordland creasted penguins (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus).</a> New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 39 (2), 231-244 (2015).</li><li>Erwin, M. R., Beck, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+waterbird+habitats+in+Chesapeake+Bay:+great+expectations+or+sisyphus+revisited?.">Restoration of waterbird habitats in Chesapeake Bay: great expectations or sisyphus revisited?.</a> Waterbirds. 30 (1), 163-176 (2007).</li><li>Erwin, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Post phase I dike construction faunal component surveys of the Paul S. Sarbanes ecosystem restoration project at Poplar Island: the 2012 assessment of waterbird nesting. , (2012).</li><li>Cox, W. A., Pruett, M. S., Benson, T. J., Chiavacci, S. J., Thompson, F. R., Ribic, C. A., Thompson, F. R., Pietz, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+camera+technology+for+monitoring+nests.">Development of camera technology for monitoring nests.</a> Video surveillance of nesting birds. , 185-198 (2012).</li><li>Mckinnon, L., B&#234;ty, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+camera+monitoring+on+survival+rates+of+High-Arctic+shorebird+nests.">Effect of camera monitoring on survival rates of High-Arctic shorebird nests.</a> Journal of Field Ornithology. 80 (3), 280-288 (2009).</li><li>. LW3211 series specs Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.lorextechnology.com/downloads/wireless-security-cameras/LW3211-Series/LW3211_Series_Spec_R1.pdf">https://www.lorextechnology.com/downloads/wireless-security-cameras/LW3211-Series/LW3211_Series_Spec_R1.pdf</a> (2017)</li><li>Nisbet, I. C. T., Cohen, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asynchronous+hatching+in+common+and+roseate+terns,+Sterna+Hirundo+and+S.+Dougallii.">Asynchronous hatching in common and roseate terns, Sterna Hirundo and S. Dougallii.</a> IBIS. 117 (3), 374-379 (2008).</li><li>. 720P Wireless digital security camera LW3211 series quick start guide Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.lorextechnology.com/downloads/wireless-security-cameras/LW3211-Series/LW3211_SERIES_QSG_EN_R1.pdf">https://www.lorextechnology.com/downloads/wireless-security-cameras/LW3211-Series/LW3211_SERIES_QSG_EN_R1.pdf</a> (2017)</li></ol>

Overvågning vandfugle kan være forstyrrende, og investigator forstyrrelse mens overvågningen vandfugle har været knyttet til reden nedlæggelse og falder i reproduktiv succes12,13,14. Protokollen præsenteres her tilbyder en minimalt invasiv overvågning tilgang, der giver forskere til at fastlægge og dokumentere nesting opførsel af jorden-indlejring vandfugle gennem kontinuerlig video optagelser.
<p class="jove_conten...

Fjordterne (Sterna hirundo, herefter COTE), en vandfuglearter med en udbredt avl distribution, er blevet et flagskib eksempel på behovet for bevarelse og overvågning programmer1. Når høstet til nær udryddelse handelsstøtte Modist, aktiveret føderale lovgivning i 1900-tallet befolkninger til at rebound. Men, faldende befolkningsudvikling i Chesapeake Bay har fået øget bekymring over COTE, ud over mange andre vandfugle2. COTE er i øjeblikket opført som en Maryland stat truede arter på grund af reduktioner i både avl tal og aktive avl kolonier3. Stressfaktorer, herunder oversvømmelser og washouts af avl websteder4,5,6, menneskeskabte forstyrrelser, konkurrence/prædation med måger7,8, og prædation af great hornede ugler ( Bubo virginianus) og røde ræve (Vulpes vulpes)9,10, menes at have bidraget til nuværende bestanden; de relative bidrag fra enkelte stressfaktorer kendes dog ikke. Forståelse stressfaktorer forbundet med forskellige stadier af avl cyklus, inkubation, efter hatch og fledging succes kan er vigtige, men være intensiv og omfatte hyppige undersøgelser, der kræver indrejse i den rugende koloni11. Sådan overvågning teknikker kan være forstyrrende for tern populationer, og i nogle tilfælde kan resultere i reden nedlæggelse og/eller nedsættelser i reproduktiv succes12,13,14.
Mens virkningen af forskere på Fjordterne er veldokumenteret, kan intensiv overvågning påvirke en række yderligere jorden-indlejring colonial arter, såsom korte hale skråpe (Puffinus tenuirostris)15, fælles Edderfugle ( Somateria mollissima)16, sort hulskeer (Rynchops niger)17og Fiordland crested penguins (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus)18. For eksempel, en undersøgelse på korte hale skråpe fandt, at overvågning intensitet havde et omvendt forhold på rugeæg succes, og kan forværre bestanden. Disse eksempler illustrerer det stigende behov for at nedbringe de forstyrrelser, samtidig opretholde omfattende overvågningsprogrammer. Med video system skitseret i dette papir, vi havde til formål at indhente oplysninger på reden opmærksomhed og observation af rovdyr på en måde, der ville reducere den fysiske tilstedeværelse af mennesker inden for kolonien.
Vores undersøgelse var placeret på Paul S. Sarbanes økosystem restaurering projekt på poppel Island (38 ° 46′01″N, 76 ° 22′54″W, herefter poppel ø), en af de få kendte ynglepladser for COTE i Maryland. Igangværende overvågning programmer på poppel ø har identificeret konsekvent nesting af COTE, omend med varierende niveauer af succes afhængig af tilstedeværelsen af aviær eller pattedyr rovdyr19,20. På grund af disse faktorer, blev poppel øen identificeret som et ideelt sted at foretage denne undersøgelse.
Mens evnen til at overvåge vandfugl populationer med video-teknologi har klare fordele for arter under observation21,22, skal en række tekniske overvejelser tages hensyn ved gennemførelsen af en sådan fremgangsmåde. For eksempel, skal video opløsning være tilstrækkelige til at identificere emner af interesse for forskeren, som madvarer, reden markeringer eller farvet ben bands for individuel identifikation. Derudover skal de fysiske komponenter være holdbart nok til at modstå både vejrbegivenheder og dyreliv interaktioner. Trådløs sikkerhed kameraer blev valgt på grund af deres high definition billedkvalitet, farveskærm med trådløs og infrarød kapaciteter, udendørs holdbarhed og samlede omkostninger effektivitet23.
Formålet med denne undersøgelse var at designe en video aflytning ordning, der gør det muligt for remote observation af jorden-indlejring colonial arter samtidig forårsager minimal forstyrrelse til disse personer og kolonien. Dette papir beskriver den specifikke video system bruges til at indsamle data.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Morningstar SS-20L-12V (2)</td>
			<td>Morningstar Corporation</td>
			<td>3680192</td>
			<td>Charge controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Renogy 100 W 12V Panel (4)</td>
			<td>Renogy</td>
			<td>RNG-100D</td>
			<td>Solar panel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LOREX LW3211 (6)</td>
			<td>Lorex</td>
			<td>LW3211-2PK</td>
			<td>Wireless camera with receivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sawhorse (4)</td>
			<td>HDX</td>
			<td>SH106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LOREX DV7082</td>
			<td>Lorex</td>
			<td>DV7082W</td>
			<td>8ch 1080p HD DVR; Comes with computer mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12V dry cell Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) car batteries (6)</td>
			<td>Optima</td>
			<td>DS46B24R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCT LCD color monitor</td>
			<td>Kuman</td>
			<td>X0013XAI51</td>
			<td>Mini display monitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22 in. display monitor</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>S2218H</td>
			<td>For office</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 gallon plastic bin (2)</td>
			<td>Sterilite</td>
			<td>1446</td>
			<td>Plastic container</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black copper insulated 10 AWG wire</td>
			<td>Southwire</td>
			<td>22973257</td>
			<td>Black electrical wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red copper insulated 10 AWG wire</td>
			<td>Southwire</td>
			<td>37113803</td>
			<td>Red electrical wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/8 in. ring terminals</td>
			<td>Autocraft</td>
			<td>85417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5/16 in. ring terminals</td>
			<td>AutoCraft</td>
			<td>85445</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Winged wire connectors (red)</td>
			<td>Commercial Electric</td>
			<td>775304</td>
			<td>Connector is large enough to accommodate 3 10AWG wires inside</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12V male DC adapter (2)</td>
			<td>Avue</td>
			<td>162537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Male DC 2.1 x 5.5 mm power plugs for CCTV (4)</td>
			<td>WinBook</td>
			<td>231001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Four port DC power splitters, 1 female to 4</td>
			<td>ClearView</td>
			<td>PWRSPIDER4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ft. wooden board (5)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>461443</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ft. wooden board</td>
			<td>Vigoro</td>
			<td>RC 85N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4 in. x 2 in. eye bolt (8)</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>816721</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5/16 in. hex nuts (16)</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>804886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5/16 in. washers (16)</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>807220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SAE size 6 stainless steel clamps (8)</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>670655E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60ft. BNC extension cables (6)</td>
			<td>WinBook</td>
			<td>432377</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 ft. x 4 ft. wooden plywood</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>1502104</td>
			<td>Cut to 1 ft. x 2 ft.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ft. metal rebar (8)</td>
			<td>Weyerhaeuser</td>
			<td>35616</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bungee cord (2)</td>
			<td>HDX</td>
			<td>56128</td>
			<td>For securing lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ft. x 3/4 in. sticky back tape</td>
			<td>Velcro</td>
			<td>239540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duct tape</td>
			<td>Duck</td>
			<td>392875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permanent Marker</td>
			<td>Sharpie</td>
			<td>35010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4 in. x 400 ft. white diamond braid nylon rope</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>72716</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weatherproof electrical tape</td>
			<td>Scotch</td>
			<td>6143-BA-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Schumacher 6A 12V automatic battery charger/ Carquest battery charger 8A</td>
			<td>Schumacher/ Carquest</td>
			<td>SP6/ CQ-80CR</td>
			<td>Two possible car battery chargers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 in. nails (14)</td>
			<td>Grip-Rite</td>
			<td>60HGC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 Volt 1/2 in. Drill-Driver</td>
			<td>Ryobi</td>
			<td>P208B</td>
			<td>Drill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 watt standard duty soldering iron</td>
			<td>Weller</td>
			<td>SP25NKUS</td>
			<td>Soldering iron</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leaded rosin core solder</td>
			<td>Bernzomatic</td>
			<td>354123</td>
			<td>Solder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wire cutter</td>
			<td>Stanley</td>
			<td>84-199</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screwdriver</td>
			<td>Husky</td>
			<td>146340142</td>
			<td>Came from 14 piece set of Phillips and flathead drivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 in. aggressive tooth saw</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>122SS159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber mallet</td>
			<td>HDX</td>
			<td>31030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Post driver</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>901147EB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a video surveillance system to monitor breeding colonies of common terns (sterna hirundo)

Mange vandfugle befolkninger har oplevet fald i det sidste århundrede, herunder den fælles terne (Sterna hirundo), en vandfuglearter med en udbredt avl distribution, der har været for nylig opført som truede i nogle habitater i sit sortiment. Vandfugle overvågningsprogrammer eksisterer for at spore befolkninger gennem tiden; men nogle af de mere intensive metoder kræver indtastning af kolonier og kan være forstyrrende for rugende populationer. Dette papir beskriver en protokol, der udnytter en minimalt invasiv overvågningssystem for at løbende overvåge fælles tern rugende adfærd i typiske jorden-indlejring kolonier. Video aflytning ordning benytter trådløse kameraer fokuseret på enkelte reder samt over kolonien som helhed, og giver mulighed for observation uden indtastning af kolonien. Video-system er drevet med flere 12 V bilbatterier, der er løbende genoplades ved hjælp af solpaneler. Optagelser er indspillet ved hjælp af en digital videooptager (DVR) forbundet til en harddisk, som kan udskiftes når fuld. DVR kan placeres uden for kolonien til at nedbringe de forstyrrelser. I denne undersøgelse produceret 3,624 Hansen af optagelserne over 63 dage i vejr kår lige fra 12,8 ° C til 35,0 ° C 3,006 h (83%) af anvendelige adfærdsmæssige data. Typer af data, der hentes fra den optaget video kan variere; Vi brugte det til at registrere eksterne forstyrrelser og måle rugende adfærd under inkubation. Selv om protokollen detaljeret her var designet til jorden-indlejring vandfugle, kunne den vigtigste system nemt modificeres til at rumme alternative scenarier, såsom colonial arboreal rugende arter, at gøre det almindeligt gældende til en bred vifte af forskning behov.

Gennemførelsen af denne video overvågning protokollen vil resultere i kontinuerlig datasæt af optagelser fra fem vandfugl reder på nært hold og en række optagelser af hele kolonien fra en ophøjet udsigtspunkt. En vellykket anvendelse af dette system vil minimere tid hvor optagelserne er uden for rækkevidde eller vise en dårlig kvalitet billede og vil maksimere tid hvor optagelserne er af høj kvalitet (figur 2; Figur 3)....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns Sterna Hirundo at JoVE.com

A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns Sterna Hirundo

En Video Surveillance System til overvågning af ynglende Fjordterner (Sterna Hirundo)-kolonier

Dette papir beskriver en protokol, der bruger en fjernbetjening video overvågning overvågningssystem til løbende overvåge avl kolonier af jorden-indlejring vandfugle. Systemet omfatter fem kameraer overvågning enkelte reder og ét kamera overvågning koloni som helhed, og er drevet af bilbatterier, der er genoplades via solpaneler.

Many waterbird populations have faced declines over the last century, including the common tern (Sterna hirundo), a waterbird species with a widespread ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns (Sterna Hirundo)

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Brug af et automatiseret system (grovfoder) til Monitor Enteric metan og kuldioxid Emissioner fra drøvtyggere

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Kalibreret Passiv Prøveudtagning - Multi-plot Field Målinger af NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; Emissioner med en kombination af Dynamic Tube Metode og Passive samplere

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

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Metoder til Soil Resampling at overvåge ændringer i de kemiske Koncentrationer af skovbundens

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Video Tracking Protocol to Screen Deterrent Chemistries for Honey Bees

Video Tracking Protocol til Screen Deterrent Chemistries for honningbier

The European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is an economically and agriculturally important pollinator that generates billions of dollars annually. Honey ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Måling og kortlægning mønstre af jorderosion og Deposition relateret til jordbunden karbonat koncentrationer Under landbrugsdrift

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Techniques for Investigating the Anatomy of the Ant Visual System

Teknikker til undersøgelse af anatomien af Ant visuelle System

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Kalibrering og brug af kapacitans sensorer til at overvåge stilk vandindholdet i træer

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...

A Strain Gauge Monitor (SGM) for Continuous Valve Gape Measurements in Bivalve Molluscs in Response to Laboratory Induced Diel-cycling Hypoxia and pH

A Strain Gauge Monitor SGM for Continuous Valve Gape Measurements in Bivalve Molluscs in Response to Laboratory Induced Diel-cycling Hypoxia and pH

En Strain Gauge skærm (sdb) for kontinuerlig ventil måbe målinger i toskallede bløddyr som svar på laboratoriet induceret Diel-cykling hypoxi og pH

An inexpensive, laboratory-based, strain gauge valve gape monitor (SGM) was developed to monitor the valve gape behavior of bivalve molluscs in response ...

Evaluation of the Productivity of Social Wasp Colonies (Vespinae) and an Introduction to the Traditional Japanese Vespula Wasp Hunting Technique

Evaluation of the Productivity of Social Wasp Colonies Vespinae and an Introduction to the Traditional Japanese Vespula Wasp Hunting Technique

Evaluering af produktiviteten i de sociale hveps kolonier (Vespinae) og en introduktion til den traditionelle japanske Vespula WASP jagtteknik

For vespine wasps, colony productivity is typically estimated by counting the number of larval cells. This paper presents an improved method that enables ...

Investigation of Plant Interactions Across Common Mycorrhizal Networks Using Rotated Cores

Undersøgelse af plante interaktioner på tværs af fælles Mycorrhizal netværk ved hjælp af roteret kerner

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi influence plant mineral nutrient uptake and growth, hence, they have the potential to influence plant interactions. The ...