Name: isolation of retinal arterioles for ex vivo cell physiology studies
Uploaded: 2018-07-14T15:00:00
Duration: 12 min 42 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies at JoVE.com

本文件所述各项议定书的拟订得到下列供资机构的赠款的支持: BBSRC (BB/I026359/1), 争取视力 (1429 和 1822), 青少年糖尿病研究基金会 (2-2003-525), 威康信托基金 (074648/Z/04),英国心脏基金会 (PG/11/94/29169), HSC R & D 分裂 (STL/4748/13) 和 MRC (MC_PC_15026)。

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	<li>Kohner, E. M., Patel, V., Rassam, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+blood+flow+and+impaired+autoregulation+in+the+pathogenesis+of+diabetic+retinopathy.">Role of blood flow and impaired autoregulation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.</a> Diabetes. 44, 603-607 (1995).</li><li>Hafez, A. S., Bizzarro, R. L., Lesk, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+optic+nerve+head+and+peripapillary+retinal+blood+flow+in+glaucoma+patients,+ocular+hypertensives,+and+normal+subjects.">Evaluation of optic nerve head and peripapillary retinal blood flow in glaucoma patients, ocular hypertensives, and normal subjects.</a> American Journal of Ophthalmology. 136, 1022-1031 (2003).</li><li>Curtis, T. M., Gardiner, T. A., Stitt, A. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+retinal+vascular+patterns.+I.+Normal+architecture.">Studies of retinal vascular patterns. I. Normal architecture.</a> Archives of Ophthalmology. 64, 904-911 (1960).</li><li>Scholfield, C. N., McGeown, J. G., Curtis, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+physiology+of+retinal+and+choroidal+arteriolar+smooth+muscle+cells.">Cellular physiology of retinal and choroidal arteriolar smooth muscle cells.</a> Microcirculation. 14 (1), 11-24 (2007).</li><li>Puro, D. 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乔安娜柯恩博士现在是美敦力 (美国明尼苏达州的双胞胎城市) 的雇员, 她目前的工作与这里提出的不冲突。

上面所述的协议需要实践, 但在进行最小故障排除时应该可以实现。在平均的一天, 我们将获得 6-8 可用的动脉从隔离和实现 3-4 成功的实验。但是, 如果遇到问题, 可以采取一些步骤来帮助提高成功率。有时我们发现, 特别是当使用小鼠 (< 8 周), 小动脉的产量可能是低的。为了规避这个问题, 我们建议离心视网膜组织 (10-三十年代在 500 x g) 之间的每个步骤 1.12-1.14 步研磨。这通常有助于提高血管的产量, 但也会增加在制剂中的细胞碎片数量。
当 cannulating 容器为压力 myography 研究, 重要的是检查的微动脉的任何侧面分支, 可能已被切割接近分岔地点。这是在试验过程中造成渗漏和压力损失的常见原因。[Ca2 +]i协议可能出现的主要问题是染料加载的水平。不良的染料负载导致低信噪比, 而超载导致正常 Ca2 +稳态的中断。为了减少上述任一问题的可能性, 可以去除小整除的视网膜匀浆, 并在装货协议期间定期检查隔离血管。在进行膜片钳实验时, gigaseal 形成的成功率高度依赖于基底叶片的消化率。当最初测试这个协议或使用新的大量的酶, 可能需要调整酶消化的浓度/持续时间。仔细监测内皮和平滑肌层的分离将确保足够的消化, 以消除足够的基础层流, 以获得进入。仔细的监测也是必要的, 以避免过度消化, 这可能表明, 当船只开始收缩。如果发生这种情况, 平滑的肌肉细胞往往过于脆弱的补丁钳录音。在应用酶时, 必须包括 DNAse I, 以确保在隔离过程中清除从受损细胞中释放出来的 DNA 链。DNA 片段是粘性的, 导致钳在清洁过程的最后阶段 (步骤 4.4) 中坚持动脉, 经常导致船只损失。对容器的清洗技术上是困难的, 最好是在高放大率 (20X) 的情况下, 用最合适的尖端直径的闭合钳进行温和清扫运动。在清扫之间, 用实验室卷清洁镊子。
正如前面所强调的, 这篇手稿中概述的各项议定书的发展背后的一个主要动机是更好地理解为什么视网膜血管疾病中的血液流动被打乱。迄今为止, 我们的大部分工作都集中在糖尿病眼病28,33。用1节所述方法, 可以从糖尿病实验性啮齿动物模型的视网膜中分离出微动脉。在对糖尿病动物的孤立性视网膜小动脉进行实验时, 重要的是要密切复制血管在体内所经历的高血糖条件。因此, 我们通常会提高我们的隔离和实验解决方案的 d-葡萄糖水平为25毫米。血管基底膜增厚是34、35糖尿病视网膜血管中公认的现象。当使用长时间糖尿病 (> 1 月疾病持续时间) 的动物时, 经常需要增加酶浓度或消化时间, 以使膜片钳记录方法得到应用。
使用体外孤立的视网膜微动脉研究视网膜血管生理学和病理生理学的一个重要局限性是周围视网膜 neuropile 的丢失。尽管视网膜胶质细胞和神经细胞的去除使视网膜血管平滑肌细胞容易进入细胞生理学研究, 但血管对血管活性介质的反应在视网膜的缺失和存在时会发生显著变化。组织。例如, 腺苷三磷酸盐 (ATP) 的作用为这一点提供了一个很好的例证。在孤立的大鼠视网膜小动脉, ATP 的增加触发了血管的强健收缩36, 而在一个完整的 neuropile 存在, 血管扩张37。因此, 在可能的情况下, 我们通常会尝试用体外视网膜全支架和体内测量血管直径和血流量16、37来验证我们分离的动脉制剂的主要发现。.值得注意的是, 最近出现的新方法研究的小动脉和毛细血管在整个灌注猪视网膜前体 38,39。这种制剂可能会大大提高我们对视网膜 neuropile 调节视网膜动脉和毛细管音的理解, 以及视网膜血流动力学的变化如何调节视网膜的神经元活动。
虽然本文所描述的程序主要是利用孤立的大鼠视网膜小动脉来了解动脉平滑肌细胞生理学, 我们目前正在开发的协议, 也使研究内皮细胞功能在这些船只。在初步工作中, 我们已经成功地修改了视网膜动脉段的酶消化, 以产生可行的内皮细胞管, 适合于 Ca2 +影像学和 patchclamp 记录研究。插管的两端孤立的动脉, 使腔内分娩的药物, 将来也可以使血管内皮依赖性的舒张反应, 在这些血管中进行调查。

了解如何控制在视网膜上的血流量是一个重要的目标, 因为异常的血液流动已牵连到各种视力威胁的视网膜疾病的发病机制1,2,3, 4。视网膜循环, 提供内视网膜神经元和胶质细胞, 有一个结束动脉安排, 所有的血液从视网膜动脉和动脉通过毛细血管到视网膜静脉和最后静脉5。视网膜血流由视网膜动脉和动脉的色调以及视网膜毛细血管壁和后毛细管静脉6、7毛细血管的收缩活动调节;8. 视网膜血管张力的控制是复杂的, 是由循环系统和周围的视网膜组织 (包括血液气体、循环分子和荷尔蒙) 的一系列输入所调制的, 以及释放出的血管活性物质。视网膜血管内皮和 macroglia9,10,11。视网膜微动脉是视网膜的小动脉分支, 由一层血管平滑肌细胞和纵向排列的内皮细胞内衬组成,12,13, 14. 这些血管构成视网膜循环中血管阻力的主要部位, 因此在局部控制视网膜血流方面起着重要作用。视网膜微动脉通过扩张或收缩其管腔直径来调节视网膜毛细血管的血流, 通过血管平滑肌收缩10、15、16的变化介导。了解视网膜微动脉调节视网膜灌注的分子机制, 因此需要准备动脉平滑肌细胞可以在尽可能接近生理的条件下访问和研究。
体外视网膜血管的制备为血管平滑肌细胞提供了通路, 同时仍保留其功能性和与底层内皮的互联性。迄今为止, 大多数使用隔离血管的研究都侧重于大型牛或猪动脉血管 (60-150 µm)。这些可以安装在商业可用的电线或压力 myograph 系统, 以使药物审讯血管平滑肌细胞收缩机制17,18。这些准备工作极大地促进了我们对正常情况下视网膜血管生理学的认识。很少有研究使用从小实验动物中分离出来的视网膜小动脉, 因为它们的直径较小 (~ 8-45 µm) 防止了它们在常规 myography 系统19、20、21、22中的使用。然而, 使用小型实验动物的船只的一个重要好处是, 广泛提供转基因、转基因和视网膜疾病模型。小型实验动物也更适于体内干预研究。
在这里, 我们描述了简单的协议, 以隔离和 cannulating 大鼠视网膜小动脉的压力 myography 实验。还详细介绍了使用这些血管的 Ca2 +成像和电生理学协议。这些可以进一步深入了解血管平滑肌收缩力和视网膜血流的调节。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Beakers</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>15409083</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved Scissors</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-109-3542</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable plastic pipette/ transfer</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>86.1174</td>
			<td>6mL is best but other sizes are acceptable; remove tip to widen aperture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Brunel Microscopes LTD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>Dumont #5 14095</td>
			<td>Any equivalent fine forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>11546963</td>
			<td>Fire polished to reduce friction but not enough to narrow the tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7741</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent 10cm product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette teat</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12426180</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified water supply</td>
			<td>Merek</td>
			<td>Milli-Q Integral Water Purification System</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round bottomed test tube</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>14-958-10 B</td>
			<td>5 mL; any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seratted forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17-467-230</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single edge blades</td>
			<td>Agar Scientific</td>
			<td>T585</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sylgard</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>184</td>
			<td>Or any pliable surface&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Testtube rack</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand Derlin</td>
			<td>10257963</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure myography</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-axis mechanical manipulator</td>
			<td>Scientifica</td>
			<td>LBM-7&#160;</td>
			<td>x2 (or any equilavent product)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-way taps</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>UY-30600-02</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air table</td>
			<td>Technical Manufacturing Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td>Clean Bench</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis software&#160;</td>
			<td>Image J</td>
			<td>https://downloads.imagej.net/fiji/</td>
			<td>Free imaging software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis plugin</td>
			<td>Myotraker&#160;</td>
			<td>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091791.s002</td>
			<td>Custom plugin for imageJ Freely available for download</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cannulation pipette glass</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>TW150F-4</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Optiplex 7010</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Thermometer</td>
			<td>RS</td>
			<td>206-3722</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluo-4-AM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>F14201</td>
			<td>Make 1 mM stock in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>Dumont #7 14097</td>
			<td>Any equivalent fine forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fura-2-AM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>F1221</td>
			<td>Make 1 mM stock in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottomed recording chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0759</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helper pipette glass</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>IB150F-3</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In-line heater</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Commerical equilavent SH-27B Solution In-Line Heater from Harvard Apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclypse TE 300</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manometer</td>
			<td>Riester</td>
			<td>LF1459</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microelectrode puller</td>
			<td>Sutter instruments</td>
			<td>P97</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microforge +&#160; Olympus CX 31 microscope</td>
			<td>Glassworks</td>
			<td>Fine Point F-550</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter instruments</td>
			<td>MP-285</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-channel delivery manifold&#160;</td>
			<td>Automate Scientific</td>
			<td>Perfusion Pencil</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette filler&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>1mL</td>
			<td>Syringe heated and pulled to internal diameter of pipette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette holder</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>1-HL-U</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction pump</td>
			<td>Interpet</td>
			<td>AP1</td>
			<td>Converted aeration pump by reversing bellows</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>20mL Luer-lok</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten wire</td>
			<td>Advent</td>
			<td>W558818</td>
			<td>75&#956;m diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tygon Tubing</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>miscellaneous sizes</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB camera</td>
			<td>&#160;Logitech&#160;</td>
			<td>HD Pro Webcam C920</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video capture software</td>
			<td>Hypercam</td>
			<td>version 2.28.01</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Grant</td>
			<td>Sub Aqua 12 Plus</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x20 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>20x/0.40 WD 3.8, &#8734;/0.17</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x4 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>4x/0.10, WD 30, &#8734;/-</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-connectors</td>
			<td>World Percision Instruments</td>
			<td>14012</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patch clamping</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-way taps</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>UY-30600-02</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-axis mechanical manipulator</td>
			<td>Scientifica</td>
			<td>LBM-7&#160;</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air table</td>
			<td>Technical Manufacturing Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td>Clean Bench</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2411</td>
			<td>3 mg disolved daily in 50 &#956;L of DMSO (sonicate to dissolve)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Axopatch 200a</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analogue digital converter</td>
			<td>Axon</td>
			<td>Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase Type 1A</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C9891&#160;</td>
			<td>0.1mg/mL in LCH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Optiplex 7010</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Thermometer</td>
			<td>RS</td>
			<td>206-3722</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse I</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>260913</td>
			<td>Working stock 1 MU mL-1 (10 MU diluted in 10 mL LCH)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Faraday cage</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any equilavent commerical product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>No. 7</td>
			<td>Any superfine forcep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottomed recording chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0759</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headstage</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>CV203BU</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In-line heater</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Commerical equilavent SH-27B Solution In-Line Heater from Harvard Apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclypse TE 300</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microelectrode puller</td>
			<td>Sutter instruments</td>
			<td>P97</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microforge +&#160; Olympus CX 31 microscope</td>
			<td>Glassworks</td>
			<td>Fine Point F-550</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter instruments</td>
			<td>MP-285</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-channel delivery manifold&#160;</td>
			<td>Automate Scientific</td>
			<td>Perfusion Pencil</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patching software</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Pclamp v10.2</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette filler&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>1mL</td>
			<td>Syringe heated and pulled to internal diameter of pipette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette holder</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>1-HL-U</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Type XIV</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5147&#160;</td>
			<td>0.01mg/mL in LCH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single channel pipette glass</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>IB150F-3</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction pump</td>
			<td>Interpet</td>
			<td>AP1</td>
			<td>Converted aeration pump by reversing bellows</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>20mL Luer-lok</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten wire</td>
			<td>Advent</td>
			<td>W557418</td>
			<td>50&#956;m diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tygon Tubing</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>miscellaneous sizes</td>
			<td>Any equilavent product to fit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB camera</td>
			<td>&#160;Logitech&#160;</td>
			<td>HD Pro Webcam C920</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Grant</td>
			<td>Sub Aqua 12 Plus</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whole cell pipette glass</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>GC150TF-7.5</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x20 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>20x/0.40 WD 3.8, &#8734;/0.17</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x4 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>4x/0.10, WD 30, &#8734;/-</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x40 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>40x/0.55, WD 2.1, &#8734;/1.2</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-connectors</td>
			<td>World Percision Instruments</td>
			<td>14012</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ca2+ imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-way taps</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>UY-30600-02</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-axis mechanical manipulator</td>
			<td>Scientifica</td>
			<td>LBM-7&#160;</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acquisition software&#160;</td>
			<td>Cairn Research Ltd.</td>
			<td>Acquisition Engine V1.1.5</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air table</td>
			<td>Technical Manufacturing Corporation&#160;</td>
			<td>Clean Bench</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis software for confocal imaging</td>
			<td>Image J</td>
			<td>https://downloads.imagej.net/fiji/</td>
			<td>Free imaging software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Optiplex 7010</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>SP5&#160;</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Thermometer</td>
			<td>RS</td>
			<td>206-3722</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>No. 7</td>
			<td>Any superfine forcep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottomed recording chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0759</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In-line heater</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Commerical equilavent SH-27B Solution In-Line Heater from Harvard Apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TE2000</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monochromator&#160;</td>
			<td>Cairn Research Ltd.</td>
			<td>Optoscan</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-channel delivery manifold&#160;</td>
			<td>Automate Scientific</td>
			<td>Perfusion Pencil</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette filler&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>1mL</td>
			<td>Syringe heated and pulled to internal diameter of pipette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software for confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>LAS-AF version 3.3.</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction pump</td>
			<td>Interpet</td>
			<td>AP1</td>
			<td>Converted aeration pump by reversing bellows</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>20mL Luer-lok</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten wire</td>
			<td>Advent</td>
			<td>W557418</td>
			<td>50&#956;m diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tygon Tubing</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>miscellaneous sizes</td>
			<td>Any equilavent product to fit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Grant</td>
			<td>Sub Aqua 12 Plus</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x100 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>x100 N.A. 1.3 oil</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x20 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>20x/0.40 WD 3.8, &#8734;/0.17</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x20 lens</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>HCX PL FLUOTAR, 20x/0.50, &#8734;/0.17/D</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x4 lens</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>4x/0.10, WD 30, &#8734;/-</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; microfluorimetry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x4 lens</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>C PLAN, 4x/0.10, &#8734;/-/&#10013;</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>x63 lens</td>
			<td>Leica Geosystems</td>
			<td>HCX PL APO, 63x/1.40 - 0.60 OIL CS &#8734;/0.17/E</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product; confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-connectors</td>
			<td>World Percision Instruments</td>
			<td>14012</td>
			<td>Or any equilavent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Specifications and settings for fabrication of pipettes for experimentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helper pipette</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>IB150F-3</td>
			<td>Inner diameter: 0.86 mm 
			Ramp: 261 
			Pressure: 300 
			Heat: 280 
			Pull : 0 
			Velocity: 56 
			Time: 250 
			No of cycles: 4 
			Tip diameter: 0.5-2 &#956;m 
			Polishing: yes 
			Final Resistance: &#62;10 M&#937;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cannulation pipette</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>TW150F-4</td>
			<td>Inner diameter: 1.17 mm 
			Ramp: 290 
			Pressure: 300 
			Heat: 280 
			Pull : 0 
			Velocity: 58 
			Time: 150 
			No of cycles: 4 
			Tip diameter: 3-10 &#956;m 
			Polishing: no 
			Final Resistance: &#60;1 M&#937;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>On-cell patching</td>
			<td>World Percision instruments</td>
			<td>IB150F-3</td>
			<td>Inner diameter: 0.86 mm 
			Ramp: 261 
			Pressure: 300 
			Heat: 280 
			Pull : 0 
			Velocity: 56 
			Time: 250 
			No of cycles: 4 
			Tip diameter: 0.5-2 &#956;m 
			Polishing: yes 
			Final Resistance: &#62;5 M&#937;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whole-cell patching</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>GC150TF-7.5</td>
			<td>Inner diameter: 1.17 mm 
			Ramp: 296 
			Pressure: 200 
			Heat: 287 
			Pull : 0 
			Velocity: 50 
			Time: 250 
			No of cycles: 4 
			Tip diameter: 2-3 &#956;m 
			Polishing: helpful but not necessary 
			Final Resistance: 1-2 M&#937;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of retinal arterioles for ex vivo cell physiology studies

视网膜是一种高度新陈代谢的活性组织, 需要大量的血液供应。视网膜循环支持内视网膜, 而脉络膜血管提供感光细胞。视网膜灌注的改变导致许多视力障碍, 包括糖尿病视网膜病变、青光眼和视网膜分支静脉闭塞。了解通过视网膜控制血液流动的分子机制, 以及这些在眼部疾病中是如何改变的, 可能会导致确定治疗这些疾病的新靶点。视网膜动脉是视网膜的主要阻力血管, 因此, 通过管腔直径的变化, 对视网膜血流动力学调控起着关键作用。近年来, 我们已经开发出了一种从大鼠视网膜中分离小动脉的方法, 适用于多种应用, 包括细胞生理学研究。这项准备工作已经开始对如何控制视网膜的血液流动产生新的洞察力, 并使我们能够确定在眼部疾病中发生的一些关键变化。本文介绍了大鼠视网膜小动脉的分离方法, 包括用于膜片钳电生理学、钙成像和压力 myography 研究的协议。这些血管也可以用于 PCR, 西方印迹和免疫组化的研究。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies at JoVE.com

Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

这篇手稿描述了一个简单的协议, 从大鼠视网膜分离的小动脉, 可用于电生理, 钙成像和压力 myography 研究。

体外细胞生理学研究中视网膜微动脉的分离

The retina is a highly metabolically active tissue that requires a substantial blood supply. The retinal circulation supports the inner retina, while the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Isolation of Retinal Arterioles for Ex Vivo Cell Physiology Studies

Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell Isolation

鼠标肾上腺嗜铬细胞分离

Adrenal medullary chromaffin cell culture systems are extremely useful for the study of excitation-secretion coupling in an in vitro setting.  This ...

科研

生物学

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

在子宫内和前体内的基因表达在小鼠视网膜神经节细胞的电穿孔

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell ...

In vivo-like Organotypic Murine Retinal Wholemount Culture

In vivo-like Organotypic Murine Retinal Wholemount Culture

在体内的器官型小鼠视网膜Wholemount文化

Targeted ablations of genes and analysis of animal models is the classical strategy for enrolling specific retinal gene function. However, transgenic, ...

Lentiviral-mediated Knockdown During Ex Vivo Erythropoiesis of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Lentiviral-mediated Knockdown During Ex Vivo Erythropoiesis of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

慢病毒介导的击倒在体外</em人造血干细胞>红细胞

Erythropoiesis is a commonly used model system to study cell differentiation. During erythropoiesis, pluripotent adult human hematopoietic stem cells ...

The ex vivo Isolated Skeletal Microvessel Preparation for Investigation of Vascular Reactivity

The ex vivo Isolated Skeletal Microvessel Preparation for Investigation of Vascular Reactivity

“体外骨骼肌微血管制备离体血管反应性的调查

The isolated  microvessel preparation is an ex vivo preparation that allows for examination of the different contributions of  factors that control vessel ...

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

一个<em&gt;体外</em&gt;企业文化系统来研究甲状腺发展

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are ...

Spatiotemporal Mapping of Motility in Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intestines

Spatiotemporal Mapping of Motility in Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intestines

运动性的时空制图<em&gt;离体</em肠子&gt;准备工作

Multiple approaches have been used to record and evaluate gastrointestinal motility including: recording changes in muscle tension, intraluminal pressure, ...

Visualization and Quantification of the Cell-free Layer in Arterioles of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

在大鼠提睾肌的小动脉的可视化和量化的无细胞层

The cell-free layer is defined as the parietal plasma layer in the microvessel flow, which is devoid of red blood cells. The measurement of the in vivo ...

Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis

用于评估小鼠生殖道自发性的方法和用于数据分析的基于 MATLAB 的 Uterus 运动跟踪算法

Dysmenorrhea, or painful cramping, is the most common symptom associated with menses in females and its severity can hinder women&#39;s everyday lives. ...

Glomerular Outgrowth as an Ex Vivo Assay to Analyze Pathways Involved in Parietal Epithelial Cell Activation

球状外生长作为前维沃分析分析涉及的路径的表皮上皮细胞激活

Parietal epithelial cell (PEC) activation is one of the key factors involved in the development and progression of glomerulosclerosis. Inhibition of ...