Name: a temperature gradient assay to determine thermal preferences of drosophila larvae
Uploaded: 2018-06-25T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae at JoVE.com

C.M. er støttet af midler fra NEI (EY008117, EY010852), NIDCD (DC007864, DC016278) og NIAID (1DP1AI124453).

1. udstyr fabrikation og montering apparater til Gradient Assays
<ol><li>Fremstil aluminium assay plader for single-directional gradient assay.<ol>
<li>Trim og male hver aluminium assay plade (figur 1A) ud af et enkelt stykke aluminium ved hjælp af en båndsav og skarp lodret mill med følgende dimensioner: den ydre størrelse er 140 x 100 x 9 mm og den indre er 130 x 90 x 8 mm (figur 1B). Anodize på indersiden af hvert assay plade med sort maling til at gø...

<ol>
	<li>Fowler, M. A., Montell, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+TRP+channels+and+animal+behavior.">Drosophila TRP channels and animal behavior.</a> Life Sci. 92, 394-403 (2013).</li><li>Palkar, R., Lippoldt, E. K., McKemy, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+and+cellular+basis+of+thermosensation+in+mammals.">The molecular and cellular basis of thermosensation in mammals.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 34, 14-19 (2015).</li><li>Vriens, J., Nilius, B., Voets, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+thermosensation+in+mammals.">Peripheral thermosensation in mammals.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 15 (9), 573-589 (2014).</li><li>Rosenzweig, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+ortholog+of+vertebrate+TRPA1+regulates+thermotaxis.">The Drosophila ortholog of vertebrate TRPA1 regulates thermotaxis.</a> Genes Dev. 19, 419-424 (2005).</li><li>Kwon, Y., Shim, H. S., Wang, X., Montell, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+thermotactic+behavior+via+coupling+of+a+TRP+channel+to+a+phospholipase+C+signaling+cascade.">Control of thermotactic behavior via coupling of a TRP channel to a phospholipase C signaling cascade.</a> Nat Neurosci. 11, 871-873 (2008).</li><li>Kwon, Y., Shen, W. L., Shim, H. S., Montell, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fine+thermotactic+discrimination+between+the+optimal+and+slightly+cooler+temperatures+via+a+TRPV+channel+in+chordotonal+neurons.">Fine thermotactic discrimination between the optimal and slightly cooler temperatures via a TRPV channel in chordotonal neurons.</a> J Neurosci. 30 (31), 10465-10471 (2010).</li><li>Shen, W. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Function+of+rhodopsin+in+temperature+discrimination+in+Drosophila.">Function of rhodopsin in temperature discrimination in Drosophila.</a> Science. 331 (6022), 1333-1336 (2011).</li><li>Sokabe, T., Chen, H. S., Luo, J., Montell, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+switch+in+thermal+preference+in+Drosophila+larvae+depends+on+multiple+rhodopsins.">A switch in thermal preference in Drosophila larvae depends on multiple rhodopsins.</a> Cell Rep. 17, 336-344 (2016).</li><li>Ni, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Ionotropic+Receptors+IR21a+and+IR25a+mediate+cool+sensing+in+Drosophila.">The Ionotropic Receptors IR21a and IR25a mediate cool sensing in Drosophila.</a> Elife. 5, 13254 (2016).</li><li>Luo, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Navigational+decision+making+in+Drosophila+thermotaxis.">Navigational decision making in Drosophila thermotaxis.</a> J Neurosci. 30 (12), 4261-4272 (2010).</li><li>Ashburner, M., Golic, K. G., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila: a laboratory handbook. , (2005).</li></ol>

For at sikre succes i denne protokol, er det vigtigt at tage skridt til at opnå tilstrækkelig antal larver at udføre eksperimenter. Disse omfatter pre fodring fluer i gær pasta-holdige hætteglas til 2-3 d at forbedre æglægning. Hætteglassene skal være placeret i en bakke, der indeholder vand hætteglas og indkapslet i en klar plastikpose, som bevarer fugt af maden og fremmer effektiv fodring af larverne samtidig tillader eksponering for normale lys-mørke cyklus. Gær Indsæt bør dog ikke være så blød, at fl...

Thermotaxis er ansat af mobile dyr at vælge et miljø med de mest favorable vilkår1,2,3. Hvis klimaet er alt for varmt eller koldt, er denne adfærd afgørende for overlevelse. Derudover mange dyr er følsomme over for meget små forskelle i temperatur i den komfortable område og opsøge omgivelser med en ideelle temperatur. Dette er af særlig betydning for koldblodede organismer såsom bananfluer, som reagensglasset deres kropstemperatur med miljøet. Assays til at overvåge larve thermotaxis har været medvirkende til at identificere og præcisere rollefordelingen mellem molekylære sensorer som Drosophila forbigående Receptor potentielle (TRP) kanaler4,5,6, rhodopsiner7,8, og ionotropic receptor receptorer (IRs)9, som udstyrer disse dyr med temperatur følsomheder over forskellige temperaturområder.
En to-vejs valg test giver én tilgang til at studere termisk præferencer i larver6,7. Analysen forudsætter oprettelse af to forskellige temperaturzoner og tillader dyr at vælge ene over den anden. Resultater fra to-vejs valg test kan være robust, især hvis temperaturforskelle mellem de to muligheder er store. Derudover da hvert assay omfatter tabulerer kun to grupper, kan dataene, der udtrykkes som en simpel præference indeks. Den lethed og enkelhed af to-vejs valg assays er også indstillet til genetiske skærme. Men en stor begrænsning er, at mange eksperimenter er forpligtet til at fastsætte den foretrukne temperatur af wild-type eller mutant dyr.
En gradient assay tilbyder mulighed for at fastsætte den foretrukne temperatur i en enkelt assay8. Desuden, i modsætning til to-vejs valg test, det tillader evalueringen af fordelingen af en gruppe af dyr, når de konfronteres med en kontinuerlig række temperaturer. En gradient assay bruger en petriskål og enkelt dyr og er velegnet til kendetegner den detaljerede opførsel af enkelte dyr10. Men da petriskåle er runde, størrelser af temperaturzoner varierer og er gradvis mindre afhængigt af afstanden fra centrum. Derfor, denne opsætning er ikke ideelt til at overvåge temperatur valg af populationer af dyr.
En kontinuerlig termisk gradient apparat, der er velegnet til at vurdere temperatur indstillingerne af grupper af larver beskæftiger en rektangulær arena og er beskrevet her. Apparatet er enkelt at konstruere og samle. Derudover gradient er lineær, og er fleksibel, så det kan bruges til at vurdere thermotaxis over store temperaturområder fra 10 ° C til 42 ° C. Analysen er hurtig og ligetil at udføre og giver reproducerbare data. Ud over at rapportere den foretrukne temperatur af larver, afslører det præferencer af populationen af dyr over en hel lineære område i et enkelt eksperiment. På grund af disse fordele er det et glimrende valg for at identificere gener, der kræves til thermotaxis.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Gradient assay apparatus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PolyScience 9106, Refrigerated/Heated 6L Circulating Bath</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>9106</td>
			<td>This model is discontinued. Updated replacement models include: 1186R00 and 1197U04 for 120 V, 60 Hz, or 1184L08 and 1197U04 for 240 V, 50 Hz.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum assay plate (for single directional gradient)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer size: 14 x 10.1 x 0.9 cm, inner size: 12.9 x 8.7 x 0.8 cm, black anodized.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum plate (for bidirectional gradient)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>25 x 22 x 0.2 cm, black anodized.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum block</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer size: 25.5 x 5 x 1.4 cm, parameters of inner channels are shown in Figure 1D.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Connector for aluminum blocks and tubing</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>91355K82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tygon Sanitary Silicone Tubing</td>
			<td>Tygon</td>
			<td>57296</td>
			<td>1/4&#34; ID x 3/8&#34; OD x 1/16&#34; wall</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Items and reagents for assay</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pestle</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>17361</td>
			<td>Pestle for 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermometer</td>
			<td>Fluke</td>
			<td>51II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocouple</td>
			<td>Fluke</td>
			<td>K type</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Universal microplate lid</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>6980A77</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>9380D40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labeling tape (for bidirectional gradient)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-951</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand labeling tape 2 in x 14 yds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16500500</td>
			<td>Prepare 1% solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S0389-5KG</td>
			<td>Prepare 18% solution right before starting assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paint brush</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>C1062-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scoopula</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-357Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>500 mL round wide-mouth bottle</td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
			<td>1395-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer (300 mm pore)</td>
			<td>PluriSelect</td>
			<td>43-50300</td>
			<td>Optional item for larvae washing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cardboard box (vial tray)</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>FS32-124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drosophila food</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>22,400 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cornmeal, yellow (extra fine mesh,flocked) 20 kg</td>
			<td>LabScientific Inc.</td>
			<td>NC0535320</td>
			<td>1,609 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brewers yeast 100 lbs</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>ICN90331280</td>
			<td>379 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NutriSoy&#174; Soy Flour (10 kg/unit)</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>62-115</td>
			<td>221 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drosophila Agar, Type II (5 kg)</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>66-103</td>
			<td>190 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Karo light corn syrup</td>
			<td>Karo</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1,700 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (suspend in 200 proof ethanol)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H5501-5KG</td>
			<td>72 g/240 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propionic acid puriss. p.a.,&#62;99.5% (GC)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>81910-1 L</td>
			<td>108 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphoric acid&#160;ACS reagent, &#8805;85 wt. % in H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>438081-500 mL</td>
			<td>8.5 mL</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a temperature gradient assay to determine thermal preferences of drosophila larvae

Mange dyr, herunder bananfluen Drosophila melanogaster, er i stand til at diskriminere minut forskelle i miljømæssige temperatur, som gør det muligt for dem at opsøge deres foretrukne termisk landskab. Hvis du vil definere indstillingerne temperatur af larver over en defineret lineære område, udviklede vi en analyse ved hjælp af en temperaturgradient. For at etablere en enkelt-directional gradient, er to aluminium blokke forbundet til uafhængige vandbade, hvoraf hver styrer temperaturen i individuelle blokke. De to blokke angive de øvre og nedre grænser for farveforløbet. Temperaturgradient er etableret ved at placere en Agarosen-belagt aluminiumplade over de to vand-kontrollerede blokke, således at pladen strækker sig over afstanden mellem dem. Enderne af aluminiumplade, der ligger på toppen af vandet blokke definerer de minimale og maksimale temperaturer, og regionerne mellem de to blokke udgør en lineær temperaturgradient. Gradient analysen kan anvendes til larver i forskellige aldre og kan bruges til at identificere mutanter, som udviser fænotyper, såsom dem med mutationer påvirker gener kodning TRP kanaler og opsins, som er nødvendige for temperatur forskelsbehandling.

For at etablere en 18 ° C - 28 ° C single-directional gradient, vi har sat temperaturer på to vandbade til 16,8 og 31 ° C. Vi opnå temperaturer på 13 point ved at måle temperaturen på 26 stillinger i de øvre og nedre dele af alle 6 zoner, kantlinjer mellem zoner, og i ekstreme enderne af Agarosen gel overflade (figur 2 c, 2E). Temperaturfordelingen langs forløbet var næsten lineær (Y = 0.9672 * X + 16.19, R2 = 0.9961) (...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae at JoVE.com

A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae

Vi præsenterer her, en protokol for at bestemme den foretrukne miljømæssige temperaturen i Drosophila larver ved hjælp af en kontinuerlig termisk gradient.

En temperaturgradient Assay til at fastlægge termisk præferencer af Drosophila larver

Many animals, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are capable of discriminating minute differences in&#160;environmental temperature, which ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Fremgangsmåder til assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

Local and Global Methods of Assessing Thermal Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Local and Global Methods of Assessing Thermal Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Lokale og globale metoder til vurdering Termisk nociception i<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larver

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of ...

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

Visualisering af proprioceptorer i<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larver og pupper

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other ...

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Appetitive Associativ olfaktorisk læring i<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larver

In the following we describe the methodological  details of appetitive associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The setup, in combination with ...

Light Preference Assay to Study Innate and Circadian Regulated Photobehavior in Drosophila Larvae

Light Preference Assay to Study Innate and Circadian Regulated Photobehavior in Drosophila Larvae

Light Preference Assay til at studere Medfødte og Circadian Reguleret Photobehavior i<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larver

Light acts as environmental signal to control animal behavior at various levels. The Drosophila larval nervous system is used as a unique model to answer ...

Use of a Caspase Multiplexing Assay to Determine Apoptosis in a Hypothalamic Cell Model

Anvendelse af en Caspase Multiplexing assay til bestemmelse af apoptose i en Hypothalamus Cell Model

The ability to multiplex assays in studies of complex cellular mechanisms eliminates the need for repetitive experiments, provides internal controls, and ...

High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

High Throughput Assay til at undersøge æglæggende præferencer af Individuel<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Recently, egg-laying preference of Drosophila has emerged as a genetically tractable model to study the neural basis of simple decision-making processes. ...

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

Fouragering Sti-længde Protokol for<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Larver

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral ...

Microglia as a Surrogate Biosensor to Determine Nanoparticle Neurotoxicity

Mikroglia som et surrogat Biosensor til Bestem Nanopartikel Neurotoksicitet

Nanoparticles found in air pollutants can alter neurotransmitter profiles, increase neuroinflammation, and alter brain function. Therefore, the assay ...

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Novel analyse for Cold Nociception i<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larver

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory ...