Name: sampling and pretreatment of tooth enamel carbonate for stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis
Uploaded: 2018-08-15T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis at JoVE.com

我们要感谢普朗克社会为这项研究提供资金, 以及最近在系考古、普朗克人类历史科学研究所建立了一个稳定的同位素实验室。

下面的议定书遵循了在普朗克人类历史科学研究所的光同位素质谱实验室的指导方针。应寻求国家和国际委员会的适当伦理许可, 以便进行分析, 涉及濒危的现代或历史动物区标本, 并利用当代利益攸关者感兴趣的考古和动物区材料.本文所用的样品为考古和化石标本。在这项研究中没有使用活着的人类, 而且对任何破坏性分析都获得了充分的道德、体制和政府许可。
1. 散装取样<...

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+isotopic+generation:+four+decades+of+stable+isotope+analysis+in+African+archaeology.">An isotopic generation: four decades of stable isotope analysis in African archaeology.</a> Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 51 (1), 88-114 (2016).</li><li>Ventresca Miller, A. R., Makarewicz, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isotopic+approaches+to+pastoralism+in+prehistory:+Diet,+mobility,+and+isotopic+reference+sets.">Isotopic approaches to pastoralism in prehistory: Diet, mobility, and isotopic reference sets.</a> Isotopic Investigations of Pastoralism in Prehistory. , 1-14 (2018).</li><li>Hollund, H. I., Ariese, F., Fernandes, R., Jans, M. M. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isotopic+evidence+for+dietary+variability+in+the+early+hominin+Paranthropus+robustus.">Isotopic evidence for dietary variability in the early hominin Paranthropus robustus.</a> Science. 314 (5801), 980-982 (2006).</li><li>Lee-Thorp, J., Sponheimer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+case+studies+used+to+reassess+the+reliability+of+fossil+bone+and+enamel+isotope+signals+for+paleodietary+studies.">Three case studies used to reassess the reliability of fossil bone and enamel isotope signals for paleodietary studies.</a> Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 22 (3), 208-216 (2003).</li><li>Zazzo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+and+enamel+carbonate+diagenesis:+a+radiocarbon+prospective.">Bone and enamel carbonate diagenesis: a radiocarbon prospective.</a> Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 416, 168-178 (2014).</li><li>Sponheimer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Isotopic paleoecology of the Makapansgat Limeworks fauna (Australopithecus africanus, South Africa). , (1999).</li><li>Sponheimer, M., Lee-Thorp, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alteration+of+enamel+carbonate+environments+during+fossilization.">Alteration of enamel carbonate environments during fossilization.</a> Journal of Archaeological Science. 26 (2), 143-150 (1999).</li><li>Roche, D., S&#233;galen, L., Balan, E., Delattre, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preservation+assessment+of+Miocene-Pliocene+tooth+enamel+from+Tugen+Hills+(Kenyan+Rift+Valley)+through+FTIR,+chemical+and+stable-isotope+analyses.">Preservation assessment of Miocene-Pliocene tooth enamel from Tugen Hills (Kenyan Rift Valley) through FTIR, chemical and stable-isotope analyses.</a> Journal of Archaeological Science. 37 (7), 1690-1699 (2010).</li><li>Roberts, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calling+all+archaeologists:+guidelines+for+terminology,+methodology,+data+handling,+and+reporting+when+undertaking+and+reviewing+stable+isotope+applications+in+archaeology.">Calling all archaeologists: guidelines for terminology, methodology, data handling, and reporting when undertaking and reviewing stable isotope applications in archaeology.</a> Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. , (2018).</li><li>Snoeck, C., Pellegrini, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparing+bioapatite+carbonate+pre-treatments+for+isotopic+measurements:+Part+1-Impact+on+structure+and+chemical+composition.">Comparing bioapatite carbonate pre-treatments for isotopic measurements: Part 1-Impact on structure and chemical composition.</a> Chemical Geology. 417, 394-403 (2015).</li><li>Pellegrini, M., Snoeck, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparing+bioapatite+carbonate+pre-treatments+for+isotopic+measurements:+Part+2-Impact+on+carbon+and+oxygen+isotope+compositions.">Comparing bioapatite carbonate pre-treatments for isotopic measurements: Part 2-Impact on carbon and oxygen isotope compositions.</a> Chemical Geology. 420, 88-96 (2016).</li><li>Wright, L. E., Schwarcz, H. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+carbon+and+oxygen+isotopes+in+human+tooth+enamel:+identifying+breastfeeding+and+weaning+in+prehistory.">Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in human tooth enamel: identifying breastfeeding and weaning in prehistory.</a> American Journal of physical anthropology. 106 (1), 1-18 (1998).</li><li>Roberts, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fruits+of+the+forest:+Human+stable+isotope+ecology+and+rainforest+adaptations+in+Late+Pleistocene+and+Holocene+(&#8764;+36+to+3+ka)+Sri+Lanka.">Fruits of the forest: Human stable isotope ecology and rainforest adaptations in Late Pleistocene and Holocene (&#8764; 36 to 3 ka) Sri Lanka.</a> Journal of human evolution. 106, 102-118 (2017).</li><li>Zazzo, A., Balasse, M., Patterson, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+&#948;13C+intratooth+profiles+in+bovine+enamel:+Implications+for+mineralization+pattern+and+isotopic+attenuation.">High-resolution &#948;13C intratooth profiles in bovine enamel: Implications for mineralization pattern and isotopic attenuation.</a> Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 69 (14), 3631-3642 (2005).</li><li>Sydney-Zax, M., Mayer, I., Deutsch, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbonate+content+in+developing+human+and+bovine+enamel.">Carbonate content in developing human and bovine enamel.</a> Journal of dental research. 70 (5), 913-916 (1991).</li><li>Rink, W. J., Schwarcz, H. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tests+for+diagenesis+in+tooth+enamel:+ESR+dating+signals+and+carbonate+contents.">Tests for diagenesis in tooth enamel: ESR dating signals and carbonate contents.</a> Journal of Archaeological Science. 22 (2), 251-255 (1995).</li><li>Szpak, P., Metcalfe, J. Z., Macdonald, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Best+practices+for+calibrating+and+reporting+stable+isotope+measurements+in+archaeology.">Best practices for calibrating and reporting stable isotope measurements in archaeology.</a> Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 13, 609-616 (2017).</li><li>Wright, L. E., Schwarcz, H. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correspondence+between+stable+carbon,+oxygen+and+nitrogen+isotopes+in+human+tooth+enamel+and+dentine:+infant+diets+at+Kaminaljuyu.">Correspondence between stable carbon, oxygen and nitrogen isotopes in human tooth enamel and dentine: infant diets at Kaminaljuyu.</a> Journal of Archaeological Science. 26 (9), 1159-1170 (1999).</li><li>Schoeninger, M. J., Hallin, K., Reeser, H., Valley, J. W., Fournelle, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isotopic+alteration+of+mammalian+tooth+enamel.">Isotopic alteration of mammalian tooth enamel.</a> International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 13 (1-2), 11-19 (2003).</li></ol>

成功取样 (散装和递增) 牙列的挑战依赖于获得有关钻探技术和样品准备的知识, 同时投资于相对低廉的设备。当有关于取样和预处理方法的明确指示时, 这些挑战很容易逾越。在这篇文章中, 我们希望能以一种清晰、简明的方式向新的研究人员传播这些方法。在对有价值的考古和古生物样品进行分析和取样之前, 首次应用这些方法的学者应在可接近的现代动物区系进行实践。
?...

对牙釉质碳酸盐进行了稳定的碳氧同位素分析, 研究了过去人类膳食摄取量、断奶和流动性, 以及区系对植被、动物运动和牲畜 foddering 的依赖性。这些应用已被全面讨论和审查的各种环境条件表明, 当地干旱, 温度, 水源和植被组成的影响,1,2, 3,4,5,6。考古学和古生物学中潜在应用的多样性, 以及对牙釉质碳酸盐的良好保存, 使其成为稳定同位素工作3的吸引材料。在以前的一些出版物1、7中简要介绍了取样、预处理和成岩作用筛选方法。然而, 全面的口头和视觉演示仍然很大程度上无法使用, 特别是在考古科学实验室之外的人, 以及在有限的资金范围内的实验室小组中, 这种技术的应用兴趣正在增加。5。
牙釉质主要由羟基磷灰石 (bioapatite) 晶粒8 , 比骨中的更大, 使其更抗死后成岩离子置换和污染3。现代研究表明, 稳定的碳同位素 (δ13C) 测量的动物性牙釉质可靠记录的牲畜饮食和行为9,10。牙釉质的稳定氧同位素 (δ18O) 值由摄入水的氧同位素组成决定, 其中包括动植物食品中的水分、饮水、呼吸以及对水的各种环境影响。这可能导致进一步同位素分馏 (例如, 干旱, 温度, 海拔, 降雨量, 大陆位置)11。这使得它成为考古学、古生态和古生物研究中一种流行的饮食和环境重建方法。
牙釉质形成期相对较短 (年), 根据取样的牙齿不同而有所不同。为人, 第一磨牙牙釉质 mineralizes 在诞生和3岁之间, 前磨牙矿化在1.5 和7岁之间, 第二磨牙矿化在2.5 和8岁之间, 并且第三磨牙矿化在青春期期间, 在7和16年之间12.考虑到牙釉质在其形成期逐渐形成, 可以在整个生长轴上大量取样或依次取样, 以调查在形成期间发生的饮食和环境变化13。.按时间顺序排列的饮食变化在一个给定的牙齿之内是可观察的为人和其他动物1,14, 提供信息关于年际季节和膳食变化。
虽然搪瓷通常抗成岩作用, 但由于埋藏环境的同位素修改是可能的, 并已观察到15,16, 使实验检查和预处理选择有用。虽然它不是唯一可用的方法, 傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR), 特别是在衰减传输模式, 已成为一种快速, 廉价, 相对容易接近的方法来评估埋藏初探改变牙釉质,特别在古生物上下文17,18,19,20。然而, 在地球化学或材料科学领域以外的许多人, 详细的议定书和记录标准仍然相对无法获得。
反应时间和研究人员在牙釉质预处理过程中所使用的化学物质在文献中也有很大的差异, 通常考虑到这种变异对样品21的稳定碳和氧同位素值的作用有限. ,22。在这里, 我们报告的方法, 使用稀醋酸 (0.1 米) 的预处理搪瓷粉末样品。然而, 由于预处理所产生的同位素测量的差异对牙釉质来说相对较小, 因此研究人员最好遵循它们希望将数据与11进行比较的数据集的协议。此外, 在采用小顺序取样的情况下, 特别是在全新世样品上, 不可以选择预处理 (经过试验成岩试验), 以避免样本损耗。
虽然我们在这里报告的方法并不是新的, 但对我们的知识来说, 这是第一次对牙釉质进行大量和连续抽样、预处理选择和成岩检查方法 (以 FTIR 的形式) 的完整的书面和可视文档。已被广泛地提供给不同的学术受众。虽然我们希望我们的努力将使这种方法更容易获得更多的个人和实验室, 研究人员谁想申请和出版这项技术必须知道最低报告标准, 成岩考虑, 并介绍要求综述了其他20, 以及潜在的解释复杂性, 将是独特的研究区域, 分类群分析, 和时间段5。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dremel Micro</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.dremel.com/en_US/products/-/show-product/tools/8050-micro</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond-tipped drill bit</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.dremel.com/en_US/products/-/show-product/accessories/7122-diamond-wheel-point</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL micro-centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/t2422?lang=de&#38;region=DE&#38;gclid=EAIaIQobChMI7pHRpauW2QIV77ftCh1p1wjhEAAYASAAEgKzkvD_BwE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Linear Formula:&#160;CH3OH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Linear Formula:&#160;CH3CO2H</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dremel rig set-up (workstation)</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.dremel.com/en_US/products/-/show-product/tools/220-01-workstation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/75002401</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-centrifuge</td>
			<td>Sprout</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.heathrowscientific.com/sprout-mini-centrifuge-4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freeze drier</td>
			<td>Zirbus Technology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.zirbus.com</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sampling and pretreatment of tooth enamel carbonate for stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis

人类和动物牙釉质碳酸盐的稳定碳氧同位素分析已在 paleodietary、古生态和环境研究中得到应用, 从最近的历史时期追溯到1000万年前。散装方法为搪瓷矿化时期提供了代表性的样品, 而在牙齿内的顺序取样可以跟踪这一时期的饮食和环境变化。虽然这些方法在考古学、生态学和古生物学中得到了广泛的应用和描述, 但没有明确的指导方针来帮助选择必要的实验室设备, 并详尽地描述实验室取样和协议。在本文中, 我们记录文本和视觉, 整个过程从抽样通过预处理和成岩筛选, 使该方法更广泛地提供给研究人员考虑其应用在各种实验室设置。

采用上述抽样方法, 制备了 bioapatite 的增釉样品。牙釉质中 bioapatite 的分析取决于取样的准确性, 无论是批量还是增量。在这种情况下, 我们选择了从不同的气候带展示考古标本 (两只绵羊) 的结果。从绵羊第二磨牙中分析了增量样本, 并从 ERJ 开始标记 (图 4)。增量示例位置已编号, 每个位置都以 mm 从 ERJ 的距离度量 (图 7)。
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis at JoVE.com

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis

用于稳定碳氧同位素分析的牙釉质碳酸盐的取样与预处理

对人和动物牙釉质进行了稳定的碳氧同位素分析, 作为个体饮食和环境重建的代表。在这里, 我们提供了详细的描述和视觉文件的散装和顺序牙釉质取样以及预处理的考古和古生物样品。

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of human and animal tooth enamel carbonate has been applied in paleodietary, paleoecological, and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

A Method for Measuring Metabolism in Sorted Subpopulations of Complex Cell Communities Using Stable Isotope Tracing

一种用于在复杂的细胞群落稳定性同位素示踪排序亚群测量方法代谢

Mammalian cell types exhibit specialized metabolism, and there is ample evidence that various co-existing cell types engage in metabolic cooperation. ...

科研

生物化学

Quantitative and Qualitative Method for Sphingomyelin by LC-MS Using Two Stable Isotopically Labeled Sphingomyelin Species

用两个稳定 Isotopically 标记鞘磷脂种鞘磷脂的定量和定性方法

We present a method of analyzing sphingomyelin (SM) qualitatively and quantitatively by liquid chromatography-electrospray Ionization-tandem mass ...

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

电化学检测氘动力学同位素对希瓦氏菌 oneidensis MR-1 细胞外电子传输的影响

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM ...

Anaerobic Protein Purification and Kinetic Analysis via Oxygen Electrode for Studying DesB Dioxygenase Activity and Inhibition

氧电极对 DesB 酶活性和抑制作用的厌氧蛋白纯化及动力学分析

Oxygen-sensitive proteins, including those enzymes which utilize oxygen as a substrate, can have reduced stability when purified using traditional aerobic ...

Measuring and Interpreting Oxygen Consumption Rates in Whole Fly Head Segments

全飞头段耗氧率的测定与解释

Regulated metabolic activity is essential for the normal functioning of living cells. Indeed, altered metabolic activity is causally linked with the ...

Proteomic Analysis of Human Macrophage Polarization Under a Low Oxygen Environment

低氧环境下人巨噬细胞极化的蛋白质组学分析

Macrophages are innate immune cells involved in a number of physiological functions ranging from responses to infectious pathogens to tissue homeostasis. ...

A Double Humanized BLT-mice Model Featuring a Stable Human-Like Gut Microbiome and Human Immune System

具有稳定的人类状古特微生物群落和人类免疫系统的双人性化BLT小鼠模型

Humanized mice (hu-mice) that feature a functional human immune system have fundamentally changed the study of human pathogens and disease. They can be ...

Routine Collection of High-Resolution cryo-EM Datasets Using 200 KV Transmission Electron Microscope

使用200 KV透射电子显微镜常规收集高分辨率冷冻电镜数据集

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has been established as a routine method for protein structure determination during the past decade, taking an ...

Stable Isotope Tracing & LC-MS Analysis to Measure DHODH and SDH Activities

Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals

Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals (Video) | JoVE 

测量哺乳动物线粒体功能的氧非依赖性测定

The flow of electrons in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) supports multifaceted biosynthetic, bioenergetic, and signaling functions in ...