Name: studying ribonucleotide incorporation: strand-specific detection of ribonucleotides in the yeast genome and measuring ribonucleotide-induced mutagenesis
Uploaded: 2018-07-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis at Jo

Vi takker alle nuværende og tidligere Kunkel Lab medlemmer for deres arbejde og drøftelser relateret til protokollen og genbruges data præsenteres her. Dette arbejde blev støttet af projekt Z01 ES065070 til T.A.K. fra Division af murene forskning af de nationale kontorer i Health (NIH), nationale Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS).

1. alkalisk hydrolyse og Strand-specifikke sydlige skamplet (figur 1)
<ol><li>Cellevækst og genomisk DNA isolation<ol>
<li>Isolere gær genomisk DNA ved hjælp af en gær DNA rensning kit efter fabrikantens anvisninger. Bruge de kulturer, der er i den eksponentielle fase af vækst mellem (en optisk tæthed på 0,5) og 1. Resuspenderes endelige DNA i 35 mL 1 x TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7,5, 1 mM ethylendiamintetra syre (EDTA)).</li>
		<li>Der tilsættes 1 mL af 5 mg/mL RNase A til DNA ...

<ol>
	<li>Joyce, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choosing+the+right+sugar:+how+polymerases+select+a+nucleotide+substrate.">Choosing the right sugar: how polymerases select a nucleotide substrate.</a> Proceedings of the National Acaddemy of Sciences U S A. 94 (5), 1619-1622 (1997).</li><li>Nick McElhinny, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abundant+ribonucleotide+incorporation+into+DNA+by+yeast+replicative+polymerases.">Abundant ribonucleotide incorporation into DNA by yeast replicative polymerases.</a> Proceedings of the National Acaddemy of Sciences U S A. 107 (11), 4949-4954 (2010).</li><li>Sparks, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNase+H2-initiated+ribonucleotide+excision+repair.">RNase H2-initiated ribonucleotide excision repair.</a> Molecular Cell. 47 (6), 980-986 (2012).</li><li>Li, Y., Breaker, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetics+of+RNA+Degradation+by+Specific+Base+Catalysis+of+Transesterification+Involving+the+2'-Hydroxyl+Group.">Kinetics of RNA Degradation by Specific Base Catalysis of Transesterification Involving the 2'-Hydroxyl Group.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 121 (23), 5364-5372 (1999).</li><li>Nick McElhinny, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+instability+due+to+ribonucleotide+incorporation+into+DNA.">Genome instability due to ribonucleotide incorporation into DNA.</a> Nature Chemical Biology. 6 (10), 774-781 (2010).</li><li>Williams, J. S., Kunkel, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ribonucleotides+in+DNA:+origins,+repair+and+consequences.">Ribonucleotides in DNA: origins, repair and consequences.</a> DNA Repair (Amst). 19, 27-37 (2014).</li><li>Williams, J. S., Lujan, S. A., Kunkel, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Processing+ribonucleotides+incorporated+during+eukaryotic+DNA+replication.">Processing ribonucleotides incorporated during eukaryotic DNA replication.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 17 (6), 350-363 (2016).</li><li>Jones, M. E., Thomas, S. M., Rogers, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Luria-Delbruck+fluctuation+experiments:+design+and+analysis.">Luria-Delbruck fluctuation experiments: design and analysis.</a> Genetics. 136 (3), 1209-1216 (1994).</li><li>Zheng, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+practical+guide+to+the+Luria-Delbruck+protocol.">A new practical guide to the Luria-Delbruck protocol.</a> Mutat Research. 781, 7-13 (2015).</li><li>Sambrook, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual. , (2001).</li><li>Miyabe, I., Kunkel, T. A., Carr, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+major+roles+of+DNA+polymerases+epsilon+and+delta+at+the+eukaryotic+replication+fork+are+evolutionarily+conserved.">The major roles of DNA polymerases epsilon and delta at the eukaryotic replication fork are evolutionarily conserved.</a> PLoS Genetics. 7 (12), e1002407 (2011).</li><li>Lujan, S. A., Williams, J. S., Clausen, A. R., Clark, A. B., Kunkel, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ribonucleotides+are+signals+for+mismatch+repair+of+leading-strand+replication+errors.">Ribonucleotides are signals for mismatch repair of leading-strand replication errors.</a> Molecular Cell. 50 (3), 437-443 (2013).</li><li>Williams, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topoisomerase+1-mediated+removal+of+ribonucleotides+from+nascent+leading-strand+DNA.">Topoisomerase 1-mediated removal of ribonucleotides from nascent leading-strand DNA.</a> Molecular Cell. 49 (5), 1010-1015 (2013).</li><li>Clausen, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracking+replication+enzymology+in+vivo+by+genome-wide+mapping+of+ribonucleotide+incorporation.">Tracking replication enzymology in vivo by genome-wide mapping of ribonucleotide incorporation.</a> Nature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology. 22 (3), 185-191 (2015).</li><li>Foster, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+determining+spontaneous+mutation+rates.">Methods for determining spontaneous mutation rates.</a> Methods Enzymology. 409, 195-213 (2006).</li><li>Williams, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+that+processing+of+ribonucleotides+in+DNA+by+topoisomerase+1+is+leading-strand+specific.">Evidence that processing of ribonucleotides in DNA by topoisomerase 1 is leading-strand specific.</a> Nature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology. 22 (4), 291-297 (2015).</li><li>Pavlov, Y. I., Shcherbakova, P. V., Kunkel, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+consequences+of+putative+active+site+mutations+in+yeast+DNA+polymerases+alpha,+epsilon,+delta,+and+zeta.">In vivo consequences of putative active site mutations in yeast DNA polymerases alpha, epsilon, delta, and zeta.</a> Genetics. 159 (1), 47-64 (2001).</li><li>Nick McElhinny, S. A., Kissling, G. E., Kunkel, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+correction+of+lagging-strand+replication+errors+made+by+DNA+polymerases+{alpha}+and+{delta}.">Differential correction of lagging-strand replication errors made by DNA polymerases {alpha} and {delta}.</a> Proceedings of the National Acaddemy of Sciences U S A. 107 (49), 21070-21075 (2010).</li><li>Clark, A. B., Lujan, S. A., Kissling, G. E., Kunkel, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mismatch+repair-independent+tandem+repeat+sequence+instability+resulting+from+ribonucleotide+incorporation+by+DNA+polymerase+epsilon.">Mismatch repair-independent tandem repeat sequence instability resulting from ribonucleotide incorporation by DNA polymerase epsilon.</a> DNA Repair (Amst). 10 (5), 476-482 (2011).</li><li>Lujan, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mismatch+repair+balances+leading+and+lagging+strand+DNA+replication+fidelity.">Mismatch repair balances leading and lagging strand DNA replication fidelity.</a> PLoS Genetics. 8 (10), e1003016 (2012).</li><li>Reijns, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzymatic+removal+of+ribonucleotides+from+DNA+is+essential+for+mammalian+genome+integrity+and+development.">Enzymatic removal of ribonucleotides from DNA is essential for mammalian genome integrity and development.</a> Cell. 149 (5), 1008-1022 (2012).</li><li>Lujan, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneous+polymerase+fidelity+and+mismatch+repair+bias+genome+variation+and+composition.">Heterogeneous polymerase fidelity and mismatch repair bias genome variation and composition.</a> Genome Research. 24 (11), 1751-1764 (2014).</li></ol>

Her beskriver vi protokollerne for to sæt eksperimenter, der ofte bruges til at analysere semi-kvantitativt ribonucleotides indarbejdet under DNA replikation og de mutagene virkninger af unrepaired ribonucleotides. Selv om disse metoder indebærer model eukaryote S. cerevisiae, kan disse teknikker nemt tilpasses andre mikrober og endnu højere eukaryoter.
Sondering for unrepaired ribonucleotides i DNA bruger alkaline-Agarosen elektroforese kombineret med det sydlige blotting giver vi...

Under eukaryote nukleare DNA replikation, er ribonucleotides indarbejdet i genomet af alle tre store DNA replicases, DNA polymeraser (Pols) α, ε og δ1,2. RNase H2-afhængige ribonucleotide excision reparation (RER3) fjerner fleste af disse indlejrede ribonucleotides.
En ribonucleotide i DNA er modtagelige for hydrolyse, da 2' hydroxylgruppe af sukker gruppe kan angribe de tilstødende phosphodiester bond, frigive ene ende med en 2' - 3' cyklisk fosfat og den anden med en 5'-OH4. Alkalisk betingelser kan høj grad fremskynde reaktionen. Således forårsager hydrolyse af integrerede ribonucleotides under inkubation i en basisløsning fragmentering af genomisk DNA, som kan visualiseres ved alkaline-Agarosen elektroforese5. Dette DNA kan overføres til en membran og probed af sydlige skamplet analyse ved hjælp af strand-specifikke sonder, der tillader identifikation af alkali-følsomme steder forårsaget af ribonucleotides indarbejdet i det spirende førende - eller halter-strenget DNA, henholdsvis.
I gærceller mangler RNase H2 aktivitet, kan fjernelse af ribonucleotides påbegyndes når topoisomerase jeg (Top1) nicks DNA på den integrerede ribonucleotide6,7. Men når Top1 kløver i 3' side af ribonucleotide, dette skaber 5'-OH og 2' - 3' cyklisk fosfat DNA ender der er refraktære over for religation. Manglende reparation eller afvigende behandling af disse beskidte ender kan føre til genomisk ustabilitet. Desuden, hvis snittet sker inden for en gentagelse DNA sekvens, kan reparationsprocessen føre til sletning mutationer. Dette er særligt problematisk for tandem gentager, hvor korte sletninger (af mellem to og fem basepar) er almindeligt observeret i RNase H2-mangelfuld celler. Top1-afhængige skadelige virkninger i mangel af gær RNase H2 aktivitet er forværret i en DNA polymerase ε mutant (pol2-M644G) promiskuøs til ribonucleotide indbygning under spirende førende strand syntese.
Behandling af ribonucleotides i DNA fører til spontane mutationer og denne mutagenese kan påvises ved hjælp af passende reporter gener og vælge for den ledsagende fænotypiske forandringer. Et udsving test eller Luria og Delbrück eksperiment er en af de mest almindeligt anvendte metoder til at måle spontan mutation satser bruger valgbar reporter gener8,9. I gær, kan URA3 og CAN1 gener bruges som journalister i et fremadrettet mutation assay, som giver mulighed for påvisning af alle mutation typer, der resulterer i tab af genfunktioner. Spontan mutation satsen er anslået median af der er konstateret for flere parallelle kulturer startede fra enkelt kolonier uden mutationer i target reporter gen. En gær RNase H2-mangelfuld stamme som rnh201Δ har en moderat forhøjede samlede spontan mutation sats, der er i høj grad forårsaget af en forhøjet forekomst af 2-5 bp sletninger i tandem gentage sekvenser. Således, at fuldt ud for at beskrive de mutagene virkninger af ribonucleotides i genomet, specifikke mutation satser skal bestemmes. I dette tilfælde, URA3 eller CAN1 reporter gener kan forstærkes og sekventeret Bestem typer og placeringen af mutationerne, og specifikke mutation priser kan beregnes. Udarbejdelse af mutationer i flere uafhængige URA3 eller CAN1 mutanter kan derefter bruges til at generere en mutation spektrum.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>YPD media</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>20 g dextrose, 20 g peptone, 10g yeast extract, in deionized H2O up to 1 L, add 20 g Bacto agar for solid media, autoclave.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COM plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1.3 g SC dropout mix, 1.7 g yeast nitrogen base without amino acids or (NH4)2SO4, 5 g (NH4)2SO4, 20 g dextrose, 20 g Bacto agar deionized H2O up to 1 L. Adjust pH to 5.8. Autoclave and 30 &#8211; 35 ml per plate.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CAN plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1.3 g SC-Ura dropout powder, 1.7 g yeast nitrogen base without amino acids or (NH4)2SO4, 5 g (NH4)2SO4, 20 g dextrose, 20 g Bacto agar, 25 mg uracil and H2O up to 1 L. Autoclave for 15 mins at 121 &#176;C and cool down to 56 &#176;C. Add 6 mL of filter-sterilized 1% canavanine sulfate solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-FOA plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1.3 g SC-Ura dropout powder, 1.7 g yeast nitrogen base without amino acids or (NH4)2SO4, 5 g (NH4)2SO4, 20 g dextrose, 20 g Bacto agar, 25 mg uracil and H2O up to 800 mL. Autoclave for 15 mins at 121 &#176;C and cool down to 60 &#176;C. Add 200 mL of filter-sterilized 0.5% 5-FOA solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Canavanine sulfate</td>
			<td>US Biological</td>
			<td>C1050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-FOA</td>
			<td>US Biological</td>
			<td>F5050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 mL glass culture tube</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture rotator in 30 &#176;C incubator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Shaker incubator can be used instead</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well round bottom plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sterile, any brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 mm glass beads</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11-312A</td>
			<td>Autoclave before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-channel pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ex Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>TaKaRa</td>
			<td>RR001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epicentre MasterPure Yeast DNA Purification Kit</td>
			<td>Epicenter</td>
			<td>MPY80200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 M sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Q32866</td>
			<td>Newer model available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dsDNA BR Assay kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Q32850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KOH</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>221473</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll 400</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>DSF10400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromocresol green</td>
			<td>Eastman</td>
			<td>6356</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene cyanol FF</td>
			<td>International Technologies Inc.</td>
			<td>72120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S8045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0)</td>
			<td>Teknova</td>
			<td>T5080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR Gold Nucleic Acid Gel Stain</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>S11494</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV transilluminator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amersham Nylon membrane Hybond-N+</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>RPN303B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 MM CHR Chromotography paper</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>3030-392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Caledon</td>
			<td>7560-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stratalinker 1800</td>
			<td>Stratagene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAquick PCR Purification Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>G-25 spin column</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>27-5325-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M Sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>NaH2PO4 (S9638); 
			Na2HPO4 (S9390)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L4522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>47671</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Geiger counter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

studying ribonucleotide incorporation: strand-specific detection of ribonucleotides in the yeast genome and measuring ribonucleotide-induced mutagenesis

Tilstedeværelsen af ribonucleotides i nukleare DNA har vist sig at være en kilde til genomisk ustabilitet. Omfanget af ribonucleotide vedtægter kan vurderes af alkalisk hydrolyse og gel elektroforese som RNA er meget modtagelige for hydrolyse i basisk betingelser. Dette, kan i kombination med det sydlige skamplet analyse bruges til at bestemme placeringen og strand i som ribonucleotides er blevet indarbejdet. Men denne fremgangsmåde er kun semi-kvantitative og muligvis ikke følsomme nok til at opdage små ændringer i ribonucleotide indhold, selv om strand-specifikke sydlige skamplet sondering forbedrer følsomheden. Som en foranstaltning af en af de mest slående biologiske konsekvenser af ribonucleotides i DNA, kan spontane mutagenese analyseres ved hjælp af en fremadrettet mutation assay. Ved hjælp af passende reporter gener, sjældne mutationer, der resulterer i tab af funktion kan blive udvalgt og overordnede og specifikke mutation kan måles ved at kombinere data fra udsving eksperimenter med DNA-sekventering af reporter gen. Udsving assay er relevant at undersøge en lang række mutagene processer i særlige genetiske baggrund eller vækstbetingelser.

Behandling af genomisk DNA med alkalibehandling efterfulgt af alkalisk gelelektroforese giver mulighed for semi-kvantitative påvisning af DNA fragmentering på grund af overfloden af stabilt indarbejdet ribonucleotides. Figur 2 viser gel billeder af gær genomisk DNA behandlet med eller uden KOH5. M644L varianten af Pol2, den katalytiske subunit af Polε, har reduceret evne til at optage ribonucleotides, mens M644G mutant inkorporerer...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis at Jo

Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

Ribonucleotides er blandt de mest rigelige ikke-kanoniske nukleotider indarbejdet i genomet i eukaryote nukleare DNA-replikation. Hvis ikke ordentligt fjernes, kan ribonucleotides forårsage DNA-skader og mutagenese. Vi præsenterer her, to eksperimentelle metoder, der bruges til at vurdere overfloden af ribonucleotide indarbejdelse i DNA og dets mutagene virkninger.

Studere Ribonucleotide vedtægter: Strand-specifik påvisning af Ribonucleotides i gær genom og måling Ribonucleotide-induceret mutagenese

The presence of ribonucleotides in nuclear DNA has been shown to be a source of genomic instability. The extent of ribonucleotide incorporation can be ...

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Aging is a degenerative process characterized by a progressive deterioration of cellular components and organelles resulting in mortality. The budding ...

Gross and Fine Dissection of Inner Ear Sensory Epithelia in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Gross and Fine Dissection of Inner Ear Sensory Epithelia in Adult Zebrafish Danio rerio

Neurosensory epithelia in the inner ear are the crucial structures for hearing and balance functions. Therefore, it is important to understand the ...

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Competitive Genomic Screens of Barcoded Yeast Libraries

By virtue of advances in next generation sequencing technologies, we have access to new genome sequences almost daily.  The tempo of these advances is ...

Single Oocyte Bisulfite Mutagenesis

Single oocyt hydrogensulfit Mutagenese

Epigenetics encompasses all heritable and reversible modifications to chromatin that alter gene accessibility, and thus are the primary mechanisms for ...

Genome-wide Gene Deletions in Streptococcus sanguinis by High Throughput PCR

Genome-wide Gene Deletions in Streptococcus sanguinis by High Throughput PCR

Transposon  mutagenesis and single-gene deletion are two methods applied in genome-wide  gene knockout in bacteria 1,2. Although transposon mutagenesis is ...

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient (Pf) of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient Pf of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Måling af Osmotisk Vand permeabilitetskoefficienten (P<sub&gt; F</sub&gt;) Af sfæriske celler: Isolerede planteprotoplaster som et eksempel

Studying AQP regulation mechanisms is crucial for the understanding of water relations at both the cellular and the whole plant levels. Presented here is ...

Genome-wide Mapping of Drug-DNA Interactions in Cells with COSMIC (Crosslinking of Small Molecules to Isolate Chromatin)

Genome-wide Mapping of Drug-DNA Interactions in Cells with COSMIC Crosslinking of Small Molecules to Isolate Chromatin

Genom-dækkende Kortlægning af lægemiddel-DNA interaktioner i celler med COSMIC (Tværbinding af små molekyler til at isolere Chromatin)

The genome is the target of some of the most effective chemotherapeutics, but most of these drugs lack DNA sequence specificity, which leads to ...

Simultaneous Mapping and Quantitation of Ribonucleotides in Human Mitochondrial DNA

Samtidige kortlægning og kvantitering af Ribonucleotides i menneskelige mitokondrie-DNA

Established approaches to estimate the number of ribonucleotides present in a genome are limited to the quantitation of incorporated ribonucleotides using ...

Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data

Identifikation af alternativ splejsning og polyadenylering i RNA-seq-data

As well as the typical analysis of RNA-Seq to measure differential gene expression (DGE) across experimental/biological conditions, RNA-seq data can also ...