Name: protocol for producing three-dimensional infrared video of freezing in plants
Uploaded: 2018-09-12T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Producing Three-Dimensional Infrared Video of Freezing in Plants at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了美国农业部内部资金的支持。

1. 准备
<ol><li>收集设备、材料和软件, 记录和处理工厂冷冻的视频。<ol>
<li>通过将电源开关设置为On来启动可编程冰箱, 并将温度设置为0摄氏度。程序冰箱达到-8 °c 在1摄氏度/小时。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>将一个6周大的草莓植物和 2-5 花种植在一个1升的容器中, 放入冰箱中。</li>
	<li>使用紧固带和一小块木头设置2台红外摄像机 (例如FLIR T620 相机), 以产生正确的透镜会聚角。 注: ?...

<ol>
	<li>Geng, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+display+technologies.">Three-dimensional display technologies.</a> Advances in Optics and Photonics. 5, 456-535 (2013).</li><li>Ceccardi, T. L., Heath, R. L., Ting, I. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-temperature+exotherm+measurement+using+infrared+thermography.">Low-temperature exotherm measurement using infrared thermography.</a> HortScience. 30, 140-142 (1995).</li><li>Wimmer, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> History of thermal imaging, Security Sales and Integration. , (2011).</li><li>Wisniewski, M., Lindow, S. E., Ashworth, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observations+of+ice+nucleation+and+propagation+in+plants+using+infrared+video+thermography.">Observations of ice nucleation and propagation in plants using infrared video thermography.</a> Plant Physiology. 113, 327-334 (1997).</li><li>Kuprian, E., Tuong, T., Pfaller, K., Livingston, D. P., Neuner, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Persistent+supercooling+of+reproductive+shoots+is+enabled+by+structural+ice+barriers+being+active+despite+an+intact+xylem+connection.">Persistent supercooling of reproductive shoots is enabled by structural ice barriers being active despite an intact xylem connection.</a> Public Library of Science ONE. 11, e0163160 (2016).</li><li>Livingston, D. P., Tuong, T. D., Murphy, J. P., Gusta, L., Wisniewski, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-definition+infrared+thermography+of+ice+nucleation+and+propagation+in+wheat+under+natural+frost+conditions+and+controlled+freezing.">High-definition infrared thermography of ice nucleation and propagation in wheat under natural frost conditions and controlled freezing.</a> Planta. 247, 791-806 (2017).</li><li>Boyles, R. P., Raman, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+climate+patterns+and+trends+in+North+Carolina+(1949-1998).">Analysis of climate patterns and trends in North Carolina (1949-1998).</a> Environment International. 29 (2-3), 263-275 (2003).</li><li>Poling, E. B., Poling, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Managing+Cold+Events.">Managing Cold Events.</a> A Growers' Guide to Production, Economics and Marketing. , 75-97 (2015).</li><li>Hacker, J., Neuner, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ice+porpagaion+in+plants+visualized+at+the+tissue+level+by+infrared+differential+thermal+analysis+(IDTA).">Ice porpagaion in plants visualized at the tissue level by infrared differential thermal analysis (IDTA).</a> Tree Physiology. 27, 1661-1670 (2007).</li><li>He, J. Q., Harrison, R. J., Li, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+3D+imaging+system+for+strawberry+phenotyping.">A novel 3D imaging system for strawberry phenotyping.</a> Plant Methods. 13, 93-101 (2017).</li></ol>

这项协议需要两台红外摄像机, 它们必须针对这个主题, 从稍微不同的角度1。这将要求透镜从 5-8 cm 分开, 但两个必须瞄准在将被摄制的主题的同一个地方。把2相机镜头看成是观众眼中的一种替代品。左摄像头类似左眼和右眼相机。后处理软件将色调的左图像的红色和正确的图像, 以蓝色的颜色, 所以通过穿红蓝眼镜, 左眼只能看到左图像和右眼只有正确的图像。这意味着在记录冻...

尽管生活在一个三物理维度的世界, 研究人员通常只限于在2D 中报告视觉观察。虽然2D 图像通常足以传达重要信息, 但这种缺乏深度的信息限制了我们感知和理解真实世界物体的复杂性的能力。1
这一缺乏的深度信息提供了一个动机, 以产生3D 视频主要是在商业电影行业, 因为早期的 1900s1。然而, 在静止图像和视频中生成清晰的3D 信息, 由于生成这些图像所涉及的复杂性而受到阻碍。最简单的生成3D 胶片的方法是基于立体摄影的原理。立体摄影利用两个相同物体的图像, 从略微不同的角度, 在大脑中传递3D 图像。为了使这成为可能, 每只眼睛必须只看它各自的图像 (即左眼在左图和右眼在正确的图像)。因为眼睛不会自然地做这, 立体头饰设计使这成为可能1。在3D 胶片的开发过程中, 采用了几种立体视觉技术, 以及偏振交错、时间复用和头贴显示技术, 但采用红绿 (或青色) 的颜色交错或浮雕方法。眼镜是最简单和最便宜的技术之一。有关3D 成像和所涉及的各种技术的全面审查, 请参阅耿1的评论。
利用红外热像仪对植物中的冰冻进行监测是基于水结冰时, 必须放弃内部能量2的原理。这种能量是以热的形式存在的, 在电磁波谱的 IR 区域是可探测的。自 1929年3以来, 能够记录红外线能量的摄像机已经在使用。首次发表的报告使用红外技术的电影冷冻在植物是从 Cecardi等。2, 但使用的相机的分辨率使得很难准确地确定冻结的组织。维希涅夫斯基等。4用更高分辨率的相机确定了几种植物中冰核的更精确的位置。随着红外热成像技术的改进, 高分辨率图像导致了诸如冻结5的障碍和冰层形成6的精确细胞定位等发现。
红外摄影中的一个难点是由于温差小。这将导致视图字段中的大多数对象都是相似的颜色, 这使得很难精确确定哪些对象是/正在冻结。这在确定特定组织中冷冻的顺序时很重要, 例如小麦的叶子或根部6。如果植物的红外视频可以在3D 中成像, 那么在某一时间点确定该植物的哪一部分是结冰的准确度就能得到改善。
在美国的某些地区, 草莓是一种作物, 在这种情况下, 冷冻温度对种植者相当关注。在某些生长条件下, 草莓花在平均去年春季冷冻前 2-3 周出现。在阿巴拉契亚山脉的某些地区, 冰冻事件可能会发生在7 , 通常会导致花朵死亡。因此, 霜冻保护对草莓种植者在受这些冰冻事件的地区至关重要。例如, 在北卡罗来纳州, 草莓种植者必须在 4-6 霜冻事件发生前和 1-2 在早期绽放期8期间冻结, 以防止霜冻。为了帮助开发更耐冻的草莓基因型, 重要的是要了解冰冻的各个方面, 如冰核的部位和传播到植物的其他部分。红外热成像为解决这些问题提供了有效的手段。
在这里, 我们使用草莓来说明在3D 使用浮雕方法记录冰冻事件的技术。草莓很适合这个例子, 因为树叶和花朵分布在3D 空间, 在2D 红外视频中观看时很难区分。

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">T620 Infrared Camera and software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">FLIR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">55903-5122</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">2 cameras are needed. Software works only on a Windows-based computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:299px;">After Effects</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Adobe</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15.0.1.73</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Post-Production Video Editing Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Bandicam</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bandisoft</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4.1.2.1385</td>
			<td>Screen Capture Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Laboratory Scissor Jack&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Eisco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CH0642A</td>
			<td>Steel Platform 13X15 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Fastening Strap</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Velcro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">90441</td>
			<td>To hold camera on jack.&#160; Should be at least 60cm long by 2cm wide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Media Converter</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">iSkysoft</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10.0.6</td>
			<td>Software to convert mp4 files to .mov&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocol for producing three-dimensional infrared video of freezing in plants

植物中的冰冻可以用红外线 (IR) 热成像来监测, 因为当水结冰时, 它会发出热量。然而, 色彩对比的问题使得2维 (2D) 红外图像难以解释。在3维度 (3D) 中查看红外图像或植物的视频可以更准确地识别冰核的位置, 以及冻结的进展。在本文中, 我们展示了一个相对简单的方法来生产一个3D 红外视频的草莓植物冷冻。草莓是一种经济上重要的作物, 在世界许多地区遭受意想不到的春季冰冻事件。准确了解草莓冷冻将为育种者和种植者提供更经济的方法, 以防止在冰冻条件下对植物造成任何损害。
该技术涉及两个红外摄像机的定位, 在略微不同的角度, 以拍摄草莓冷冻。两个视频流将精确地同步使用屏幕捕获软件, 同时记录两个摄像头。录音将被导入到成像软件中, 并使用浮雕技术进行处理。使用红蓝色的眼镜, 3D 视频将使其更容易确定的精确地点的冰核在叶片表面。

令人惊讶的是, 草莓植物冷冻的红外视频 (补充视频 1) 表明, 并非所有的叶子/花朵冻结在同一时间。叶子和花朵都在不同的温度下单独冻结, 但树叶比花更早结冰, 温度更高。此外, 冷冻开始于叶子, 但不一定在同一位置上的每一叶。虽然这些结果没有被描述以前在草莓, 相似的结果被发现了在其他植物种类6。一旦树叶结冰, 冰就会沿着叶柄向?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Producing Three-Dimensional Infrared Video of Freezing in Plants at JoVE.com

Protocol for Producing Three-Dimensional Infrared Video of Freezing in Plants

在这里, 我们提出一个协议, 以图像的草莓植物冻结在3维度。两个红外摄像机定位在略微不同的角度被用来产生一个红蓝浮雕视频, 以观察冷冻的植物在3维度。

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Freezing in plants can be monitored using infrared (IR) thermography, because when water freezes, it gives off heat. However, problems with color contrast ...

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