Name: a direct force probe for measuring mechanical integration between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton
Uploaded: 2018-07-29T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Direct Force Probe for Measuring Mechanical Integration Between the Nucleus and the Cytoskeleton at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af NIH R01 EB014869.

1. forberede celler til billedbehandling
Bemærk: Direkte kraft sonde (DFP) kan bruges til enhver vedhængende celletype. Her, bruges NIH 3T3 mus fibroblaster som cellelinie model for denne protokol.
<ol><li>Kultur NIH 3T3 fibroblastceller i Dulbeccos modificerede Eagle Medium (DMEM) suppleret med 10% donor bovint serum og 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin på 35-mm glas bund fad indtil ønskede confluency. Vedligeholde celler ved 37 ° C og 5% CO2.<ol>
<li>Vær sikker på at belægge al...

<ol>
	<li>Chow, K. H., Factor, R. E., Ullman, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nuclear+envelope+environment+and+its+cancer+connections.">The nuclear envelope environment and its cancer connections.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 12 (3), 196-209 (2012).</li><li>Zink, D., Fischer, A. H., Nickerson, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+structure+in+cancer+cells.">Nuclear structure in cancer cells.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 4 (9), 677-687 (2004).</li><li>Bank, E. M., Gruenbaum, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nuclear+lamina+and+heterochromatin:+a+complex+relationship.">The nuclear lamina and heterochromatin: a complex relationship.</a> Biochemical Society Transactions. 39 (6), 1705-1709 (2011).</li><li>Lammerding, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lamins+A+and+C+but+not+lamin+B1+regulate+nuclear+mechanics.">Lamins A and C but not lamin B1 regulate nuclear mechanics.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (35), 25768-25780 (2006).</li><li>Dahl, K. N., Engler, A. J., Pajerowski, J. D., Discher, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Power-law+rheology+of+isolated+nuclei+with+deformation+mapping+of+nuclear+substructures.">Power-law rheology of isolated nuclei with deformation mapping of nuclear substructures.</a> Biophysical Journal. 89 (4), 2855-2864 (2005).</li><li>Crisp, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coupling+of+the+nucleus+and+cytoplasm:+role+of+the+LINC+complex.">Coupling of the nucleus and cytoplasm: role of the LINC complex.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 172 (1), 41-53 (2006).</li><li>Sosa, B. A., Rothballer, A., Kutay, U., Schwartz, T. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LINC+complexes+form+by+binding+of+three+KASH+peptides+to+domain+interfaces+of+trimeric+SUN+proteins.">LINC complexes form by binding of three KASH peptides to domain interfaces of trimeric SUN proteins.</a> Cell. 149 (5), 1035-1047 (2012).</li><li>Tapley, E. C., Starr, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Connecting+the+nucleus+to+the+cytoskeleton+by+SUN-KASH+bridges+across+the+nuclear+envelope.">Connecting the nucleus to the cytoskeleton by SUN-KASH bridges across the nuclear envelope.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 25 (1), 57-62 (2013).</li><li>Arsenovic, P. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nesprin-2G,+a+Component+of+the+Nuclear+LINC+Complex,+Is+Subject+to+Myosin-Dependent+Tension.">Nesprin-2G, a Component of the Nuclear LINC Complex, Is Subject to Myosin-Dependent Tension.</a> Biophysical Journal. 110 (1), 34-43 (2016).</li><li>Rowat, A. C., Lammerding, J., Ipsen, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+properties+of+the+cell+nucleus+and+the+effect+of+emerin+deficiency.">Mechanical properties of the cell nucleus and the effect of emerin deficiency.</a> Biophysical Journal. 91 (12), 4649-4664 (2006).</li><li>Rowat, A. C., Foster, L. J., Nielsen, M. M., Weiss, M., Ipsen, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+elastic+properties+of+the+nuclear+envelope.">Characterization of the elastic properties of the nuclear envelope.</a> Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 2 (2), 63-69 (2005).</li><li>Pagliara, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auxetic+nuclei+in+embryonic+stem+cells+exiting+pluripotency.">Auxetic nuclei in embryonic stem cells exiting pluripotency.</a> Nature Materials. 13 (6), 638-644 (2014).</li><li>Liu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+mechanical+characterization+of+the+cell+nucleus+by+atomic+force+microscopy.">In situ mechanical characterization of the cell nucleus by atomic force microscopy.</a> ACS Nanotechnology. 8 (4), 3821-3828 (2014).</li><li>Krause, M., Te Riet, J., Wolf, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+the+compressibility+of+tumor+cell+nuclei+by+combined+atomic+force-confocal+microscopy.">Probing the compressibility of tumor cell nuclei by combined atomic force-confocal microscopy.</a> Physical Biology. 10 (6), 065002 (2013).</li><li>Neelam, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+force+probe+reveals+the+mechanics+of+nuclear+homeostasis+in+the+mammalian+cell.">Direct force probe reveals the mechanics of nuclear homeostasis in the mammalian cell.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (18), 5720-5725 (2015).</li><li>Pajerowski, J. D., Dahl, K. N., Zhong, F. L., Sammak, P. J., Discher, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+plasticity+of+the+nucleus+in+stem+cell+differentiation.">Physical plasticity of the nucleus in stem cell differentiation.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (40), 15619-15624 (2007).</li><li>Lammerding, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lamin+A/C+deficiency+causes+defective+nuclear+mechanics+and+mechanotransduction.">Lamin A/C deficiency causes defective nuclear mechanics and mechanotransduction.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 113 (3), 370-378 (2004).</li><li>Chancellor, T. J., Lee, J., Thodeti, C. K., Lele, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actomyosin+tension+exerted+on+the+nucleus+through+nesprin-1+connections+influences+endothelial+cell+adhesion,+migration,+and+cyclic+strain-induced+reorientation.">Actomyosin tension exerted on the nucleus through nesprin-1 connections influences endothelial cell adhesion, migration, and cyclic strain-induced reorientation.</a> Biophysical Journal. 99 (1), 115-123 (2010).</li><li>Neelam, S., Dickinson, R. B., Lele, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+approaches+for+understanding+the+nuclear+force+balance+in+living,+adherent+cells.">New approaches for understanding the nuclear force balance in living, adherent cells.</a> Methods. 94, 27-32 (2016).</li></ol>

Måling den mekaniske integration af kernen med cytoskelettet er en udfordring for de fleste nuværende metoder, såsom mikropipette aspiration16, fordi de kræver enten isolerede kerner (hvor kernen er afkoblet fra cytoskelettet) eller kerner i suspenderede celler (hvor ekstracellulære kræfter, som trækkraft styrker, er fraværende). Kraft er blevet anvendt til kernen ved at anvende biaksiale stamme celler tilhænger at en membran17,18...

Patologier såsom kræft indebærer ændringer af nukleare form og struktur1,2, der generelt er ledsaget af en 'opblødning' af kernen3,4. Nukleare resistens over for mekanisk deformation har været generelt karakteriseret ved at anvende en kraft på isolerede kerner5.
Kernen i celler er molekylært tilsluttet cytoskelettet Linker af Nucleoskeleton og Cytoskeleton (Anna) komplekse6,7,8,9. Som et resultat, er kernen mekanisk integreret med cytoskelettet og gennem celle-undergrundens sammenvoksninger, den ekstracellulære matrix. Mekanisk sondering kerne indeni vedhængende celler kan give indsigt i denne mekaniske integration. Metoder til at manipulere kerner i levende celler omfatter mikropipette aspiration10,11, og atomic force mikroskopi12,13,14. Vi beskrev for nylig en direkte kraft sonde (DFP) der gælder mekaniske kræfter direkte på kernen i en levende vedhængende celle15.
Her, skitsere vi proceduren for at bruge en mikroinjektion system, der er almindeligt tilgængelige i mikroskopi faciliteter til at anvende en kendt, nano-skala mekanisk kraft direkte til kernen i en vedhængende celle. En femtotip (0,5 µm diameter mikropipette tip) er monteret og tilsluttet ordningen mikroinjektion af et rør. Tip, placeret i en 45° vinkel i forhold til overfladen af kultur parabol, sænkes indtil støder op til den nukleare overflade. Røret er så frakoblet og åbnet i atmosfæren, som skaber en negativ sugetryk på den nukleare overflade og sæler mikropipette spidsen mod den nukleare overflade. Gennem oversættelse af mikropipette tip, er kernen deforme og til sidst (afhængigt af omfanget af kraft), løsrevet fra mikropipette. Denne udstationering opstår, når de genoprette (modstå) styrker, udøvet af kernen og celle, lig den suge kraft, som mikropipette. Analyse kan udføres ved at måle forskydningen af atomkernen, længde stamme (ligning 1) eller område stamme (figur 1A).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:843px;" width="843">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">FluoroDish</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FD35</td>
			<td style="width:355px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:299px;">SYTO 59</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S11341</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">Femtotips&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td align="right">930000043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">InjectMan NI2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td>discontinued, current equivalent model: InjectMan 4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">FemtoJet</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td>Current model FemtoJet 4i</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Plan Fluor oil immersion 40x</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Apo TIRF oil immersion 60x</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:299px;">Donor Bovine Serum (DBS)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">16030074</td>
			<td>NIH 3T3 serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modification of Eagle&#39;s (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Mediatech cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MT10013CVRF</td>
			<td>NIH 3T3 medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MT30004CIRF</td>
			<td>NIH 3T3 medium supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Immersion Oil Type LDF Non-Fluorescing</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Nikon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">77007</td>
			<td>Immersion oil for objective lens&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a direct force probe for measuring mechanical integration between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton

De mekaniske egenskaber af kernen bestemme sit svar til mekaniske kræfter genereret i celler. Fordi kernen er molekylært løbende med cytoskeleton, metoder er nødvendige for at sonde dens mekaniske opførsel i vedhængende celler. Her diskuterer vi direkte kraft sonde (DFP) som et værktøj til at anvende gældende direkte til kernen i en levende vedhængende celle. Vi tillægger den nukleare overflade med suge en smal mikropipette. Mikropipette er oversat fra kernen, som forårsager kernen til at deformere og oversætte. Når den genoprette kraft er lig med den suge kraft, kernen løsner og slapper elastisk. Fordi den sugetryk er netop kendt, kendt kraft på den nukleare overflade. Denne metode har afsløret at nanoskala styrker er tilstrækkelige til at deformere og oversætte kernen i vedhængende celler, og identificeret cytoskeletal elementer, der gør det muligt nucleus at modstå styrker. DFP kan bruges til at dissekere bidrag af cellulære og nukleare komponenter til nukleare mekaniske egenskaber i levende celler.

Figur 2A viser tvinger af en NIH 3T3 mus fibroblast kerne. Som mikropipette tip er oversat til højre, kernen deformerer og til sidst løsner fra mikropipette tip. Længde stamme af kernen er set at øge med stigende suge kraft (figur 2B). Den forreste kant af kernen (mikropipette trække kanten) danner en nuklear fremspring og bagkanten er fordrevet fra sin oprindelige position. Længden af fremspring er meget større end bagkan...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Direct Force Probe for Measuring Mechanical Integration Between the Nucleus and the Cytoskeleton at JoVE.com

A Direct Force Probe for Measuring Mechanical Integration Between the Nucleus and the Cytoskeleton

En direkte kraft sonde til at måle mekanisk Integration mellem kernen og cytoskelettet

I denne protokol beskriver vi en mikropipette metode til direkte anvendelse en kontrolleret kraft til kernen i en levende celle. Denne analyse giver forhør af nukleare mekaniske egenskaber i den levende, vedhængende celle.

The mechanical properties of the nucleus determine its response to mechanical forces generated in cells. Because the nucleus is molecularly continuous ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Method for Identifying Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Protein-protein Interaction Between HCN1 and TRIP8b

Fremgangsmåde til at identificere småmolekylære inhibitorer af protein-protein-vekselvirkning mellem HCN1 og TRIP8b

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are expressed ubiquitously throughout the brain, where they function to regulate the ...

Time-resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry for Studying Protein Structure and Dynamics

Time-løst elektrosprayioniserings Brint-deuterium Exchange-massespektrometri til at studere proteiners struktur og Dynamics

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have long been a challenge to structural biologists due to their lack of stable secondary structure elements. ...

Force Spectroscopy of Single Protein Molecules Using an Atomic Force Microscope

Kraft spektroskopi af enkelt proteinmolekyler ved hjælp af en Atomic Force mikroskop

The determination of the folding process of proteins from their amino acid sequence to their native 3D structure is an important problem in biology. ...

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins

Udnytte en omfattende Immunoprecipitation berigelse System for at identificere en endogen posttranslationel modifikation profil for Target proteiner

It is now well-appreciated that post-translational modifications (PTMs) play an integral role in regulating a protein&#39;s structure and function, which ...

A Colorimetric Method for Measuring Iron Content in Plants

En kolorimetriske metode til måling af jernindhold i planter

Iron, one of the most important micronutrients in living organisms, is involved in basic processes, such as respiration and photosynthesis. Iron content ...

Polysome Profiling in Leishmania, Human Cells and Mouse Testis

Polysome Profiling in Leishmania, Human Cells and Mouse Testis

Polysome profilering i Leishmania, menneskelige celler og mus Testis

Proper protein expression at the right time and in the right amounts is the basis of normal cell function and survival in a fast-changing environment. For ...

Covalent Immobilization of Proteins for the Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Kovalente immobilisering af proteiner for enkelt molekyle kraft spektroskopi

In recent years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) extended our understanding of molecular properties and ...

Probing The Structure And Dynamics Of Nucleosomes Using Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging

Sondering struktur og dynamik af Nucleosomes ved hjælp af Atomic Force mikroskopi Imaging

Chromatin, which is a long chain of nucleosome subunits, is a dynamic system that allows for such critical processes as DNA replication and transcription ...

Imaging of Extracellular Vesicles by Atomic Force Microscopy

Billeddannelse af ekstracellulære vesikler ved atomkraften mikroskopi

Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) are molecular complexes consisting of a lipid membrane vesicle, its surface decoration by membrane ...

High-Throughput Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence and Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy Using a Photonic Chip

Høj gennemløb total intern refleksion fluorescens og direkte stokastiske optisk genopbygning mikroskopi ved hjælp af en fotonisk chip

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) is commonly used in single molecule localization based super-resolution microscopy as it gives enhanced ...