Name: an optical assay for synaptic vesicle recycling in cultured neurons overexpressing presynaptic proteins
Uploaded: 2018-06-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins at JoVE.com

Irmgard Weiss uzman teknik destek için teşekkür ederiz. Bu eser DFG kümenin mikroskobu nanometre mesafeden için mükemmel ve moleküler fizyolojisi (CNMPB, B1-7, T.D.) beyin üzerinden tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Hiçbir canlı hayvan çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Hücre kültürleri altında onay yerel hayvan koruma yetkilileri (Tierschutzkommission der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen) tarafından onaylanmış almak için ötenazi hayvanları içeren deneyler T10/30 numara. Deneyler ile onaylanmış protokoller yapılmıştır.
1. birincil hipokampal hücre kültürü
<ol><li>Embriyonik gün 1916,17fare hipokampus Disosiye hücre kültür...

<ol>
	<li>Koh, T., Bellen, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptotagmin+I,+a+Ca2++sensor+for+neurotransmitter+release.">Synaptotagmin I, a Ca2+ sensor for neurotransmitter release.</a> Trends in Neurosciences. 26, 413-422 (2003).</li><li>Chapman, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+Does+Synaptotagmin+Trigger+Neurotransmitter+Release.">How Does Synaptotagmin Trigger Neurotransmitter Release.</a> Annual Review of Biochemistry. 77, 615-641 (2008).</li><li>Perin, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+and+Functional+Conservation+of+Synaptotagmin+(p65)+in+Drosophila+and+Humans.">Structural and Functional Conservation of Synaptotagmin (p65) in Drosophila and Humans.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266, 615-622 (1991).</li><li>Matteoli, M., Takei, K., Perrin, M. S., S&#252;dhof, T. C., De Camilli, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exo-endocytotic+Recycling+of+Synaptic+Vesicles+in+Developing+Processes+of+Cultured+Hippocampal+Neurons.">Exo-endocytotic Recycling of Synaptic Vesicles in Developing Processes of Cultured Hippocampal Neurons.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 117, 849-861 (1992).</li><li>Ko, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroligin-1+performs+neurexin-dependent+and+neurexin-independent+functions+in+synapse+validation.">Neuroligin-1 performs neurexin-dependent and neurexin-independent functions in synapse validation.</a> The EMBO Journal. 28, 3244-3255 (2009).</li><li>Shinoda, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BDNF+enhances+spontaneous+and+activity-dependent+neurotransmitter+release+at+excitatory+terminals+but+not+at+inhibitory+terminals+in+hippocampal+neurons.">BDNF enhances spontaneous and activity-dependent neurotransmitter release at excitatory terminals but not at inhibitory terminals in hippocampal neurons.</a> Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience. 6, 27 (2014).</li><li>Ivanova, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+activity+controls+localization+and+function+of+CtBP+1+via+binding+to+Bassoon+and+Piccolo.">Synaptic activity controls localization and function of CtBP 1 via binding to Bassoon and Piccolo.</a> The EMBO Journal. 34, 1056-1077 (2015).</li><li>Crawford, D. C., Ramirez, D. M. O., Trauterman, B., Monteggia, L. M., Kavalali, E. 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I., Kapferer, I., Kohlsch&#252;tter, A., Zschocke, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epileptic+encephalopathy+and+amelogenesis+imperfecta:+Kohlsch&#252;tter-T&#246;nz+syndrome.">Epileptic encephalopathy and amelogenesis imperfecta: Kohlsch&#252;tter-T&#246;nz syndrome.</a> Euopean Journal of Medical Genetics. 55, 319-322 (2012).</li><li>Kraszewski, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+Vesicle+Dynamics+in+Living+Cultured+Hippocampal+Neurons+Visualized+with+CY3-Conjugated+Antibodies+Directed+against+the+Lumenal+Domain+of+Synaptotagmin.">Synaptic Vesicle Dynamics in Living Cultured Hippocampal Neurons Visualized with CY3-Conjugated Antibodies Directed against the Lumenal Domain of Synaptotagmin.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 15, 4328-4342 (1995).</li><li>Willig, K. I., Rizzoli, S. O., Westphal, V., Jahn, R., Hell, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=STED+microscopy+reveals+that+synaptotagmin+remains+clustered+after+synaptic+vesicle+exocytosis.">STED microscopy reveals that synaptotagmin remains clustered after synaptic vesicle exocytosis.</a> Nature. 440, 935-939 (2006).</li><li>Petkova, A., Goedecke, N., Korte, M., Dresbach, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroligins+mediate+presynaptic+maturation+through+brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor+signaling.">Neuroligins mediate presynaptic maturation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling.</a> bioRxiv. , 262246 (2018).</li><li>Fuchs, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GABA(A)+receptors+can+initiate+the+formation+of+functional+inhibitory+GABAergic+synapses.">GABA(A) receptors can initiate the formation of functional inhibitory GABAergic synapses.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 38, 3146-3158 (2013).</li><li>Dresbach, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+regions+of+the+presynaptic+cytomatrix+protein+Bassoon:+Significance+for+synaptic+targeting+and+cytomatrix+anchoring.">Functional regions of the presynaptic cytomatrix protein Bassoon: Significance for synaptic targeting and cytomatrix anchoring.</a> Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 23, 279-291 (2003).</li><li>Seibenhener, M. L., Wooten, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+Culture+of+Hippocampal+Neurons+from+Prenatal+Mice.">Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (65), 4-9 (2012).</li><li>Tsuriel, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+sharing+as+a+predominant+determinant+of+synaptic+matrix+molecular+dynamics.">Local sharing as a predominant determinant of synaptic matrix molecular dynamics.</a> PLOS Biology. 4, 1572-1587 (2006).</li><li>Iwabuchi, S., Kakazu, Y., Koh, J., Goodman, K. M., Harata, N. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examination+of+Synaptic+Vesicle+Recycling+Using+FM+Dyes+During+Evoked,+Spontaneous,+and+Miniature+Synaptic+Activities.">Examination of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Using FM Dyes During Evoked, Spontaneous, and Miniature Synaptic Activities.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (85), 1-10 (2014).</li><li>Villarreal, S., Lee, S. H., Wu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+Synaptic+Vesicle+Endocytosis+in+Cultured+Hippocampal+Neurons.">Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (127), 1-8 (2017).</li><li>Kavalali, E. T., Jorgensen, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+presynaptic+function.">Visualizing presynaptic function.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 17, 10-16 (2014).</li><li>Opazo, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limited+Intermixing+of+Synaptic+Vesicle+Components+upon+Vesicle+Recycling.">Limited Intermixing of Synaptic Vesicle Components upon Vesicle Recycling.</a> Traffic. 11, 800-812 (2010).</li><li>Wollebo, H. S., Woldemichaele, B., White, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentiviral+transduction+of+neuronal+cells.">Lentiviral transduction of neuronal cells.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1078, 141-146 (2013).</li><li>Yang, X., Kaeser-Woo, Y. J., Pang, Z. 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D., Fejtova, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extensive+Remodeling+of+the+Presynaptic+Cytomatrix+upon+Homeostatic+Adaptation+to+Network+Activity+Silencing.">Extensive Remodeling of the Presynaptic Cytomatrix upon Homeostatic Adaptation to Network Activity Silencing.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 31, 10189-10200 (2011).</li><li>Kraszewski, K., Daniell, L., Mundigl, O., De Camilli, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mobility+of+synaptic+vesicles+in+nerve+endings+monitored+by+recovery+from+photobleaching+of+synaptic+vesicle-associated+fluorescence.">Mobility of synaptic vesicles in nerve endings monitored by recovery from photobleaching of synaptic vesicle-associated fluorescence.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 16, 5905-5913 (1996).</li><li>Hua, Y., Sinha, R., Martineau, M., Kahms, M., Klingauf, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+common+origin+of+synaptic+vesicles+undergoing+evoked+and+spontaneous+fusion.">A common origin of synaptic vesicles undergoing evoked and spontaneous fusion.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 13, 1451-1453 (2010).</li><li>Han, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-Glycosylation+Is+Essential+for+Vesicular+Targeting+of+Synaptotagmin+1.">N-Glycosylation Is Essential for Vesicular Targeting of Synaptotagmin 1.</a> Neuron. 41, 85-99 (2004).</li><li>Kwon, S. E., Chapman, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycosylation+is+dispensable+for+sorting+of+synaptotagmin+1+but+is+critical+for+targeting+of+SV2+and+synaptophysin+to+recycling+synaptic+vesicles.">Glycosylation is dispensable for sorting of synaptotagmin 1 but is critical for targeting of SV2 and synaptophysin to recycling synaptic vesicles.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287, 35658-35668 (2012).</li><li>Afuwape, O. A. T., Wasser, C. R., Schikorski, T., Kavalali, E. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+vesicle+pool-specific+modification+of+neurotransmitter+release+by+intravesicular+free+radical+generation.">Synaptic vesicle pool-specific modification of neurotransmitter release by intravesicular free radical generation.</a> The Journal of Physiology. 595, 1223-1238 (2017).</li><li>Sara, Y., Virmani, T., De&#225;k, F., Liu, X., Kavalali, E. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+isolated+pool+of+vesicles+recycles+at+rest+and+drives+spontaneous+neurotransmission.">An isolated pool of vesicles recycles at rest and drives spontaneous neurotransmission.</a> Neuron. 45, 563-573 (2005).</li><li>Wilhelm, B. G., Groemer, T. W., Rizzoli, S. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+same+synaptic+vesicles+drive+active+and+spontaneous+release.">The same synaptic vesicles drive active and spontaneous release.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 13, 1454-1456 (2010).</li><li>Bacci, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+blockade+of+glutamate+receptors+enhances+presynaptic+release+and+downregulates+the+interaction+between+synaptophysin-synaptobrevin-vesicle-associated+membrane+protein+2.">Chronic blockade of glutamate receptors enhances presynaptic release and downregulates the interaction between synaptophysin-synaptobrevin-vesicle-associated membrane protein 2.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 21, 6588-6596 (2001).</li><li>Piccoli, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LRRK2+Controls+Synaptic+Vesicle+Storage+and+Mobilization+within+the+Recycling+Pool.">LRRK2 Controls Synaptic Vesicle Storage and Mobilization within the Recycling Pool.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 31, 2225-2237 (2011).</li><li>Tracy, T. E., Yan, J. J., Chen, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+knockdown+of+AMPA+receptors+reveals+a+trans-synaptic+signal+for+presynaptic+maturation.">Acute knockdown of AMPA receptors reveals a trans-synaptic signal for presynaptic maturation.</a> The EMBO Journal. 30, 1577-1592 (2011).</li><li>Truckenbrdot, S., Viplav, A., Jaehne, S., Vogts, A., Denker, A., Wildhagen, H., Fornasiero, E. F., Rizzoli, S. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ageing+synaptic+vesicles+are+inactivated+by+contamination+with+SNAP25.">Ageing synaptic vesicles are inactivated by contamination with SNAP25.</a> bioRxiv. , 172239 (2017).</li></ol>

Orada üç deneyleri rutin olarak sinaptik vezikül (SV) geri dönüşüm çalışırdım. İlk iki kullanımını içerecek bir) Floresan styryl Boyayıcılar FM1-(hangi organelleri endositoz sırasında alınır ve ekzositozu sonra yayımlanan membranlar dahil) 43 gibi; ve b) fluorescently rekombinant SV proteinler (ki, overexpression proteinaceous geri dönüşüm makineleri dahil) öğesini. Ekli fluorophores onların floresans pH bağlı olarak değiştirirseniz, bir SV asidik iç ve ekstraselüler ortamın pH aras?...

Presynaptic özelliklerini değiştirmek, sinaptik plastisite sırasında veya Yanıt pertürbasyon sinaptik fonksiyon olarak nasıl sinaptik vezikül geri dönüşüm eğitim belirlemede önemlidir. Synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) eğitim antikor alımını SV geri dönüşüm miktarını ölçmenin bir yöntem sağlar. Syt1 Ca2 + sensörü davranır ve nörotransmitter1,2exocytotic serbest bırakılması için gereklidir, SV ilişkili bir proteindir. Bir C-terminal sitoplazmik etki alanı dışında ZF ve SV3içinde N-terminal luminal etki alanı ile bir transmembran proteindir. Ekzositozu sırasında Syt1 luminal etki dış ortamına maruz olur. Bu dış orta, endositoz sırasında içselleştirilmiş olur sitoplazmik etki karşı antikorlar ekleyin. Bu antikorlar da önceden fluorophores veya immunostained ile ikincil antikorlar4,5,6,7ile Birleşik olabilir. Elde edilen immunosignal floresan yoğunluğu SV geri dönüşüm miktarı orantılıdır. Bu yaklaşım, kurucu ve depolarizasyon kaynaklı ZF6,8geri dönüşüm belirlemek için kullanılabilir.
Syt1 alımını deneyleri seyrek transfection hücreleri küçük bir dizi ya da virüs-aracılı gen transferi tabak içinde hemen hemen tüm hücrelere sonra gerçekleştirilebilir. Bizim Yöntem tahlil kalsiyum fosfat9kullanarak birincil hipokampal nöronlar seyrek Çift Kişilik transfection ile birleştirir. Presynapses biriktirmek için bilinen bir rekombinant marker protein fluorescently etiketli Synaptophysin, presynaptic terminalleri bulun ve bizim protein ilgi, Rogdi overexpress için kullanıyoruz. Bu Rogdi hedefleri fonksiyonel synapses ve geri dönüşüm SV etkiler olup olmadığını test bize sağlar. Rogdi kodlama gen aslında Drosophila mutantlar Engelliler bellek10tarafından karakterize bir ekran tespit edilmiştir. İnsanlarda, Kohlschütter-Tönz sendromu denen nadir ve yıkıcı bir hastalık Rogdi gen mutasyonlar neden. Hastalar diş mine malformasyonlar, pharmacoresistant epilepsi ve psikomotor gecikmeler muzdarip; Ancak, gen ürünü hücre altı lokalizasyonu zor11kaldı. Böylece, Syt1 alımını tahlil GFP öğesini Rogdi fonksiyonel sinapslarda9lokalizasyonu için anahtar kanıt sağladı.
Bu alımı teknik birçok faydası vardır. İlk olarak, SV geri dönüşüm hem gerçek zamanlı canlı görüntüleme7,12yaparak ve sonra fiksasyon6,9 Syt1 floresan etiket floresan yoğunluğu ölçme tarafından görülebilir. Ayrıca, çeşitli Syt1 antikor türevleri geliştirilmiştir. Standart immunostaining protokol fiksasyon sonra sonrası ikincil bir antikor ile etiketli etiketsiz türevleri ve önceden eklenmiş bir floresan etiketi önceden konjuge türevleri vardır. Son olarak, floresan antikor tabanlı kullanılan piyasada bulunan ikincil veya konjuge boyalar geniş yelpazesi nedeniyle avantajlıdır.
Ne zaman tamir ve immunostaining nöronlar, ayrıca ek proteinler için leke ve colocalization analiz gerçekleştirmek mümkündür. Bu geri dönüşüm SVs ile ilgili olarak bulundukları belirlemenize yardımcı olabilir. Floresans etiket yoğunluğunu geri dönüşüm SV miktarını doğrudan ölçüsüdür. Buna ek olarak, antikorlar seçmeli olarak yüksek özgüllük ve küçük arka plan floresans4ile sonuçlanan yapıları, Syt1 içeren etiket. Farklı stimulasyon protokolleri de, depolarizasyon arabellekleri veya elektrik stimulasyon protokolleri9,12,13,14gibi kullanılabilir. Ancak, bazal SV geri dönüşüm nöronal kültürler15uyarıcı olmadan ölçülebilir.
Bizim yöntem özellikle fiksasyon sonra Syt1 antikor Anlamazdın çift transfected nöronlar ile ikincil antikor immunolabeling giderir. Ancak, tüm rutin olarak kullanılan türevleri tahlil için izleyiciler Protokolü ihtiyaçlarınıza uyum için size şans vermek amacıyla tartışma bizim bakın.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>B27</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7030-50g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C3306-100g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CoolSNAP HQ2</td>
			<td>Photometrics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dH2O</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DABCO</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>8.03456.0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>donkey anti mouse Alexa 647</td>
			<td>Jackson-Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>715605151</td>
			<td>antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>41966</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30120094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>multiwell 24 well</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>087721H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tube (50 mL)</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>227261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS superior</td>
			<td>BiochromAG</td>
			<td>S0615</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1,083,421,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H4034-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hera Cell 150 (Inkubator)</td>
			<td colspan="2">ThermoElectron Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCL</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Honeywell</td>
			<td>M0250-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10144633CF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mowiol4-88</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>475904</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>BioFroxx</td>
			<td>1394KG001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>BioFroxx</td>
			<td>5155KG001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OpenView Experiment Analysis Application</td>
			<td>Free software, see comments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>written by Noam E. Ziv, Technion &#8211; Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (10x)</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11666789001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optimem</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31985</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penstrep</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6148-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>safety hood</td>
			<td>ThermoElectron</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Serial No. 40649111</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>neoFroxx</td>
			<td>1104kg001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Synaptotagmin1</td>
			<td>Synaptic Systems</td>
			<td>105311</td>
			<td>mouse monoclonal; clone 604.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1,086,031,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex Genius 3&#160;</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>3340001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>GFL</td>
			<td>1004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss Observer. Z1&#160;</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an optical assay for synaptic vesicle recycling in cultured neurons overexpressing presynaptic proteins

Active presynaptic sinir terminallerine sinaptik veziküller exo - ve endositoz döngüleri tabi. Geri dönüşüm sırasında luminal etki alanları SV transmembran proteinler, hücre yüzeyi maruz olur. Bu proteinler biridir Synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1). Syt1, bir kez kültür ortamına eklenen luminal etki karşı bir antikor exo-endocytotic döngüsü sırasında alınır. Bu alımı SV geri dönüşüm miktarı ile doğru orantılıdır ve ayirt sayılabilir. Burada, Syt1 antikor alımını kültürlü hipokampal nöronlar Çift Kişilik transfection ile birleştirmek. Bu bize (1) yerelleştirmek rekombinant presynaptic işaretçisi Synaptophysin ifade üzerinde temel alan presynaptic siteleri (2) Syt1 alımını kullanarak onların işlevlerini belirleyin ve karakterize (3) hedefleme ve etkileri ilgi, GFP-Rogdi bir protein sağlar.

Beklenen sonuç bu yaklaşımın coverslip başına yaklaşık 50 nöronlar çift transfected bir yoğunluk iyi başına 50.000 nöronların, yerini. Her nöron axon birikimi kümeleri ofSVs gösteren fluorescently öğesini Synaptophysin, birden çok etkin noktaları göstermek için bekleniyor. Fonksiyonel presynaptic siteler, rekombinant Synaptophysin sinyal punctate Syt1 floresan ile colocalizes. Çift Kişilik transfection, GFP-Rogdi ilgi (Şekil 1) prot...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins at JoVE.com

An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins

Biz optik bir tahlil sinaptik vezikül (SV) kültürlü nöronlarda geri dönüşüm için açıklar. Bu iletişim kuralı bir presynaptic işaret ve protein ilgi ifade etmek için çift transfection ile birleştirerek presynaptic siteleri, onların sinaptik vezikül kapasitesi geri dönüşüm bulun ve faiz protein rolünü belirlemek için bize izin verir.

Sinaptik vezikül Presynaptic protein Overexpressing kültürlü nöronlarda geri dönüşüm için optik bir tahlil

At active presynaptic nerve terminals, synaptic vesicles undergo cycles of exo- and endocytosis. During recycling, the luminal domains of SV transmembrane ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Studying Synaptic Vesicle Pools using Photoconversion of Styryl Dyes

Styryl Boyaların Fotoçevrim kullanarak Synaptic veziküllü Havuzları incelenmesi

The fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane (exocytosis) is a required step in neurotransmitter release and neuronal communication. The ...

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) of Fluorescence Tagged Proteins in Dendritic Spines of Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching FRAP of Fluorescence Tagged Proteins in Dendritic Spines of Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Kültür Hipokampal Nöronlar Dendritik Spine Floresan Takip edilen Proteinler Photobleaching sonra Floresan Kurtarma (sıkı bağlamak)

FRAP has been used to quantify the mobility of GFP-tagged proteins. Using a strong excitation laser, the fluorescence of a GFP-tagged protein is bleached ...

Vibrodissociation of Neurons from Rodent Brain Slices to Study Synaptic Transmission and Image Presynaptic Terminals

Kemirgen Beyin Dilimleri Nöronlar Vibrodissociation Sinaptik İletim ve Görüntü Presinaptik Terminalleri Eğitim

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of ...

Analysis of Dendritic Spine Morphology in Cultured CNS Neurons

Kültür MSS Nöronlar Dendritik Omurga Morfoloji Analizi

Dendritic spines are the sites of the majority of excitatory connections within the brain, and form the post-synaptic 
compartment of synapses. These ...

Quantitative Analysis of Synaptic Vesicle Pool Replenishment in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons using FM Dyes

FM Boyalar Kültür Serebellar Granül Nöronlar Synaptic veziküllü Havuzu Yenileme Kantitatif Analiz

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis.  Retrieved SVs are then refilled with ...

Inducing Dendritic Growth in Cultured Sympathetic Neurons

Kültür sempatik nöronlar bulunan dendritik Büyüme indükleyen

The shape of the dendritic arbor determines the total synaptic input a neuron can receive 1-3, and influences the types and distribution of these inputs ...

Lateral Diffusion and Exocytosis of Membrane Proteins in Cultured Neurons Assessed using Fluorescence Recovery and Fluorescence-loss Photobleaching

Kültür Nöronlar Membran Proteinlerin Yanal Difüzyon ve ekzositoz Floresans Kurtarma ve Floresans kaybı Photobleaching kullanarak Değerlendirilen

Membrane proteins such as receptors and ion channels undergo active trafficking in neurons, which are highly polarised and morphologically complex. This ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

Kortikal Nöronlar In Vivo İki foton Of Görüntüleme Deneyimi bağımlı Moleküler Değişiklikler

The brain's ability to change in response to experience is essential for healthy brain function, and abnormalities in this process contribute to a variety ...

Examination of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Using FM Dyes During Evoked, Spontaneous, and Miniature Synaptic Activities

Uyarılmış, Spontan ve Minyatür Synaptic Faaliyetleri Sırasında FM boyalar kullanarak sinaptik vezikül Geri Dönüşüm Sınavı

Synaptic vesicles in functional nerve terminals undergo exocytosis and endocytosis. This synaptic vesicle recycling can be effectively analyzed using ...

Differential Labeling of Cell-surface and Internalized Proteins after Antibody Feeding of Live Cultured Neurons

Canlı Kültür Nöronlar Antikor Besleme sonra Hücre-yüzey ve İçselleştirilmiş Proteinlerin Diferansiyel Etiketleme

In order to demonstrate the cell-surface localization of a putative transmembrane receptor in cultured neurons, we labeled the protein on the surface of ...