Name: the identification of sea lamprey pheromones using bioassay-guided fractionation
Uploaded: 2018-07-17T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation at JoVE.com

米国地質調査ハモンド湾生物ステーションの研究施設の利用、米魚類野生生物局と水産のスタッフと海カナダ海ヤツメウナギを提供するために感謝しますこの研究は、李維、柯李五大湖漁業委員会からの補助金によって支えられました。

ここで説明するすべての方法は、制度的動物ケアおよび使用委員会のミシガン州立大学 (AUF # 03/14-054-00 と 02/17-031-00) によって承認されています。
1. 収集と海ヤツメウナギの抽出水を完備
<ol><li>場所は性的成熟男性海ヤツメウナギ (15-30 動物) 16-18 ° C で維持される気泡のヒューロン湖水の 250 L に付属しているタンクで</li>
	<li>6 月から 7 月まで毎晩中男性エアコンの水を?...

<ol>
	<li>Wyatt, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Pheromones and Animal Behavior: Chemical Signals and Signatures. , (2014).</li><li>Zhu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+chemical+ecology:+Olfactory+proteins+from+the+giant+panda+and+their+interactions+with+putative+pheromones+and+bamboo+volatiles.">Reverse chemical ecology: Olfactory proteins from the giant panda and their interactions with putative pheromones and bamboo volatiles.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (46), E9802-E9810 (2017).</li><li>Leal, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+chemical+ecology+at+the+service+of+conservation+biology.">Reverse chemical ecology at the service of conservation biology.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (46), 12094-12096 (2017).</li><li>Carde, R. T., Minks, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+moth+pests+by+mating+disruption:+successes+and+constraints.">Control of moth pests by mating disruption: successes and constraints.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 40 (1), 559-585 (1995).</li><li>Witzgall, P., Kirsch, P., Cork, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+pheromones+and+their+impact+on+pest+management.">Sex pheromones and their impact on pest management.</a> Journal of chemical ecology. 36, (2010).</li><li>Cheng, Y. -. n., Wen, P., Dong, S. -. h., Tan, K., Nieh, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poison+and+alarm:+the+Asian+hornet+Vespa+velutina+uses+sting+venom+volatiles+as+an+alarm+pheromone.">Poison and alarm: the Asian hornet Vespa velutina uses sting venom volatiles as an alarm pheromone.</a> Journal of Experimental Biology. 220 (4), 645-651 (2017).</li><li>Howse, P., Stevens, J., Jones, O. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Insect Pheromones and Their Use in Pest Management. , (2013).</li><li>Pizzolon, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=When+fathers+make+the+difference:+efficacy+of+male+sexually+selected+antimicrobial+glands+in+enhancing+fish+hatching+success.">When fathers make the difference: efficacy of male sexually selected antimicrobial glands in enhancing fish hatching success.</a> Functional Ecology. 24 (1), 141-148 (2010).</li><li>Stacey, N., Sorensen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Hormones in communication | Hormonal Pheromones Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology. , (2011).</li><li>Kobayashi, M., Sorensen, P. W., Stacey, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hormonal+and+pheromonal+control+of+spawning+behavior+in+the+goldfish.">Hormonal and pheromonal control of spawning behavior in the goldfish.</a> Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 26 (1), 71-84 (2002).</li><li>Stacey, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hormonally-derived+pheromones+in+teleost+fishes.">Hormonally-derived pheromones in teleost fishes.</a> Fish Pheromones and Related Cues. , 33-88 (2015).</li><li>Kuhlisch, C., Pohnert, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolomics+in+chemical+ecology.">Metabolomics in chemical ecology.</a> Natural Product Reports. 32 (7), 937-955 (2015).</li><li>Prince, E. K., Pohnert, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Searching+for+signals+in+the+noise:+metabolomics+in+chemical+ecology.">Searching for signals in the noise: metabolomics in chemical ecology.</a> Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 396 (1), 193-197 (2010).</li><li>Teeter, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pheromone+communication+in+sea+lampreys+(Petromyzon+marinus):+implications+for+population+management.">Pheromone communication in sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus): implications for population management.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 37 (11), 2123-2132 (1980).</li><li>Moore, H., Schleen, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+spawning+runs+of+sea+lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus)+in+selected+streams+of+Lake+Superior+after+chemical+control.">Changes in spawning runs of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in selected streams of Lake Superior after chemical control.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 37 (11), 1851-1860 (1980).</li><li>Vrieze, L. A., Bergstedt, R. A., Sorensen, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory-mediated+stream-finding+behavior+of+migratory+adult+sea+lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus).">Olfactory-mediated stream-finding behavior of migratory adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 68, (2011).</li><li>Wagner, C. M., Jones, M. L., Twohey, M. B., Sorensen, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+field+test+verifies+that+pheromones+can+be+useful+for+sea+lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus)+control+in+the+Great+Lakes.">A field test verifies that pheromones can be useful for sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control in the Great Lakes.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 63 (3), 475-479 (2006).</li><li>Wagner, C. M., Twohey, M. B., Fine, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conspecific+cueing+in+the+sea+lamprey:+do+reproductive+migrations+consistently+follow+the+most+intense+larval+odour?.">Conspecific cueing in the sea lamprey: do reproductive migrations consistently follow the most intense larval odour?.</a> Animal Behaviour. 78, (2009).</li><li>Siefkes, M. J., Winterstein, S. R., Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+that+3-keto+petromyzonol+sulphate+specifically+attracts+ovulating+female+sea+lamprey+Petromyzon+marinus.">Evidence that 3-keto petromyzonol sulphate specifically attracts ovulating female sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus.</a> Animal Behaviour. 70, (2005).</li><li>Siefkes, M. J., Steeves, T. B., Sullivan, W. P., Twohey, M. B., Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sea+lamprey+control:+past,+present,+and+future.">Sea lamprey control: past, present, and future.</a> Great Lakes Fisheries Policy and Management. , 651-704 (2013).</li><li>Li, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+Novel+Bile+Alcohols+of+Mature+Male+Sea+Lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus)+Act+as+Chemical+Cues+for+Conspecifics.">Three Novel Bile Alcohols of Mature Male Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Act as Chemical Cues for Conspecifics.</a> Journal of Chemical Ecology. 43 (6), 543-549 (2017).</li><li>Hird, S. J., Lau, B. P. -. Y., Schuhmacher, R., Krska, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liquid+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+for+the+determination+of+chemical+contaminants+in+food.">Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of chemical contaminants in food.</a> TRAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 59, 59-72 (2014).</li><li>Little, J. L., Williams, A. J., Pshenichnov, A., Tkachenko, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+&amp;#34;known+unknowns&amp;#34;+utilizing+accurate+mass+data+and+ChemSpider.">Identification of &amp;#34;known unknowns&amp;#34; utilizing accurate mass data and ChemSpider.</a> Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 23 (1), 179-185 (2012).</li><li>Beckonert, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+profiling,+metabolomic+and+metabonomic+procedures+for+NMR+spectroscopy+of+urine,+plasma,+serum+and+tissue+extracts.">Metabolic profiling, metabolomic and metabonomic procedures for NMR spectroscopy of urine, plasma, serum and tissue extracts.</a> Nature Protocols. 2 (11), 2692 (2007).</li><li>Kaiser, B., Wright, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Draft Bruker XRF Spectroscopy User Guide: Spectral Interpretation and Sources of Interference. , (2008).</li><li>Breitmaier, E., Sinnema, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Structure Elucidation by NMR in Organic Chemistry: A Practical Guide. , (1993).</li><li>Seco, J. M., Quino&#225;, E., Riguera, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+assignment+of+absolute+configuration+by+NMR.">The assignment of absolute configuration by NMR.</a> Chemical Reviews. 104 (1), 17-118 (2004).</li><li>Li, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bile+Salt-like+Dienones+Having+a+Novel+Skeleton+or+a+Rare+Substitution+Pattern+Function+as+Chemical+Cues+in+Adult+Sea+Lamprey.">Bile Salt-like Dienones Having a Novel Skeleton or a Rare Substitution Pattern Function as Chemical Cues in Adult Sea Lamprey.</a> Organic Letters. , (2017).</li><li>Li, K., Buchinger, T. J., Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovery+and+characterization+of+natural+products+that+act+as+pheromones+in+fish.">Discovery and characterization of natural products that act as pheromones in fish.</a> Natural Product Reports. , (2018).</li><li>Yambe, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=L-Kynurenine,+an+amino+acid+identified+as+a+sex+pheromone+in+the+urine+of+ovulated+female+masu+salmon.">L-Kynurenine, an amino acid identified as a sex pheromone in the urine of ovulated female masu salmon.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (42), 15370-15374 (2006).</li><li>Rasmussen, L., Lee, T. D., Zhang, A., Roelofs, W. L., Daves, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification,+identification,+concentration+and+bioactivity+of+(Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl+acetate:+sex+pheromone+of+the+female+Asian+elephant,+Elephas+maximus.">Purification, identification, concentration and bioactivity of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate: sex pheromone of the female Asian elephant, Elephas maximus.</a> Chemical Senses. 22 (4), 417-437 (1997).</li><li>Sorensen, P. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mixture+of+new+sulfated+steroids+functions+as+a+migratory+pheromone+in+the+sea+lamprey.">Mixture of new sulfated steroids functions as a migratory pheromone in the sea lamprey.</a> Nature Chemical Biology. 1 (6), 324-328 (2005).</li><li>Hoye, T. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Details+of+the+structure+determination+of+the+sulfated+steroids+PSDS+and+PADS:+New+components+of+the+sea+lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus)+migratory+pheromone.">Details of the structure determination of the sulfated steroids PSDS and PADS: New components of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) migratory pheromone.</a> The Journal of organic chemistry. 72 (20), 7544-7550 (2007).</li><li>Fine, J. M., Sorensen, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+biological+activity+of+the+multi-component+sea+lamprey+migratory+pheromone.">Isolation and biological activity of the multi-component sea lamprey migratory pheromone.</a> Journal of Chemical Ecology. 34 (10), 1259-1267 (2008).</li><li>De Buchinger, T. J., Wang, H., Li, W., Johnson, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+a+receiver+bias+underlying+female+preference+for+a+male+mating+pheromone+in+sea+lamprey.">Evidence for a receiver bias underlying female preference for a male mating pheromone in sea lamprey.</a> Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 280, (2013).</li><li>De Bruyne, M., Baker, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odor+detection+in+insects:+volatile+codes.">Odor detection in insects: volatile codes.</a> Journal of Chemical Ecology. 34 (7), 882-897 (2008).</li><li>Bradshaw, J., Baker, R., Lisk, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separate+orientation+and+releaser+components+in+a+sex+pheromone.">Separate orientation and releaser components in a sex pheromone.</a> Nature. 304 (5923), 265-267 (1983).</li><li>Linn, C., Campbell, M., Roelofs, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pheromone+components+and+active+spaces:+what+do+moths+smell+and+where+do+they+smell+it.">Pheromone components and active spaces: what do moths smell and where do they smell it.</a> Science. 237 (4815), 650-652 (1987).</li></ol>

魚は、化学の世界はまだ識別される化合物の完全に住んでいます。バイオアッセイ誘導分別識別しサクラマス31、アジア象32、および海ヤツメウナギ33で観察など、多くの化学的相互作用を仲介する生理活性分子を特徴付ける重要な証明されています 34,35。バイオアッセイ誘導分別が正確...

フェロモンは、食料源を検索、検出捕食者および個体1の社会的な相互作用を仲介することでそれらを支援する個人によってリリースされた特定の化学信号です。昆虫のフェロモン ・ コミュニケーションはずっとよく勉強2;しかし、化学的同定と水生脊椎動物フェロモンの生物学的機能が検討されていないとして広く。Id の知識とフェロモンのリリースの機能は、絶滅危惧種3,4または制御害虫種5,6の回復を容易に適用できます。これらの技術のアプリケーションは、分離・生理活性フェロモン成分の同定を必要とします。
フェロモンの同定は、天然物化学の枝です。フェロモン研究の進歩は、フェロモン分子自身の性質上、部分的に制限されています。フェロモンは、不安定になり、少量でリリースされた、揮発性7,8または9水溶性化合物の微量を検出するだけいくつかのサンプリング手法が存在します。フェロモン的なアプローチには、1) 知られている化合物、2) メタボロミクス、および 3) バイオアッセイ誘導分別の対象となるスクリーニングが含まれます。知られている化合物の標的スクリーニングは、フェロモンとして機能するいると仮定の生理的過程の市販の代謝の副産物をテストします。研究者のみ知られており、利用可能な化合物をテストできますので、この方法は制限されています。ただし、それをもたらしました金魚の性ホルモンの成功した識別関数フェロモン10、11,12として。メタボロミクスは、潜在的な生物学的システム13内低分子代謝産物を区別する第 2 フェロモン同定アプローチです。2 つのグループ (すなわちアクティブと非アクティブのエキス) の代謝プロファイルの比較により、潜在的な代謝プロファイルの id 構造の解明から代謝物を精製し、生物活性は確認された14です。特定の混合物の複雑な配合の添加剤または相乗効果、代謝物は一緒にではなく、分数13のシリーズとしてと見なされるために、メタボロミクスで検出される可能性が高い。まだ、メタボロミクスの実装は、結果のデータは、新規構造の解明を促進しないので合成参照の可用性に依存します。
バイオアッセイ誘導の分別、2 つのフィールドにまたがる統合、反復的なアプローチ: 化学および生物学。このアプローチは、分離とアクティブなフェロモン化合物の同定をガイドするのに生理・行動生物検定の結果を使用します。粗野なエキスは、 (すなわち、分子サイズ、極性等)の化学的性質によって分別され、生物検定および/または電気 olfactogram (EOG) 録音でのテストです。生理活性成分をスクリーニング、分別および EOGs および/または生物検定の手順を繰り返ししています。分子量と合成される化合物のテンプレートを生成する構造情報提供分光法と分光学的方法により純粋な活性化合物の構造を明らかにします。バイオアッセイ誘導の分別には、多様な代謝と生合成の経路から予測される可能性が高いではないユニークな化学のスケルトンと潜在的新規フェロモンをもたらすことができます。
ここでは、分離し、男性の海ヤツメウナギ セックス フェロモン化合物の生物活性を評価するために使用するバイオアッセイ誘導分別のプロトコルについて述べる。海ヤツメウナギ (カワヤツメ属 marinus) は、これらの魚は大きく 3 つの段階から成る、さくの生活史を仲介する化学手掛かりの嗅覚の検出に依存するため、フェロモン ・ コミュニケーションを研究する理想的な脊椎動物のモデルです。幼虫、少年、大人。海ヤツメウナギ淡水ストリームの底に穴を掘る、抜本的な変態、湖または海洋大ホスト魚を寄生彼らに移行する少年に変換します。ホストの魚からデタッチ後大人は産卵ストリームに戻って移行, ストリーム居住者幼虫15,16,17,18,19 発表渡り鳥のフェロモンに導かれて.成熟した雄は産卵場に登る、仲間を集めるし、約一週間、断続的に産卵して死ぬ15,20の多成分性フェロモンをリリースします。海ヤツメウナギ フェロモンの同定は、フェロモン通信システムの変調がラウレンツィアーナ五大湖21の侵襲の海ヤツメウナギにオプションの中では重要です。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1135">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Premium standard wall borosilicate capillaries with filament&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">G150F-4</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">recording and reference electrode (OD 1.5 mm, ID 0.86 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pipette puller instrument&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PC-10</td>
			<td>pulls electrodes for EOGs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diamond-tipped glass cutter</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Generic</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td>cut tip of electrodes for EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Borosilicate glass capillaries</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1B150-4</td>
			<td>odorant delivery tube for EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Recording electrode holder E Series straight body with Ag/AgCl pellet for glass capillary OD 1.5 mm</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">ESP-M15N</td>
			<td>recording electrode holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:340px;">Reference electrode holder E Series with handle with&#160; Ag/AgCl pellet&#160; for glass capillary OD 1.5 mm</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">E45P-F15NH</td>
			<td>reference electrode holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">1 mm pin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">WC1-10</td>
			<td>to bridge reference and recording electrode holders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">2 mm pin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">WC2-5</td>
			<td>to bridge reference and recording electrode holders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">A1296</td>
			<td>molten agar to fill electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Potassium chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">P9333</td>
			<td>3M KCl to fill electrodes and electrode holders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Micropipette microfil</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">MF28G-5</td>
			<td>to fill electrodes and electrode holders&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">L-Arginine</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">A5006</td>
			<td>positive control odorant for EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">34860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Water bath</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>holds odorants for EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (MS222)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Syndel USA</td>
			<td>Tricaine1G</td>
			<td>EOG anesthetic&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Gallamine triethiodide</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">G8134-5G</td>
			<td>EOG paralytic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">1 mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>301025</td>
			<td>to administer paralytic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Subcutaneous needle 26G 5/8</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">305115</td>
			<td>to administer paralytic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Roller clamp</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">14043-20</td>
			<td>adjust flow rate of anesthic into lamprey&#39;s mouth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">3624-05</td>
			<td>for preparation of 0.9% saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">V-shaped plastic stand as specimen stage</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>holds lamprey during EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Plastic trough</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>holds V-shaped plastic stand during EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Scalpel Blades - #11</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">10011-00</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Scalpel Handle - #3</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">10003-12</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Straight ultra fine forceps</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">11252-00</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection, Dumont #5SF Forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Curved ultra fine forceps</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11370-42</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection, Moria MC40B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Straight pring Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15003-08</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Discovery V8</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Illuminator light</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">CL 1500 ECO</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Plastic tubing</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td>to connect re-circulating EOG setup and water baths</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Odorant delivery tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">In line filter and gasket set</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Lee Company</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">TCFA1201035A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Micromanipulators</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">MM-3</td>
			<td>to position electrodes and odorant delivery capillary tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnetic holding devices</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Kanetec</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">MB-K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Valve driver</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Arduino</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">custom made</td>
			<td>to control the opening of the valve for odor stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electromagnetic valve</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Lee Company</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">LFAA1201618H</td>
			<td>valve for odor stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">NeuroLog AC/DC amplifier</td>
			<td>Digitimer Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">NL106</td>
			<td>to increase the amplitude of the elictrical signal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">NeuroLog DC pre-amplifier with headstage</td>
			<td>Digitimer Ltd.</td>
			<td>NL102G</td>
			<td>to increase the amplitude of the elictrical signal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Low-pass 60 Hz filter</td>
			<td>Digitimer Ltd.</td>
			<td>NL125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Digitizer</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices LLC</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Axon Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Dell computer (OptiPlex 745) running Axoscope data acquistion software</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Molecular Devices LLC</td>
			<td>AxoScope version 10.4&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Faraday cage</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Electromagnetic noise shielding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Two-choice maze</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>waterproofed marine grade plywood covered with plastic liner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Trash pump</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Honda</td>
			<td>WT30XK4A</td>
			<td>fills maze with water from nearby river</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Peristaltic pump with tubing</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Cole Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Masterflex 07557-00</td>
			<td>to adminster odorants in maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Inverter Generator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Honda</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">EU1000i</td>
			<td>powers perstaltic pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Release cage</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>used to acclimate lamprey in the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Mesh</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td>used to contain the dimensions of the maze and minimize water turbulance with mesh rollers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Buckets (5 gallon)</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td>to mix odorants</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Flow meter</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Marsh-McBirney</td>
			<td>Flo-Mate 2000</td>
			<td>to measure discharge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XAD 7 HP resin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Dow chemical</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">37380-43-1</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">34860</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Water bath</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Yamato</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">BM 200</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Freeze dryer</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Labconco</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">CentriVap&#160; Concentrator</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">CX1050</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Silica gel 70-230 mesh</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">112926-00-8</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Silica gel 230-400 mesh</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">112926-00-8</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Pre-coated silica gel TLC plates</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">99571</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anisaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">A88107</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sephadex LH-20</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">17-0090-01</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Amberlite XAD 7 HP resin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">XAD7HP</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4, 2.5L capacity glass columns</td>
			<td>Ace Glass Inc.</td>
			<td>5820</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">650501</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TQ-S TOF LC Mass spectrometer (or equivalent)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Waters Co.</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>for structure elucidation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Binary HPLC pump</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Waters Co.</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1525</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools/compounds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agilent NMR spectrometer, 900MHz (or equivalent)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>for structure elucidation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rotovap drying system</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Buchi</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">RII</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UV lamp (254 nm)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Spectronics Co.</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">ENF-240C</td>
			<td>for thin layer chromatography&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the identification of sea lamprey pheromones using bioassay-guided fractionation

バイオアッセイ誘導の分別は、生理・行動生物検定の結果を使用して分離とアクティブなフェロモン化合物の同定をガイドする反復的なアプローチです。このメソッドは、幅広い動物種のフェロモンとしてその関数化学信号の正常性状に起因しました。海ヤツメウナギは行動または生理学的な応答を仲介するフェロモンを検出する嗅覚に頼る。私たちはこの魚の生物学の知識を使用して推定されるフェロモンの機能を仮定するし分離とアクティブなフェロモン成分の同定。クロマトグラフィーは、抽出、集中、およびエアコンの水から化合物の分離に使用されます。電気 olfactogram (EOG) 録音する分数は嗅覚応答を引き出すを決定するため行われています。2 つの選択肢迷路行動アッセイは、臭気の分数のいずれかがアクティブな行動もし、好みを誘発するかどうかを決定する使用されます。分光法と分光学的方法は、分子量や構造解明を支援する構造の情報を提供します。純粋な化合物の生物活性を EOG と行動実験で確認しました。迷路の中にみられる行動応答は最終的に自然のストリーム設定の機能を確認するためのフィールド設定で検証しなければなりません。これらの生物検定は、1) 分別プロセスをガイドし、2) 確認するデュアル役割と、分離されたコンポーネントの活性の定義します。ここでは、分別のバイオアッセイ誘導アプローチの有用性を例証する海ヤツメウナギ フェロモン同定の代表的な結果を報告します。海ヤツメウナギ フェロモンの同定は、フェロモン通信システムの変調が侵襲的海ヤツメウナギ ラウレンツィアーナ五大湖にオプションの中では特に重要です。このメソッドは、イチイの広範な配列の化学交信を特徴付けるし、水系の化学生態学に光を当てるに容易に適応できます。

バイオアッセイ誘導分別のプロトコルで説明されている手順をまとめた図を図 1に示します。プロトコルには、分離し、構造、嗅覚の効力 5 推定海ヤツメウナギ フェロモン (図 2) の行動の活性を評価する手順が含まれます。質量分析および NMR データ (図 3および図 4) を使用して...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation at JoVE.com

The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation

ここでは、分離し、構造、嗅力海ヤツメウナギの推定フェロモン化合物の行動応答を評価するためのプロトコルを提案する.

バイオアッセイ誘導分別を使用して海ヤツメウナギ フェロモンの同定

Bioassay-guided fractionation is an iterative approach that uses the results of physiological and behavioral bioassays to guide the isolation and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus

Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus

脂肪酸の同定で<em&gt;セレウス菌</em

The Bacillus species contain branched chain and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) with diverse positions of the methyl branch (iso or anteiso) and of the ...

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for the Identification of Multiple Phosphorylations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

本質的に無秩序なタンパク質の複数のリン酸化の同定のための核磁気共鳴分光法

Aggregates of the neuronal Tau protein are found inside neurons of Alzheimer's disease patients. Development of the disease is accompanied by increased, ...

A Protein Preparation Method for the High-throughput Identification of Proteins Interacting with a Nuclear Cofactor Using LC-MS/MS Analysis

LC-MS / MS分析を用いた核補因子と相互作用するタンパク質のハイスループット同定のためのタンパク質調製方法

Transcriptional coregulators are vital to the efficient transcriptional regulation of nuclear chromatin structure. Coregulators play a variety of roles in ...

Brain Membrane Fractionation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Assess Subsynaptic Protein Localization

Brain Membrane Fractionation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Assess Subsynaptic Protein Localization

脳膜分画：<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Subsynaptic Protein Localizationを評価するアプローチ

Assessing the synaptic protein composition and function constitutes an important challenge in neuroscience. However, it is not easy to evaluate ...

Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species

水溶性と不溶性の Huntingtin 種の解像度の分別

The accumulation of misfolded proteins is central to pathology in Huntington's disease (HD) and many other neurodegenerative disorders. Specifically, a ...

Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and  GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay

小さい gtp アーゼ プレニル化および分子量 GTP 結合を使用して膜分画と gtp アーゼ抗体法の検出

The Rho GTPase family belongs to the Ras superfamily and includes approximately 20 members in humans. Rho GTPases are important in the regulation of ...

Cell Fractionation of U937 Cells in the Absence of High-speed Centrifugation

高速遠心分離のない状態で U937 細胞のセル分別

In this protocol we detail a method to obtain subcellular fractions of U937 cells without the use of ultracentrifugation or indiscriminate detergents. ...

Identification of Novel CK2 Kinase Substrates Using a Versatile Biochemical Approach

多彩な生化学的アプローチを用いた新規 CK2 キナーゼ基板の識別

The study of kinase-substrate relationships is essential to gain a complete understanding of the functions of these enzymes and their downstream targets ...

Identification of Orexin and Endocannabinoid Receptors in Adult Zebrafish Using Immunoperoxidase and Immunofluorescence Methods

免疫ペルオキシダーゼおよび免疫蛍光法を用いて成体ゼブラフィッシュにおけるオレキシンおよびエンドカンナビノイド受容体の同定

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a highly sensitive and specific technique involved in the detection of target antigens in tissue sections with labeled ...

Measuring Interactions between Fluorescent Probes and Lignin in Plant Sections by sFLIM Based on Native Autofluorescence

ネイティブ自己蛍光に基づくsFLIMによる植物切片における蛍光プローブとリグニン間の相互作用の測定

In lignocellulosic biomass (LB), the activity of enzymes is limited by the appearance of non-specific interactions with lignin during the hydrolysis ...

バイオアッセイ誘導分別を使用して海ヤツメウナギ フェロモンの同定

バイオアッセイ誘導分別を使用して海ヤツメウナギフェロモンの同定