Name: the identification of sea lamprey pheromones using bioassay-guided fractionation
Uploaded: 2018-07-17T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation at JoVE.com

Agradecemos a US Geological Survey Hammond Bay estação biológica para a utilização das suas instalações de pesquisa e o pessoal dos EUA peixe e serviço de vida selvagem e pesca e oceanos Canadá para fornecer lampreias do mar. Esta pesquisa foi apoiada por subsídios da Comissão da pesca dos grandes lagos para Weiming Li e Ke Li.

Todos os métodos descritos aqui foram aprovados pelo cuidado institucional do Animal e uso Comitê da Michigan State University (AUF # 03/14-054-00 e 02/17-031-00).
1. coleta e extração de lampreia condicionado água
<ol><li>Lugar sexualmente maduras masculinas lampreias do mar (15-30 animais) em um tanque fornecido com 250 L de água de Lago Huron aerada 16-18 ° c, mantida</li>
	<li>Colete a água macho-condicionado ao longo de cada noite de junho a julho. Nota: lampreias do mar morr...

<ol>
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W., Stacey, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hormonal+and+pheromonal+control+of+spawning+behavior+in+the+goldfish.">Hormonal and pheromonal control of spawning behavior in the goldfish.</a> Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 26 (1), 71-84 (2002).</li><li>Stacey, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hormonally-derived+pheromones+in+teleost+fishes.">Hormonally-derived pheromones in teleost fishes.</a> Fish Pheromones and Related Cues. , 33-88 (2015).</li><li>Kuhlisch, C., Pohnert, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolomics+in+chemical+ecology.">Metabolomics in chemical ecology.</a> Natural Product Reports. 32 (7), 937-955 (2015).</li><li>Prince, E. 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A., Bergstedt, R. A., Sorensen, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory-mediated+stream-finding+behavior+of+migratory+adult+sea+lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus).">Olfactory-mediated stream-finding behavior of migratory adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 68, (2011).</li><li>Wagner, C. M., Jones, M. L., Twohey, M. B., Sorensen, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+field+test+verifies+that+pheromones+can+be+useful+for+sea+lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus)+control+in+the+Great+Lakes.">A field test verifies that pheromones can be useful for sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control in the Great Lakes.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 63 (3), 475-479 (2006).</li><li>Wagner, C. M., Twohey, M. 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B., Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sea+lamprey+control:+past,+present,+and+future.">Sea lamprey control: past, present, and future.</a> Great Lakes Fisheries Policy and Management. , 651-704 (2013).</li><li>Li, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+Novel+Bile+Alcohols+of+Mature+Male+Sea+Lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus)+Act+as+Chemical+Cues+for+Conspecifics.">Three Novel Bile Alcohols of Mature Male Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Act as Chemical Cues for Conspecifics.</a> Journal of Chemical Ecology. 43 (6), 543-549 (2017).</li><li>Hird, S. J., Lau, B. P. -. Y., Schuhmacher, R., Krska, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liquid+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+for+the+determination+of+chemical+contaminants+in+food.">Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of chemical contaminants in food.</a> TRAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 59, 59-72 (2014).</li><li>Little, J. L., Williams, A. 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J., Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovery+and+characterization+of+natural+products+that+act+as+pheromones+in+fish.">Discovery and characterization of natural products that act as pheromones in fish.</a> Natural Product Reports. , (2018).</li><li>Yambe, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=L-Kynurenine,+an+amino+acid+identified+as+a+sex+pheromone+in+the+urine+of+ovulated+female+masu+salmon.">L-Kynurenine, an amino acid identified as a sex pheromone in the urine of ovulated female masu salmon.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (42), 15370-15374 (2006).</li><li>Rasmussen, L., Lee, T. D., Zhang, A., Roelofs, W. L., Daves, G. 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Peixes vivos num mundo químico cheio de compostos ainda não identificados. Fracionamento de bioensaio guiadas provou essencial para identificar e caracterizar moléculas bioativas que medeiam muitas interações químicas, tais como aqueles observados em masu salmão31elefantes asiáticos32e lampreias do mar33, 34,35. Fracionamento de bioensaio guiada é uma abordagem eficaz par...

Os Pheromones são sinais químicos específicos lançados por indivíduos que ajudam-los em localizar fontes de alimentos, detecção de predadores e mediando as interações sociais de coespecíficos1. Comunicação de feromônio de insetos tem sido bem estudados2; no entanto, a identificação química e função biológica de feromônios de vertebrados aquáticos não foram estudados como extensivamente. Conhecimento da identidade e função dos feromônios liberados podem ser aplicadas para facilitar a recuperação de espécies ameaçadas,3,4 ou controle de pragas espécie5,6. A aplicação destas técnicas exige o isolamento e caracterização dos componentes bioativos de feromônio.
Identificação de feromônio é um ramo da química de produtos naturais. Progresso na pesquisa de feromônio tem sido parcialmente limitado devido à natureza das moléculas do pheromone próprios. Feromônios são muitas vezes instáveis e lançado em pequenas quantidades, e apenas algumas técnicas de amostragem para detectar quantidades minuciosas de voláteis7,8 ou compostos hidrossolúveis9existirem. Abordagens para identificar os pheromones incluem 1) uma seleção de alvo de compostos conhecidos, 2) metabolómica e fracionamento 3) guiada por bioensaio. Uma seleção de alvo de compostos conhecidos testes disponíveis comercialmente subprodutos metabólicos de processos fisiológicos, a hipótese de funcionar como feromônios. Esta abordagem é limitante porque os investigadores só podem testar compostos conhecidos e disponíveis. No entanto, resultou na identificação bem sucedida dos hormônios sexuais no goldfish que funcionam como pheromones10,11,12. Metabolómica é uma segunda abordagem de identificação de feromônio que distingue os produtos metabólicos de potencial pequena molécula dentro de um sistema biológico13. Uma comparação dos perfis metabólicos de dois grupos (ou seja, um ativo contra um extrato inativo) permite a identificação de um perfil metabólico potencial de que o metabólito é purificado, a estrutura é elucidada e a Bioatividade é confirmada14. Efeitos aditivos ou sinérgicos de complexas formulações de misturas específicas são mais prováveis a serem detectadas com metabolomics porque metabólitos são considerados juntos, ao invés de como uma série de frações13. Ainda, a implementação da metabolómica baseia-se na disponibilidade de referências sintéticas porque os dados resultantes não facilitam a elucidação de estruturas novas.
Fracionamento de bioensaio guiada é uma abordagem integrada, iterativa que se estende por dois campos: Biologia e química. Essa abordagem usa os resultados de bioensaios fisiológicos e comportamentais para guiar o isolamento e a identificação de um composto ativo do pheromone. Um extrato bruto é fracionado por uma propriedade química (i.e., tamanho molecular, polaridade, etc.) e testado com gravações de electro-olfactogram (EOG) e/ou em um bioensaio. Os componentes bioativos são selecionados para fora, repita essas etapas de fracionamento e EOGs e/ou bioensaios. As estruturas de compostos ativos puros são elucidadas por métodos espectroscópicos e espectrometria, que fornecem o peso molecular e informações estruturais para produzir um modelo do composto para ser sintetizado. Fracionamento de bioensaio guiada pode produzir diversos metabólitos e potencialmente romance feromônios com esqueletos químicos únicos que não são susceptíveis de ser prevista a partir as vias biossintéticas.
Aqui, descrevemos o protocolo de fracionamento de bioensaio guiada usado para isolar e caracterizar a bioatividade dos compostos de feromônio sexual masculino lampreia do mar. A lampreia (Petromyzon marinus) é um modelo ideal de vertebrados para estudar comunicação feromônio porque estes peixes dependem fortemente de detecção olfativa de sugestões químicas para mediar sua história de vida anádroma composta por três fases distintas: larvas, juvenis e adultos. Larvas de lampreia escavam os sedimentos dos córregos de água doce, sofrem uma drástica metamorfose e transformam em juvenis que migram para um lago ou oceano, onde eles parasitar peixe grande anfitrião. Após desanexação do peixe hospedeiro, os adultos migram volta em fluxos de desova, guiado pelos feromônios migratórios lançados por larvas de fluxo-residente15,16,17,18,19 . Machos maduros ascender para a desova, liberar um feromônio de multi-componentes sexo atrair companheiros, spawn intermitentemente para aproximadamente uma semana, e depois morrer de15,20. A identificação de feromônios lampreia é importante porque uma modulação do sistema de comunicação de feromônio é entre as opções consideradas para controlar as lampreias do mar invasivas no Laurentian grandes lagos21.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1135">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Premium standard wall borosilicate capillaries with filament&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">G150F-4</td>
			<td style="width:436px;">recording and reference electrode (OD 1.5 mm, ID 0.86 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pipette puller instrument&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PC-10</td>
			<td>pulls electrodes for EOGs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diamond-tipped glass cutter</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Generic</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td>cut tip of electrodes for EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Borosilicate glass capillaries</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1B150-4</td>
			<td>odorant delivery tube for EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Recording electrode holder E Series straight body with Ag/AgCl pellet for glass capillary OD 1.5 mm</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">ESP-M15N</td>
			<td>recording electrode holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:340px;">Reference electrode holder E Series with handle with&#160; Ag/AgCl pellet&#160; for glass capillary OD 1.5 mm</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">E45P-F15NH</td>
			<td>reference electrode holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">1 mm pin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">WC1-10</td>
			<td>to bridge reference and recording electrode holders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">2 mm pin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">WC2-5</td>
			<td>to bridge reference and recording electrode holders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">A1296</td>
			<td>molten agar to fill electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Potassium chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">P9333</td>
			<td>3M KCl to fill electrodes and electrode holders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Micropipette microfil</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">MF28G-5</td>
			<td>to fill electrodes and electrode holders&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">L-Arginine</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">A5006</td>
			<td>positive control odorant for EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">34860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Water bath</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>holds odorants for EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (MS222)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Syndel USA</td>
			<td>Tricaine1G</td>
			<td>EOG anesthetic&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Gallamine triethiodide</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">G8134-5G</td>
			<td>EOG paralytic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">1 mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>301025</td>
			<td>to administer paralytic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Subcutaneous needle 26G 5/8</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">305115</td>
			<td>to administer paralytic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Roller clamp</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">14043-20</td>
			<td>adjust flow rate of anesthic into lamprey&#39;s mouth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">3624-05</td>
			<td>for preparation of 0.9% saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">V-shaped plastic stand as specimen stage</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>holds lamprey during EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Plastic trough</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>holds V-shaped plastic stand during EOG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Scalpel Blades - #11</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">10011-00</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Scalpel Handle - #3</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">10003-12</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Straight ultra fine forceps</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">11252-00</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection, Dumont #5SF Forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Curved ultra fine forceps</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11370-42</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection, Moria MC40B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Straight pring Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15003-08</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Discovery V8</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Illuminator light</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">CL 1500 ECO</td>
			<td>for EOG dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Plastic tubing</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td>to connect re-circulating EOG setup and water baths</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Odorant delivery tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">In line filter and gasket set</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Lee Company</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">TCFA1201035A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Micromanipulators</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">MM-3</td>
			<td>to position electrodes and odorant delivery capillary tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnetic holding devices</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Kanetec</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">MB-K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Valve driver</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Arduino</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">custom made</td>
			<td>to control the opening of the valve for odor stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electromagnetic valve</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Lee Company</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">LFAA1201618H</td>
			<td>valve for odor stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">NeuroLog AC/DC amplifier</td>
			<td>Digitimer Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">NL106</td>
			<td>to increase the amplitude of the elictrical signal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">NeuroLog DC pre-amplifier with headstage</td>
			<td>Digitimer Ltd.</td>
			<td>NL102G</td>
			<td>to increase the amplitude of the elictrical signal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Low-pass 60 Hz filter</td>
			<td>Digitimer Ltd.</td>
			<td>NL125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Digitizer</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices LLC</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Axon Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Dell computer (OptiPlex 745) running Axoscope data acquistion software</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Molecular Devices LLC</td>
			<td>AxoScope version 10.4&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Faraday cage</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Electromagnetic noise shielding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Two-choice maze</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>waterproofed marine grade plywood covered with plastic liner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Trash pump</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Honda</td>
			<td>WT30XK4A</td>
			<td>fills maze with water from nearby river</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Peristaltic pump with tubing</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Cole Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Masterflex 07557-00</td>
			<td>to adminster odorants in maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Inverter Generator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Honda</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">EU1000i</td>
			<td>powers perstaltic pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Release cage</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>used to acclimate lamprey in the maze</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Mesh</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td>used to contain the dimensions of the maze and minimize water turbulance with mesh rollers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Buckets (5 gallon)</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td>to mix odorants</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Flow meter</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Marsh-McBirney</td>
			<td>Flo-Mate 2000</td>
			<td>to measure discharge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XAD 7 HP resin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Dow chemical</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">37380-43-1</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">34860</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Water bath</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Yamato</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">BM 200</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:340px;">Freeze dryer</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Labconco</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">CentriVap&#160; Concentrator</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">CX1050</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Silica gel 70-230 mesh</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">112926-00-8</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Silica gel 230-400 mesh</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">112926-00-8</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:340px;">Pre-coated silica gel TLC plates</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">99571</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anisaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">A88107</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sephadex LH-20</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">17-0090-01</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Amberlite XAD 7 HP resin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">XAD7HP</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4, 2.5L capacity glass columns</td>
			<td>Ace Glass Inc.</td>
			<td>5820</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">650501</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TQ-S TOF LC Mass spectrometer (or equivalent)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Waters Co.</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>for structure elucidation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Binary HPLC pump</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Waters Co.</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1525</td>
			<td>for isolation of fraction pools/compounds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agilent NMR spectrometer, 900MHz (or equivalent)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">N/A</td>
			<td>for structure elucidation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rotovap drying system</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Buchi</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">RII</td>
			<td>for extraction of conditioned water&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UV lamp (254 nm)</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Spectronics Co.</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">ENF-240C</td>
			<td>for thin layer chromatography&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the identification of sea lamprey pheromones using bioassay-guided fractionation

Fracionamento de bioensaio guiada é uma abordagem iterativa que usa os resultados de bioensaios fisiológicos e comportamentais para guiar o isolamento e a identificação de um composto ativo do pheromone. Esse método resultou na caracterização bem sucedida dos sinais químicos que funcionam como pheromones em uma grande variedade de espécies animais. Lampreias do mar dependem de olfato para detectar feromônios que medeiam respostas comportamentais ou fisiológicas. Nós usamos este conhecimento da biologia de peixes para postular funções de feromônios putativos e guiar o isolamento e a identificação dos componentes do feromônio ativo. Cromatografia é usada para extrair, concentrar e separar compostos da água condicionada. Electro-olfactogram (EOG) gravações são conduzidas para determinar quais frações eliciam respostas olfativas. Ensaios comportamentais labirinto 2-escolha são usados para determinar se qualquer uma das frações odoríferas também são comportamentalmente ativo e induzir uma preferência. Métodos de espectroscopia e espectrometria fornecem a informações estruturais para ajudar com a elucidação da estrutura e peso molecular. A bioatividade dos compostos puros é confirmada com EOG e ensaios comportamentais. As respostas comportamentais observadas no labirinto, em última análise devem ser validadas em um cenário de campo para confirmar sua função em um cenário de fluxo natural. Estes bioensaios desempenham um papel duplo para 1) orientar o processo de fracionamento e 2) confirmar e definir mais a bioatividade dos componentes isolados. Aqui, nós relatamos os resultados representativos de uma identificação de feromônio de lampreia do mar que exemplificam a utilidade da abordagem orientada por bioensaio de fracionamento. A identificação das feromonas de lampreia do mar é particularmente importante porque uma modulação do seu sistema de comunicação de feromônio está entre as opções consideradas para controlar a lampreia invasiva em grandes lagos Laurentian. Esse método pode ser facilmente adaptado para caracterizar a comunicação química em uma ampla gama de táxons e lançar luz sobre ecologia química transmitidas pela água.

Um diagrama Resumindo as etapas descritas no protocolo do fracionamento de bioensaio guiadas é mostrado na Figura 1. O protocolo envolve etapas para isolar e caracterizar a estrutura, a potência olfativa e a atividade comportamental de 5 putativo lampreia feromônios (Figura 2). Utilizando a espectrometria de massa e dados NMR (Figura 3 e Figura 4), as estruturas do pe...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation at JoVE.com

The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation

Aqui, apresentamos um protocolo para isolar e caracterizar a estrutura, potência olfativa e resposta comportamental de compostos putativos feromônio de lampreias do mar.

A identificação das feromonas de lampreia do mar usando guiada por bioensaio fracionamento

Bioassay-guided fractionation is an iterative approach that uses the results of physiological and behavioral bioassays to guide the isolation and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus

Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus

Identificação de ácidos graxos no<em&gt; Bacillus cereus</em

The Bacillus species contain branched chain and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) with diverse positions of the methyl branch (iso or anteiso) and of the ...

Bioquímica

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for the Identification of Multiple Phosphorylations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear para a identificação de múltiplas fosfolarização de intrinsecamente desordenados Proteínas

Aggregates of the neuronal Tau protein are found inside neurons of Alzheimer's disease patients. Development of the disease is accompanied by increased, ...

A Protein Preparation Method for the High-throughput Identification of Proteins Interacting with a Nuclear Cofactor Using LC-MS/MS Analysis

Uma proteína Método de Preparação para a Identificação de alto rendimento de proteínas que interagem com um co-fator nuclear utilizando LC-MS / MS Análise

Transcriptional coregulators are vital to the efficient transcriptional regulation of nuclear chromatin structure. Coregulators play a variety of roles in ...

Brain Membrane Fractionation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Assess Subsynaptic Protein Localization

Brain Membrane Fractionation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Assess Subsynaptic Protein Localization

Fracionamento de Membranas Cerebrais: Um<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Abordagem para Avaliar a Localização de Proteínas Subinápticas

Assessing the synaptic protein composition and function constitutes an important challenge in neuroscience. However, it is not easy to evaluate ...

Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species

Fracionamento para resolução das espécies de Huntingtin solúvel e insolúvel

The accumulation of misfolded proteins is central to pathology in Huntington's disease (HD) and many other neurodegenerative disorders. Specifically, a ...

Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and  GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Deteção de pequena GTPase Prenilação e GTP ligação usando o fracionamento de membrana e ensaio de imunoabsorção ligada de GTPase

The Rho GTPase family belongs to the Ras superfamily and includes approximately 20 members in humans. Rho GTPases are important in the regulation of ...

Cell Fractionation of U937 Cells in the Absence of High-speed Centrifugation

Fracionamento celular de células U937, na ausência de centrifugação de alta velocidade

In this protocol we detail a method to obtain subcellular fractions of U937 cells without the use of ultracentrifugation or indiscriminate detergents. ...

Identification of Novel CK2 Kinase Substrates Using a Versatile Biochemical Approach

Identificação de substratos de quinase CK2 novela usando uma abordagem bioquímica versátil

The study of kinase-substrate relationships is essential to gain a complete understanding of the functions of these enzymes and their downstream targets ...

Identification of Orexin and Endocannabinoid Receptors in Adult Zebrafish Using Immunoperoxidase and Immunofluorescence Methods

Identificação de receptores de Orexin e endocanabinoides em zebrafish adulto usando métodos de imunoperoxidase e imunofluorescência

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a highly sensitive and specific technique involved in the detection of target antigens in tissue sections with labeled ...

Measuring Interactions between Fluorescent Probes and Lignin in Plant Sections by sFLIM Based on Native Autofluorescence

Medindo interações entre sondas fluorescentes e lignina em seções de plantas por sFLIM Com base na autofluorescência nativa

In lignocellulosic biomass (LB), the activity of enzymes is limited by the appearance of non-specific interactions with lignin during the hydrolysis ...