Name: a high-throughput, high-content, liquid-based c. elegans pathosystem
Uploaded: 2018-07-01T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A High-throughput, High-content, Liquid-based C. elegans Pathosystem at JoVE.com

这项研究得到了德州癌症预防研究所 (CPRIT) 奖 RR150044、韦尔奇基金会研究补助金 C-1930 以及由国立卫生研究院 K22 AI110552 授予 NVK 的支持。资助者在研究设计、数据收集和分析、决定出版或编写手稿方面没有任何作用。

注意:铜绿假单胞菌和粪肠是生物安全2级病原体, 必须采取适当的安全措施预防意外感染, 并尽量减少表面污染。与病原体接触的所有介质和材料都必须消毒和/或丢弃。在《微生物和生物医学实验室》 (BMBL) 第五版中, 可提供进一步的指导方针。
1. 铜绿假单胞菌的制备与维护
<ol><li>从冷冻的股票上的绿脓杆菌到一磅 (溶源性肉汤) 琼脂盘子。孵育16到2...

<ol>
	<li>Falagas, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pandrug-resistant+Klebsiella+pneumoniae,+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+and+Acinetobacter+baumannii+infections:+Characteristics+and+outcome+in+a+series+of+28+patients.">Pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii infections: Characteristics and outcome in a series of 28 patients.</a> International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 32 (5), 450-454 (2008).</li><li>Hsueh, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pandrug-resistant+Acinetobacter+baumannii+causing+nosocomial+infections+in+a+university+hospital,+Taiwan.">Pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii causing nosocomial infections in a university hospital, Taiwan.</a> Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (8), 827-832 (2002).</li><li>Wang, C. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pandrug-resistant+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+among+hospitalised+patients:+clinical+features,+risk-factors+and+outcomes.">Pandrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa among hospitalised patients: clinical features, risk-factors and outcomes.</a> Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 12 (1), 63-68 (2006).</li><li>Yao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Draft+genome+sequences+of+pandrug-resistant+Serratia+marcescens+clinical+isolates+harboring+blaNDM-1.">Draft genome sequences of pandrug-resistant Serratia marcescens clinical isolates harboring blaNDM-1.</a> Genome Announcements. 5 (3), (2017).</li><li>Utari, P. D., Quax, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caenorhabditis+elegans+reveals+novel+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+virulence+mechanism.">Caenorhabditis elegans reveals novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence mechanism.</a> Trends in Microbiology. 21 (7), 315-316 (2013).</li><li>Conery, A. L., Larkins-Ford, J., Ausubel, F. M., Kirienko, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+screening+for+novel+anti-infectives+using+a+C.+elegans+pathogenesis+model.">High-throughput screening for novel anti-infectives using a C. elegans pathogenesis model.</a> Current Protocols in Chemical Biology. 6 (1), 25-37 (2014).</li><li>Kirienko, N. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+disrupts+Caenorhabditis+elegans+iron+homeostasis,+causing+a+hypoxic+response+and+death.">Pseudomonas aeruginosa disrupts Caenorhabditis elegans iron homeostasis, causing a hypoxic response and death.</a> Cell Host &amp; Microbe. 13 (4), 406-416 (2013).</li><li>Kirienko, D. R., Revtovich, A. V., Kirienko, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-content,+phenotypic+screen+identifies+fluorouridine+as+an+inhibitor+of+pyoverdine+biosynthesis+and+pseudomonas+aeruginosa+virulence.">A high-content, phenotypic screen identifies fluorouridine as an inhibitor of pyoverdine biosynthesis and pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence.</a> mSphere. 1 (4), (2016).</li><li>Manning, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high+content+microscopy+assay+to+determine+drug+activity+against+intracellular+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis.">A high content microscopy assay to determine drug activity against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis.</a> Methods. 127, 3-11 (2017).</li><li>Marwaha, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-acylated+derivatives+of+sulfamethoxazole+and+sulfafurazole+inhibit+intracellular+growth+of+Chlamydia+trachomatis.">N-acylated derivatives of sulfamethoxazole and sulfafurazole inhibit intracellular growth of Chlamydia trachomatis.</a> Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 58 (5), 2968-2971 (2014).</li><li>Kota, K. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrating+high-content+imaging+and+chemical+genetics+to+probe+host+cellular+pathways+critical+for+Yersinia+pestis+infection.">Integrating high-content imaging and chemical genetics to probe host cellular pathways critical for Yersinia pestis infection.</a> PLoS One. 8 (1), e55167 (2013).</li><li>Arif, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+cell+infection+caused+by+Listeria+monocytogenes+invasion.">Quantification of cell infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes invasion.</a> Journal of Biotechnology. 154 (1), 76-83 (2011).</li><li>Jayamani, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+Francisella+tularensis-Caenorhabditis+elegans+pathosystem+for+the+evaluation+of+therapeutic+compounds.">Characterization of a Francisella tularensis-Caenorhabditis elegans pathosystem for the evaluation of therapeutic compounds.</a> Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 61 (9), (2017).</li><li>Moy, T. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+screen+for+novel+antimicrobials+using+a+whole+animal+infection+model.">High-throughput screen for novel antimicrobials using a whole animal infection model.</a> ACS Chemical Biology. 4 (7), 527-533 (2009).</li><li>Rajamuthiah, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+animal+automated+platform+for+drug+discovery+against+multi-drug+resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus.">Whole animal automated platform for drug discovery against multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus.</a> PLoS One. 9 (2), e89189 (2014).</li><li>Breger, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antifungal+chemical+compounds+identified+using+a+C.+elegans+pathogenicity+assay.">Antifungal chemical compounds identified using a C. elegans pathogenicity assay.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 3 (2), e18 (2007).</li><li>Garvis, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caenorhabditis+elegans+semi-automated+liquid+screen+reveals+a+specialized+role+for+the+chemotaxis+gene+cheB2+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+virulence.">Caenorhabditis elegans semi-automated liquid screen reveals a specialized role for the chemotaxis gene cheB2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 5 (8), e1000540 (2009).</li><li>Zhou, Y. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+and+novel+screening+model+for+assessing+the+bioactivity+of+extracts+against+multidrug-resistant+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+using+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">An efficient and novel screening model for assessing the bioactivity of extracts against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa using Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 75 (9), 1746-1751 (2011).</li><li>Leung, C. K., Deonarine, A., Strange, K., Choe, K. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+screening+and+biosensing+with+fluorescent+C.+elegans+strains.">High-throughput screening and biosensing with fluorescent C. elegans strains.</a> Journal of Visual Experiments. (51), (2011).</li><li>Kirienko, N. V., Ausubel, F. M., Ruvkun, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitophagy+confers+resistance+to+siderophore-mediated+killing+by+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">Mitophagy confers resistance to siderophore-mediated killing by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (6), 1821-1826 (2015).</li><li>Kirienko, N. V., Cezairliyan, B. O., Ausubel, F. M., Powell, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+PA14+pathogenesis+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 pathogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1149, 653-669 (2014).</li><li>Kang, D., Kirienko, D. R., Webster, P., Fisher, A. L., Kirienko, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pyoverdine,+a+siderophore+from+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa,+translocates+into+C.+elegans,+removes+iron,+and+activates+a+distinct+host+response.">Pyoverdine, a siderophore from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, translocates into C. elegans, removes iron, and activates a distinct host response.</a> Virulence. , 1-41 (2018).</li><li>Garsin, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-lived+C.+elegans+daf-2+mutants+are+resistant+to+bacterial+pathogens.">Long-lived C. elegans daf-2 mutants are resistant to bacterial pathogens.</a> Science. 300 (5627), 1921 (2003).</li><li>Estes, K. A., Dunbar, T. L., Powell, J. R., Ausubel, F. M., Troemel, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=bZIP+transcription+factor+zip-2+mediates+an+early+response+to+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+infection+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">bZIP transcription factor zip-2 mediates an early response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (5), 2153-2158 (2010).</li><li>Tjahjono, E., Kirienko, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+conserved+mitochondrial+surveillance+pathway+is+required+for+defense+against+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">A conserved mitochondrial surveillance pathway is required for defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> PLoS Genetics. 13 (6), e1006876 (2017).</li><li>Moy, T. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+novel+antimicrobials+using+a+live-animal+infection+model.">Identification of novel antimicrobials using a live-animal infection model.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (27), 10414-10419 (2006).</li><li>Henderson, S. T., Bonafe, M., Johnson, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=daf-16+protects+the+nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans+during+food+deprivation.">daf-16 protects the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans during food deprivation.</a> The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 61 (5), 444-460 (2006).</li><li>Beanan, M. J., Strome, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+germ-line+proliferation+mutation+in+C.+elegans.">Characterization of a germ-line proliferation mutation in C. elegans.</a> Development. 116 (3), 755-766 (1992).</li></ol>

这种化验 (或类似的化验, 其他病原体被替代的铜绿假单胞菌或大肠杆菌) 是有用的各种目的, 包括药物发现。它还有助于解决基本的生物学问题, 如确定毒力因素, 阐明宿主防御通路, 并确定参与宿主-病原体相互作用的调控机制。
虽然铜绿假单胞菌液体杀灭试验具有较强的鲁棒性, 但有几点需要认真注意, 以尽量减少失败的几率。首先, 如前所述, 对铜绿假单...

在近一个世纪以前, 确定和发展有效的广谱抗生素导致了公共卫生的一个分水岭时刻, 人们普遍认为, 传染病将是过去的祸害。在短短的几十年里, 这种乐观情绪开始消退, 因为病原体形成的抗病机制限制了这些曾经神奇的治疗。一段时间内, 药物发现努力与病原体之间的军备竞赛似乎是平衡的。然而, 滥用抗菌药物最近终于出现了耐药菌株的肺炎克雷伯杆菌, 不动杆菌鲍曼,沙雷质, 和铜绿假单胞菌1, 2,3,4。
铜绿假单胞菌是一种机会主义, 革兰阴性, 多宿主病原体, 严重威胁严重烧伤患者, 那些谁是免疫力低下, 或有囊性纤维化。它也日益被认定为严重医院感染的致病剂, 特别是由于其持续的耐药性的获得。为了应对这一威胁, 我们使用了记录良好的C.铜绿假单胞菌感染系统5。我们的实验室利用这个系统开发了一种基于液体的高通量高含量的筛选平台, 以确定新的化合物, 限制病原体杀死宿主6的能力。有趣的是, 这些化合物似乎属于至少三个一般类别, 包括抗菌素7和毒力抑制剂8。 tuberculosum 分枝杆菌、沙眼衣原体、鼠疫耶尔森菌、李斯特氏细胞增生、土拉弗 tularensis、金黄色葡萄球菌、白念珠病及粪肠球菌, 除其他9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16。这些类型的化验有几个公认的优势, 如限制假阳性命中可能对宿主和病原体, 增加生物有效性的可能性相比, 化学屏幕, 并有能力识别命中超出简单地限制微生物的生长, 例如抗 virulents, 免疫刺激分子, 或其他使宿主-病原体相互作用的平衡倾斜的化合物, 有利于前者。此外, 在这些屏幕上发现的化合物通常在哺乳动物宿主中有效。
值得注意的是, 至少有另外两种化验17,18可以在液体中的C. 线虫中进行高通量屏幕。然而, 每一个这些化验是一个修改, 允许原型肠道殖民化试验, 称为慢杀, 以液体进行, 增加的吞吐量, 并允许化合物更容易筛选。仔细的描述表明, 细菌毒力的机制是不同的, 这些化验和我们的液基筛7。由于两种类型的毒力都观察到哺乳动物系统, 重要的是要考虑哪些毒力决定因素是最相关的实验者的利益之前的化验选择。
在这里, 我们演示了一个优化版本的液态C 线虫-铜绿假单胞菌。我们还报告了我们的液基检测方法的适应性, 以适应革兰氏阳性菌粪肠球菌.与铜绿假单胞菌一样,粪肠球菌越来越多地被认定为严重的医院威胁, 并不断增加的武器耐药性途径1。尽管以前的高通量筛选方法存在14, 但它需要 preinfection 病原体, 这就使程序复杂化, 增加了诸如 COPAS FlowSort 等污染设备的可能性。我们的协议消除了感染前的需要, 改善了安全配置。最后, 我们报告一种方法, 其中任一检测可以结合喂养 rna 干扰, 允许用户搜索的宿主因素, 发挥作用, 建立或抵抗, 感染。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>COPAS FP BioSorter</td>
			<td>Union Biometrica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Large object flow cytometer/worm sorter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytation 5</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EL406 Washer Dispenser</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multitron Pro</td>
			<td>Infors HT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 Deep-Well RB Block</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>CS15124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>384-Well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>MPG-781091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nematode Growth Media (NGM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Amount per liter: 18 grams agar, 3 grams NaCl, 2.5 grams Peptone, 1 mL CaCl2 (1 M), 1 mL MgSO4 (1 M), 25 mL Phospate buffer, and 973 mL of milli-Q water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slow Killing (SK) plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Amount per liter: 18 grams agar, 3 grams NaCl, 3.5 grams Peptone, 1 mL CaCl2 (1 M), 1 mL MgSO4 (1 M), 25 mL Phospate buffer, and 973 mL of milli-Q water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slow Killing (SK) media</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Amount per liter:&#160; 3 grams NaCl, 3.5 grams Peptone, 1 mL CaCl2 (1 M), 1 mL MgSO4 (1 M), 25 mL Phosphate buffer, and 973 mL of milli-Q water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysogeny Broth (LB)</td>
			<td>USBiological Life Sciences</td>
			<td>L1520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brian Heart Infusion broth (BHI)</td>
			<td>Research Products International Corp</td>
			<td>50-488-526</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Worm Bleach Solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Amount per 100 mL: 10 mL of 5 M NaOH solution, 20 mL of 5% Sodium Hypochlorite Solution, and 70 mL of sterile water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S Basal</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Amount per liter: 5.85 grams NaCl, 6 grams KH2PO4, 1 gram K2HPO4, and 1 Liter of milli-Q water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>USBiological Life Sciences</td>
			<td>A0930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>USBiological Life Sciences</td>
			<td>S5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone</td>
			<td>USBiological Life Sciences</td>
			<td>P3300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>USBiological Life Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M63-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phospate buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>amount per liter: 132 mL of K2HPO4 (1M) and 868 mL of KH2PO4 (1M)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>7778-77-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K2HPO4</td>
			<td>USBiological Life Sciences</td>
			<td>P5100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5% Sodium Hypochlorite Solution</td>
			<td>BICCA</td>
			<td>7495.5-32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH solution</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SS255-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Breathe-easy</td>
			<td>Diversified Biotech</td>
			<td>BEM-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYTOX Orange Nucleic Acid Stain</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S11368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacterial Strains</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P. aeruginosa (PA14)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. faecalis(OG1RF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli superfood (OP50)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli RNAi expressing bacteria (HT115)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Worm Strains </td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glp-4(bn2) (Beanan and Strome, 1992, PMID: 1289064)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PINK-1::GFP reporter (Kang et al., 2018, PMID: 29532717)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a high-throughput, high-content, liquid-based c. elegans pathosystem

传统的、体外筛查到的新药数量已经减退, 这就减少了这种方法在寻找新武器以对抗多种耐药性方面的成功。这就得出结论, 研究人员不仅需要找到新药, 还需要开发新的方法来找到它们。其中最有希望的候选方法是全有机体,在体内的检测, 使用高通量, 表型读数和寄主, 范围从秀丽线虫到斑马斑马。这些主机有几个强大的优势, 包括显着减少假阳性命中, 因为有毒的化合物, 对主机和/或 biounavailable 通常下降在最初的屏幕上, 在昂贵的后续行动之前。
在这里, 我们展示了我们的检测如何被用来审问寄主变异的良好记录的C. 线虫-铜绿假单胞菌液体杀死 pathosystem。我们还演示了这种精心编制的技术的几个扩展。例如, 我们能够使用24或96井板格式的 rna 干扰来进行高通量的基因筛, 以查询宿主-病原体相互作用中的宿主因素。使用这项化验, 整个基因组屏幕只能在几个月内完成, 这可以大大简化确定药物目标的任务, 可能不需要费力的生化纯化方法。
我们还报告了我们的方法的变化, 取代革兰氏阳性菌肠球菌的革兰氏阴性病原菌P.与铜绿假单胞菌的情况一样, 由大肠杆菌杀死是有时间依赖性的。与以前的 C.粪肠球菌化验不同, 我们对粪肠球菌的化验不需要 preinfection, 改善其安全状况, 减少污染液体处理设备的几率。该检测具有高度健壮性, 显示95% 死亡率 96 h 后感染。

测定性能的重要参数
正确理解这项化验的生物学基础是解决问题和优化化验的必要。为此, 我们首先提到几项关键文件, 阐明了在液体7,20中, 铜绿假单胞杆菌介导的杀死的发病机制。前提是遵循上述步骤 (见图1所示的检测协议示意图) 只有在病原体...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A High-throughput, High-content, Liquid-based C. elegans Pathosystem at JoVE.com

A High-throughput, High-content, Liquid-based C. elegans Pathosystem

在这里, 我们描述了一个协议, 它是一个适应性强, 全宿主, 高内容筛选工具, 可用于研究宿主病原体相互作用, 并用于药物发现。

一种高通量、高含量、液态的 Pathosystem线虫

The number of new drugs identified by traditional, in vitro screens has waned, reducing the success of this approach in the search for new weapons to ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

A High-throughput, High-content, Liquid-based C. elegans Pathosystem

Facilitating Drug Discovery: An Automated High-content Inflammation Assay in Zebrafish

促进药物发现：斑马鱼在一个自动化的高含量检测炎症

Zebrafish larvae are particularly amenable to whole animal small molecule screens1,2 due to their small size and relative ease of manipulation and ...

科研

免疫与感染

Automated Separation of C. elegans Variably Colonized by a Bacterial Pathogen

Automated Separation of C. elegans Variably Colonized by a Bacterial Pathogen

自动分离<em&gt; C。线虫</em&gt;可多段由细菌病原体殖民者

The wormsorter is an instrument analogous to a FACS machine that is used in studies of Caenorhabditis elegans, typically to sort worms based on expression ...

A Microscopic Phenotypic Assay for the Quantification of Intracellular Mycobacteria Adapted for High-throughput/High-content Screening

用于适应高通量/高含量筛查的细胞内分枝杆菌定量的微观表型检测

Despite the availability of therapy and vaccine, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most deadly and widespread bacterial infections in the world. Since ...

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

高通量检测到的表型<em&gt;沙门氏菌</em&gt;伤寒协会，侵袭和复制的巨噬细胞

Salmonella species are zoonotic pathogens and leading causes of food borne illnesses in humans and livestock1. Understanding the mechanisms underlying ...

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes

高通量实时定量RT-PCR检测方法的确定I型和III型干扰素亚型的表达谱

Described in this report is a qRT-PCR assay for the analysis of seventeen human IFN subtypes in a 384-well plate format that incorporates highly specific ...

Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

高通量设置的建立筛选小分子能调节C-二GMP信令<em&gt;绿脓杆菌</em

Bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics has driven research attempts to identify new drug targets in recently discovered regulatory pathways. ...

High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR

在动物标本呼吸道病原体的高通量检测通过纳米PCR

Nanoliter scale real-time PCR uses spatial multiplexing to allow multiple assays to be run in parallel on a single plate without the typical drawbacks of ...

Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein

无细胞生化荧光酶法测定高密度脂蛋白脂质过氧化的高通量测定

Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are one of the most powerful independent negative predictors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular ...

Automated Behavioral Analysis of Large C. elegans Populations Using a Wide Field-of-view Tracking Platform

Automated Behavioral Analysis of Large C. elegans Populations Using a Wide Field-of-view Tracking Platform

利用广域跟踪平台对大型线虫种群进行自动行为分析

Caenorhabditis elegans is a well-established animal model in biomedical research, widely employed in functional genomics and ageing studies. To assess the ...

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay

一种高通量志贺氏菌特异性杀菌试验

Serum bactericidal assays (SBAs) measure the functional activity of antibodies and have been used for many decades. SBAs directly measure antibody killing ...