Name: the generation of closed femoral fractures in mice: a model to study bone healing
Uploaded: 2018-08-16T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了国防部 (DoD) 美国陆军医学研究和装备司令部 (USAMRMC) 国会定向医学研究项目 (CDMRP) (PR121604) 和国家关节炎和肌肉骨骼研究所赠款的支持。和皮肤病 (结缔组织国立研究院), NIH R01 AR068332 桑卡尔。

以下程序是由印第安纳大学医学院的动物保育和使用委员会 (IACUC) 批准的。所有的生存手术都是在无菌条件下进行的, 如 NIH 指南所述。疼痛和感染的风险管理与适当的止痛药和抗生素, 以确保成功的结果。
1. 麻醉和准备
<ol><li>用腹腔 (ip) 路线对老鼠进行称量, 并麻醉氯胺酮 (100 毫克/千克) 和甲苯噻嗪 (10 毫克/千克) 的混合物。将鼠标放在一个空笼子里并监视它, 直到它...

<ol>
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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+mouse+models+in+studies+of+skeletal+disorders.">Transgenic mouse models in studies of skeletal disorders.</a> Journal of Rheumatology Supplement. 43, 39-41 (1995).</li><li>Nikolaou, V. S., Efstathopoulos, N., Kontakis, G., Kanakaris, N. K., Giannoudis, P. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+osteoporosis+in+femoral+fracture+healing+time.">The influence of osteoporosis in femoral fracture healing time.</a> Injury. 40 (6), 663-668 (2009).</li><li>Bain, S. D., Bailey, M. C., Celino, D. L., Lantry, M. M., Edwards, M. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+controlling+bone+formation+during+fracture+healing+and+distraction+osteogenesis.">Molecular mechanisms controlling bone formation during fracture healing and distraction osteogenesis.</a> Journal of Dental Research. 87 (2), 107-118 (2008).</li><li>Gerstenfeld, L. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+Reconstruction+of+Fracture+Callus+Morphogenesis.">Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Fracture Callus Morphogenesis.</a> Journal of Histochemistry &amp; Cytochemistry. 54 (11), 1215-1228 (2006).</li><li>Marsell, R., Einhorn, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+bone+healing+therapies.">Emerging bone healing therapies.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 24, S4-S8 (2010).</li><li>Lybrand, K., Bragdon, B., Gerstenfeld, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+bone+healing:+fracture,+marrow+ablation,+and+distraction+osteogenesis.">Mouse models of bone healing: fracture, marrow ablation, and distraction osteogenesis.</a> Current Protocols of Mouse Biology. 5 (1), 35-49 (2015).</li><li>Garcia, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+LockingMouseNail--a+new+implant+for+standardized+stable+osteosynthesis+in+mice.">The LockingMouseNail--a new implant for standardized stable osteosynthesis in mice.</a> Journal of Surgical Research. 169 (2), 220-226 (2011).</li><li>Histing, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+internal+locking+plate+to+study+intramembranous+bone+healing+in+a+mouse+femur+fracture+model.">An internal locking plate to study intramembranous bone healing in a mouse femur fracture model.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 28 (3), 397-402 (2010).</li><li>Garcia, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+technique+for+internal+fixation+of+femoral+fractures+in+mice:+impact+of+stability+on+fracture+healing.">A new technique for internal fixation of femoral fractures in mice: impact of stability on fracture healing.</a> Journal of Biomechistry. 41 (8), 1689-1696 (2008).</li><li>Holstein, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+establishment+of+defined+mouse+models+for+the+study+of+fracture+healing+and+bone+regeneration.">Advances in the establishment of defined mouse models for the study of fracture healing and bone regeneration.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 23 (5 Suppl), S31-S38 (2009).</li><li>Bonnarens, F., Einhorn, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+a+standard+closed+fracture+in+laboratory+animal+bone.">Production of a standard closed fracture in laboratory animal bone.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2 (1), 97-101 (1984).</li><li>Holstein, J. H., Menger, M. D., Culemann, U., Meier, C., Pohlemann, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+locking+femur+nail+for+mice.">Development of a locking femur nail for mice.</a> Journal of Biomechistry. 40 (1), 215-219 (2007).</li><li>McBride-Gagyi, S. H., McKenzie, J. A., Buettmann, E. G., Gardner, M. J., Silva, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bmp2+conditional+knockout+in+osteoblasts+and+endothelial+cells+does+not+impair+bone+formation+after+injury+or+mechanical+loading+in+adult+mice.">Bmp2 conditional knockout in osteoblasts and endothelial cells does not impair bone formation after injury or mechanical loading in adult mice.</a> Bone. 81, 533-543 (2015).</li><li>Williams, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+CaMKK2+Enhances+Fracture+Healing+by+Stimulating+Indian+Hedgehog+Signaling+and+Accelerating+Endochondral+Ossification.">Inhibition of CaMKK2 Enhances Fracture Healing by Stimulating Indian Hedgehog Signaling and Accelerating Endochondral Ossification.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. , (2018).</li></ol>

本手术的目的是在小鼠中产生标准的闭合性股骨骨折。该模型的一个主要优点是, 内固定发生在骨折产生后, 从而避免了髓内棒的角度。也许这个协议最关键的方面是在股骨中段形成一个标准化的横向骨折, 因为骨折几何取决于施加的弯曲力和后肢的位置。在弯矩时, 股骨的定位不当会导致偏斜或粉碎性骨折。重量和下落高度必须是经验主义地预定的, 因为他们取决于老鼠的年龄、性和劳损。采用装...

骨折是肌肉骨骼系统中最常见的损伤之一, 与巨大的社会经济负担有关, 包括预计在美国每年超过250亿美元的治疗费用1, 2。虽然大多数骨折愈合无事故, 愈合与大量停机和生产力损失。大约 5-10% 的骨折导致延迟愈合或不愈合, 由于年龄或其他基本的慢性健康状况, 如骨质疏松症和糖尿病3,4,5。目前尚无 FDA 批准的药理治疗, 可促进有效的骨愈合, 缩短恢复时间。
骨折愈合是一个复杂和高度动态的过程, 涉及多种细胞类型的协调。因此, 全面了解与骨再生相关的细胞和分子事件, 对于确定加速这一过程的治疗目标至关重要。与其他人类疾病一样, 建立一个高度顺从和可再生的动物模型是研究骨愈合的关键。较大的动物, 如绵羊和猪, 有骨重塑的性质和生物力学类似于人类, 但昂贵, 需要大量的愈合时间, 并不容易服从基因操纵6。另一方面, 小动物模型, 如大鼠和小鼠, 提供了许多好处, 包括易于处理, 维护成本低, 繁殖周期短, 愈合时间缩短7。此外, 鼠标基因组是完全有序的, 允许快速操作和生成的遗传变异。因此, 鼠标是一个强大的模型系统, 研究人类疾病, 伤害和修复8。在人类中, 像骨质疏松症和糖尿病这样的并发症增加了延迟愈合的可能性。现有的一些小鼠模型可以用来研究骨质疏松症和糖尿病并发症对骨损伤和愈合的影响。患有骨质疏松症的患者在骨折愈合后的晚期骨形成明显减少9。去卵巢 (OVX) 小鼠表现出快速骨丢失和延迟骨愈合类似于绝经后骨质疏松症10,11。此外, 许多类型的 I 型和 II 型糖尿病的小鼠模型模仿的低骨质量表表和受损骨折愈合在人类看到11。此外, 小鼠骨折模型是研究愈伤组织复杂生物过程的多功能平台, 探索加速骨组织再生的新的治疗策略。
尽管骨结构和新陈代谢有差异, 但在小鼠和人类中, 骨折愈合的整个过程仍然非常相似, 包括软骨和膜内骨化的结合, 然后是骨重塑。软骨骨化包括招募祖细胞到较不机械稳定的区域周围的骨折间隙, 他们分化成软骨细胞, 肥大和矿化软骨产生柔软的愈伤组织。第二波祖细胞浸润愈伤组织, 分化为成熟的成骨细胞, 分泌新的骨基质12,13,14,15。在膜内骨化过程中, 骨膜和骨内表面的祖细胞直接分化为基质, 从而促进骨折间隙9、11、12 的衔接. ,13。在一起, 软骨和膜内血肿骨化相接导致了坚硬愈伤组织的发展, 随着时间的推移进一步改建, 形成一个强大的辅助骨, 能够支持机械负荷13,14 ,15。在健康的人, 愈合过程需要大约3月, 与仅35天在老鼠16。
骨折愈合通常被研究使用开放或闭合的外科模型17。开放性手术方法, 如产生严重的缺陷或完整的截骨, 规范损伤位置和几何, 以减少粉碎性骨折造成的偏差。截骨术作为一个优秀的模型来研究不愈合背后的基础机制, 因为愈合往往延迟比较闭合性骨折。此外, 需要硬外固定, 以稳定 osteotomized 骨, 这意味着再生将主要依赖于膜内骨化。开放式手术方法使用的设备, 如锁定钉, 别针夹子, 锁定板, 以提供轴向和旋转稳定性的骨折肢体;然而, 这些设备是昂贵的, 需要大量的时间在手术18,19,20,21。另一方面, 闭合模型是稳定的一个简单的髓内固定装置, 允许足够的不稳定, 以刺激软骨愈合。因此, 闭合断裂模型不容易模仿非联合的条件。内固定技术, 如髓内针, 指甲, 和加压螺钉, 是有利的, 因为他们便宜, 易于使用, 并尽量减少手术时间21,22,23。在某些情况下, 在骨折前插入髓内针, 但是髓内针的弯曲会导致股骨骨折的角或移位, 从而造成变的愈伤组织大小和愈合。在闭合模型中, 断裂位置和几何更难标准化, 因为它们是使用三点弯曲装置产生的, 其中骨干的重量被丢弃。然而, 用适当的技术, 这种手术方法提供了快速和一致的结果。此外, 闭合性骨折模型作为临床相关工具, 用于研究由高强度撞击或机械应力引起的骨折22。
这项手术协议是根据以前描述的方法, 使用髓内针稳定骨折股骨大鼠和小鼠22,24,25。首先, 通过髁间凹槽插入一个小直径的髓内针, 以建立一个入口点, 并在使用重力依赖性三点的股骨中段上产生横向骨折之前引入导丝。弯曲装置。在成功地产生闭合性股骨骨折后, 将一条直径较大的髓内棒结合在导丝上, 以稳定股骨骨折。这种方法避免了骨折时髓内针角引起的延迟愈合的风险, 因为在骨折后放置杆后, 可以重新定位和优化股骨损伤的稳定性。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Oster Minimax Trimmer</td>
			<td>Animal World Network</td>
			<td>78049-100</td>
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			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
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			<td>0.005&#34; Diameter, 1/16 lb. Spool, 380&#39; Long</td>
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			<td>304 stainless steel, 24G thin walled tubing</td>
			<td>Microgroup Inc</td>
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			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10015-00</td>
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			<td>#10 Scalpel Blades</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10010-00</td>
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			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11002-12</td>
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			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
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			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14058-11</td>
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			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12002-12</td>
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			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>13004-14</td>
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			<td>ACE Surgical Supply Co., Inc.</td>
			<td>08-051-90</td>
			<td>ACE #150 Wire Cutter, tungsten carbide tips</td>
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			<td>3-0 VICRYL Suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon Suture</td>
			<td>J423H</td>
			<td>3-0 VICRYL UNDYED 27&#34; FS-2 CUTTING</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>piXarray 100 Digital Specimen Radiography System</td>
			<td>Bioptics, Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cabinet x-ray system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Einhorn 3-Point Bending Device</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom Built</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the generation of closed femoral fractures in mice: a model to study bone healing

骨骨折给病人带来了巨大的社会经济负担, 除了严重影响他们的生活质量。促进有效骨愈合的治疗策略是不存在和高需求的。为了了解与骨再生相关的复杂生物过程, 需要有效和可再生的骨折愈合动物模型。许多动物模型的骨折愈合已经产生了多年;然而, 小鼠骨折模型最近成为研究骨愈合的有力工具。各种开放和封闭的模型已经开发, 但闭合性股骨骨折模型突出作为一个简单的方法, 以产生快速和重现性的结果, 在生理上相关的方式。该手术方案的目的是在小鼠中产生单边闭合性股骨骨折, 并通过插入髓内钢棒促进股骨骨折后稳定。虽然诸如钉子或螺钉等设备提供了更大的轴向和旋转稳定性, 但使用髓内棒可以为一致愈合结果提供足够的稳定, 而不会产生新的骨组织缺陷或损害附近的软组织。影像学是用来监测愈伤组织的形成, 骨愈合, 并随后重塑骨痂的进展。骨愈合的结果通常与愈合的骨强度和测量的扭转试验。然而, 了解骨折修复相关的早期细胞和分子事件是研究骨组织再生的关键。髓内固定小鼠闭合性股骨骨折模型是研究骨折愈合的一个有吸引力的平台, 并对加速愈合的治疗策略进行评价。

通过影像学检查, 对手术过程的成功实施进行了监测。关键步骤包括插入髓内针, 放置导丝, 在股骨中段诱导横断, 并与髓内杆适当稳定 (图 2Ai - 2Aiv)。在手术后28天内用每周影像影像监测骨折愈伤组织的愈合进展 (图 2B)。10-16 天骨折后, 软骨细胞发生肥厚, 产生矿化软骨, 形成突出的柔软愈伤组织。
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing at JoVE.com

The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing

小鼠闭合性股骨骨折模型是研究骨折愈合的有力平台, 是加速骨再生的新的治疗策略。这项手术的目的是在小鼠中产生单侧闭合性股骨骨折, 用髓内钢棒稳定股骨。

小鼠闭合性股骨骨折的形成: 骨愈合模型的研究

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies ...

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Anatomy and Physiology

Medicine

Unit 1

Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Murine Model of Wound Healing

伤口愈合的小鼠模型

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

科研

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Femoral Bone Marrow Aspiration in Live Mice

股骨骨髓的愿望在活体小鼠

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed ...

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

一个简单的临界尺寸股骨缺损模型小鼠

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all ...

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面神经干切断小鼠：模型，研究运动神经元损伤反应

The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and ...

Establishment of a Segmental Femoral Critical-size Defect Model in Mice Stabilized by Plate Osteosynthesis

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The use of tissue-engineered bone constructs is an appealing strategy to overcome drawbacks of autografts for the treatment of massive bone defects. As a ...

An Intramedullary Locking Nail for Standardized Fixation of Femur Osteotomies to Analyze Normal and Defective Bone Healing in Mice

髓内锁钉股骨截骨标准化固定用于分析正常和有缺陷的骨愈合小鼠

Bone healing models are essential to the development of new therapeutic strategies for clinical fracture treatment. Furthermore, mouse models are becoming ...

Development of a Direct Pulp-capping Model for the Evaluation of Pulpal Wound Healing and Reparative Dentin Formation in Mice

伤口的牙髓评价一个直接盖髓模型的开发和治疗小鼠中修复性牙本质形成

Dental pulp is a vital organ of a tooth fully protected by enamel and dentin. When the pulp is exposed due to cariogenic or iatrogenic injuries, it is ...

In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur

In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur

在体内MRI 对小鼠股骨骨愈合过程中骨折愈伤组织发育的评价

Endochondral fracture healing is a complex process involving the development of fibrous, cartilaginous, and osseous tissue in the fracture callus. The ...

A Minimally Invasive Model to Analyze Endochondral Fracture Healing in Mice Under Standardized Biomechanical Conditions

标准化生物力学条件下小鼠软骨骨折愈合的微创模型分析

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an ...

A Closed-chest Model to Induce Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

诱导小鼠横向主动脉狭窄的闭合胸模型

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to ...