Name: a proximal culture method to study paracrine signaling between cells
Uploaded: 2018-08-28T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Proximal Culture Method to Study Paracrine Signaling Between Cells at JoVE.com

Vi står i gæld til patienter for deres deltagelse i samlingen væv for disse eksperimenter. En DoD OCRP æggestokke kræft Academy Award (W81XWH-15-0253) og en pilot award fra Colleen's Dream Foundation til Anirban K. Mitra støttet denne forskning.

Protokollen følger retningslinjerne i den institutionelle regulering bestyrelsen Indiana University.
1. celle forberedelse
<ol><li>
Isolation og kultur af human primære mesothelial celler
	<ol>
<li>Isoleres menneskelige primære mesothelial celler (HPMCs) fra menneskelige omentum, som tidligere beskrevet17,18 og dyrke dem i komplet vækstmediet [Dulbeccos modificerede Eagle Medium (DMEM) som indeholder 10% føtal b...

<ol>
	<li>Hanahan, D., Coussens, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accessories+to+the+crime:+functions+of+cells+recruited+to+the+tumor+microenvironment.">Accessories to the crime: functions of cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment.</a> Cancer Cell. 21 (3), 309-322 (2012).</li><li>Cupedo, T., Mebius, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+interactions+in+lymph+node+development.">Cellular interactions in lymph node development.</a> The Journal of Immunology. 174 (1), 21-25 (2005).</li><li>Suvas, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+Substance+P+Neuropeptide+in+Inflammation,+Wound+Healing,+and+Tissue+Homeostasis.">Role of Substance P Neuropeptide in Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Tissue Homeostasis.</a> The Journal of Immunology. 199 (5), 1543-1552 (2017).</li><li>Gnecchi, M., Danieli, P., Malpasso, G., Ciuffreda, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paracrine+Mechanisms+of+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cells+in+Tissue+Repair.">Paracrine Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Repair.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. , 123-146 (2016).</li><li>Lionetti, V., Bianchi, G., Recchia, F. A., Ventura, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+autocrine+and+paracrine+myocardial+signals:+an+emerging+therapeutic+strategy+in+heart+failure.">Control of autocrine and paracrine myocardial signals: an emerging therapeutic strategy in heart failure.</a> Heart Failure Reviews. 15 (6), 531-542 (2010).</li><li>Nicosia, R. F., Zorzi, P., Ligresti, G., Morishita, A., Aplin, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paracrine+regulation+of+angiogenesis+by+different+cell+types+in+the+aorta+ring+model.">Paracrine regulation of angiogenesis by different cell types in the aorta ring model.</a> International Journal of Developmental Biology. 55 (4-5), 447-453 (2011).</li><li>Pattabiraman, D. R., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tackling+the+cancer+stem+cells+-+what+challenges+do+they+pose.">Tackling the cancer stem cells - what challenges do they pose.</a> Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 13 (7), 497-512 (2014).</li><li>Plaks, V., Kong, N., Werb, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cancer+stem+cell+niche:+how+essential+is+the+niche+in+regulating+stemness+of+tumor+cells.">The cancer stem cell niche: how essential is the niche in regulating stemness of tumor cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 16 (3), 225-238 (2015).</li><li>Elenbaas, B., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterotypic+signaling+between+epithelial+tumor+cells+and+fibroblasts+in+carcinoma+formation.">Heterotypic signaling between epithelial tumor cells and fibroblasts in carcinoma formation.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 264 (1), 169-184 (2001).</li><li>Wilson, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EGFR+ligands+exhibit+functional+differences+in+models+of+paracrine+and+autocrine+signaling.">EGFR ligands exhibit functional differences in models of paracrine and autocrine signaling.</a> Growth Factors. 30 (2), 107-116 (2012).</li><li>Kopan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling.">Notch signaling.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 4 (10), (2012).</li><li>Singh, A. B., Sugimoto, K., Harris, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Juxtacrine+activation+of+epidermal+growth+factor+(EGF)+receptor+by+membrane-anchored+heparin-binding+EGF-like+growth+factor+protects+epithelial+cells+from+anoikis+while+maintaining+an+epithelial+phenotype.">Juxtacrine activation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor by membrane-anchored heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor protects epithelial cells from anoikis while maintaining an epithelial phenotype.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (45), 32890-32901 (2007).</li><li>Swartz, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+microenvironment+complexity:+emerging+roles+in+cancer+therapy.">Tumor microenvironment complexity: emerging roles in cancer therapy.</a> Cancer Research. 72 (10), 2473-2480 (2012).</li><li>Mitra, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs+reprogram+normal+fibroblasts+into+cancer-associated+fibroblasts+in+ovarian+cancer.">MicroRNAs reprogram normal fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts in ovarian cancer.</a> Cancer Discovery. 2 (12), 1100-1108 (2012).</li><li>Nieman, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipocytes+promote+ovarian+cancer+metastasis+and+provide+energy+for+rapid+tumor+growth.">Adipocytes promote ovarian cancer metastasis and provide energy for rapid tumor growth.</a> Nature Medicine. 17 (11), 1498-1503 (2011).</li><li>Salimian Rizi, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitric+oxide+mediates+metabolic+coupling+of+omentum-derived+adipose+stroma+to+ovarian+and+endometrial+cancer+cells.">Nitric oxide mediates metabolic coupling of omentum-derived adipose stroma to ovarian and endometrial cancer cells.</a> Cancer Research. 75 (2), 456-471 (2015).</li><li>Mitra, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microenvironment-induced+downregulation+of+miR-193b+drives+ovarian+cancer+metastasis.">Microenvironment-induced downregulation of miR-193b drives ovarian cancer metastasis.</a> Oncogene. 34 (48), 5923-5932 (2015).</li><li>Tomar, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ETS1+induction+by+the+microenvironment+promotes+ovarian+cancer+metastasis+through+focal+adhesion+kinase.">ETS1 induction by the microenvironment promotes ovarian cancer metastasis through focal adhesion kinase.</a> Cancer Letters. 414, 190-204 (2018).</li><li>Ovarian Cancer Metastasis: A Unique Mechanism of Dissemination. Tumor Metastasis Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.intechopen.com/books/tumor-metastasis/ovarian-cancer-metastasis-a-unique-mechanism-of-dissemination">https://www.intechopen.com/books/tumor-metastasis/ovarian-cancer-metastasis-a-unique-mechanism-of-dissemination</a> (2016)</li><li>Iwanicki, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ovarian+cancer+spheroids+use+myosin-generated+force+to+clear+the+mesothelium.">Ovarian cancer spheroids use myosin-generated force to clear the mesothelium.</a> Cancer Discovery. 1 (2), 144-157 (2011).</li><li>Kenny, H. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesothelial+cells+promote+early+ovarian+cancer+metastasis+through+fibronectin+secretion.">Mesothelial cells promote early ovarian cancer metastasis through fibronectin secretion.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 124 (10), 4614-4628 (2014).</li><li>Boelens, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosome+transfer+from+stromal+to+breast+cancer+cells+regulates+therapy+resistance+pathways.">Exosome transfer from stromal to breast cancer cells regulates therapy resistance pathways.</a> Cell. 159 (3), 499-513 (2014).</li><li>Kalluri, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biology+and+function+of+exosomes+in+cancer.">The biology and function of exosomes in cancer.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 126 (4), 1208-1215 (2016).</li><li>Kohlhapp, F. J., Mitra, A. K., Lengyel, E., Peter, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs+as+mediators+and+communicators+between+cancer+cells+and+the+tumor+microenvironment.">MicroRNAs as mediators and communicators between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment.</a> Oncogene. 34 (48), 5857-5868 (2015).</li></ol>

Forstå mekanisme af paracrine og juxtacrine signaler mellem celler er afgørende for udviklingen af et bedre kendskab til normale væv homøostase og sygdom betingelser7,8. De fleste paracrine signalering undersøgelser er udført ved at indsamle aircondition medium fra én celletype og bruger det til at behandle anden celletype. Denne metode har en fordel i dens iboende enkelhed. Dog det ikke præcist sammenfatte de lokaliserede koncentrationer af de udskilles ...

Rollen som produktive gensidige interaktioner mellem kræftceller og tumor mikromiljø i tumor progression har været veletablerede og er blevet en større fokus på forskning i kræft biologi1. Lignende forekomster af tovejs signalering er af afgørende betydning under sårheling, immunrespons, angiogenese, stamcelle nicher, og under udvikling2,3,4,5,6 , 7 , 8. et gennemgående tema i alle disse biologiske processer er at celler reagerer på forskellige måder at ekstracellulære stikord fra deres mikromiljø som bestemme celle skæbne, væv fysiologi og sygdomsprogression. Fokus har derfor i stigende grad vendt mod at udvikle en bedre forståelse af de mekanismer, der er involveret i sådan celle-celle kommunikation. Et flertal af sådanne interaktioner indebærer paracrine eller juxtacrine signaler mellem cellerne. Paracrine signalering omfatter sekretion af specifikke signaling faktorer af én celle, som opfattes af tilsvarende receptorer på en anden celle i nærheden, udløser en reaktion i det9,10, mens juxtacrine signalering kræver direkte kontakt mellem cellulære komponenter af to celler involveret11,12.
Sådanne signaler er en afgørende komponent i væv homøostase, samt i tumor mikromiljø. Kræftcellerne drage fordel af paracrine og juxtacrine faktorer fra celler i tumor stroma, herunder kræft-associerede fibroblaster (cafïr), immunceller og adipocytter13,14,15,16. Paracrine signalering kan være medieret af vækstfaktorer, cytokiner, kemokiner, osv., mens juxtacrine signalering omfatter sidestillede ligander og receptorer som Notch signalering, eller interaktioner mellem integriner og deres respektive ekstracellulær matrix proteiner. Vi har demonstreret vigtigheden af gensidige samspil mellem æggestokkene kræftceller og cafïr i tumor progression og metastase14. Ligeledes regulere interaktioner af metastasizing kræft i æggestokkene celler med mesothelial celler som dækker stedet for metastaser centrale MicroRNA og transkriptionsfaktorer i kræftceller, der fremmer metastatisk kolonisering17, 18.
De fleste undersøgelser på paracrine signalering indebærer brug af et konditioneret medium indsamlet fra én celletype til at behandle den anden celletype med. Mens denne tilgang har været meget anvendt, det ikke effektivt replikerer de lokaliserede høj koncentration niveauer af det udskilles faktor i mikromiljø af den modtagende celle. Det også undlader at reproducere kinetik af kontinuerlig strømmen af den udskilles faktor bliver produceret af en celle og modtaget af den nærliggende celle. Paracrine signalering er effektive over korte afstande, som de udskilles faktorer er på de krævede koncentrationer kun omkring kildecellen og tilbøjelige til at diffuse og fortyndes ud som afstanden øges. Denne lokaliserede høje koncentration af de udskilles faktor er afgørende for at udløse en reaktion i receptoren cellen. Svar i de modtagende celler er desuden også afhængig af saldoen for nyligt udskilles faktorer og deres kontinuerlig udtynding gennem nedbrydning, bindende og internalisering i modtagerens celler og diffusion væk fra kildecellen. Konditioneret medium kan koncentreres til konto for højere lokaliserede koncentrationerne i mikromiljø, men der kan ikke præcist replikerer den nøjagtige koncentration. Derudover kan det efterligner den naturlige kinetik af produktion og nedbrydning af den faktor, der er involveret. Mere præcist replikere paracrine signalering og adskille det fra juxtacrine signalering mekanismer, vi har udtænkt en roman proksimale kultur metode, som indebærer vokser to celletyper på enten overfladen af en porøse membran. Porerne er lille nok til at forhindre juxtacrine interaktioner og endnu tillade udveksling af udskilles faktorer på lokaliserede høje koncentrationer. På måde bevarer denne ordning kinetik af produktion og nedbrydning af paracrine faktorer.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>24 mm Transwell permeable support with 0.4 &#181;m Pore Polycarbonate Membrane Insert</td>
			<td>Corning (Costar)</td>
			<td>3412</td>
			<td>&#8226; 10 &#181;m thick translucent polycarbonate membrane 
			&#8226; Treated for optimal cell attachment 
			&#8226; Packaged 6 inserts in a 6 well plate, 4 plates per case 
			&#8226; Membrane must be stained for cell visibility 
			&#8226; Sterilized by gamma radiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well plate</td>
			<td>Corning (Falcon)</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td>Flat Bottom, TC-treated, sterile, with Lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 cm culture dish</td>
			<td>Corning (Falcon)</td>
			<td>353025</td>
			<td>Sterile, TC-treated Cell Culture Dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Corning (Cellgro)</td>
			<td>10-013-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Nonessential amino acids</td>
			<td>Corning (Cellgro)</td>
			<td>25-025-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Vitamins</td>
			<td>Corning (Cellgro)</td>
			<td>25-020-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin, 2.21 mM EDTA</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>25-053-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td>S11150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipets</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any make is fine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any make is fine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biosafety level II cabinet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any make is fine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FN1 TaqMan Gene Expression Assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Hs01549976_m1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TGFB1 TaqMan Gene Expression Assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Hs00998133_m1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CDH1 TaqMan Gene Expression Assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Hs01023895_m1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GAPDH TaqMan Gene Expression Assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Hs99999905_m1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>miRNeasy mini RNA isolation Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>217004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>43-688-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeyA8 ovarian cancer cells</td>
			<td>Obtained from Ernst Lengyel Lab, University of Chicago</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TGF&#946; Neutralizing Antibody</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>MAB1835-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a proximal culture method to study paracrine signaling between cells

Intercellulære interaktioner spiller en vigtig rolle i mange biologiske processer, herunder tumor progression, immunrespons, angiogenese og udvikling. Paracrine eller juxtacrine signalering medierer sådanne interaktioner. Brug af en konditioneret medium og coculture undersøgelser er de mest almindelige metoder til at skelne mellem disse to typer af interaktioner. Men effekten af lokaliserede høje koncentrationer af udskilles faktorer i mikromiljø under paracrine interaktioner er ikke præcist sammenfattet af konditioneret medium, og således kan føre til upræcise konklusioner. For at løse dette problem, har vi udtænkt en proksimal kultur metode for at studere paracrine signalering. To celletyper er vokset på enten overfladen af en 10 µm tykt polycarbonat membran med 0,4 µm porer. Porerne giver mulighed for udveksling af udskilles faktorer og på samme tid, hæmme juxtacrine signalering. Cellerne kan indsamles og mængden på slutpunkt til at bestemme virkningen af paracrine signalering. Ud over mulighed for lokaliserede koncentration forløb af udskilles faktorer, er denne metode åbne over for eksperimenter, der involverer længere perioder af kultur, samt brug af hæmmere. Mens vi bruger denne metode til at studere samspillet mellem kræft i æggestokkene celler og de mesothelial celler, de støder på i stedet for metastase, kan det tilpasses til enhver to vedhængende celletyper for forskere til at studere paracrine signalering i forskellige felter, herunder tumor mikromiljø, immunologi og udvikling.

Metastasizing ovarie cancerceller støder mesothelial celler i stedet for metastaser i bughulen19. Produktive paracrine og juxtacrine interaktion med mesothelial celler hjælp i inducerende adaptive responser i de celler, kræft i æggestokkene, som aktiverer vellykket metastase17,18,20,21 . For at teste effektiviteten af metoden proksima...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Proximal Culture Method to Study Paracrine Signaling Between Cells at JoVE.com

A Proximal Culture Method to Study Paracrine Signaling Between Cells

Paracrine og juxtacrine cellulær interaktioner spiller en vigtig rolle i mange biologiske processer, herunder tumor progression, immunrespons, angiogenese og udvikling. Her, er en proksimal kultur metode brugt til at studere paracrine signalering hvor de lokaliserede koncentrationer af de faktorer, der udskilles vedligeholdes samtidig forhindre direkte cellulære kontakt.

En proksimal kultur metode til at studere Paracrine signaler mellem celler

Intercellular interactions play an important role in many biological processes, including tumor progression, immune responses, angiogenesis, and ...

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