Name: quantification of hypopigmentation activity in vitro
Uploaded: 2019-03-06T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Hypopigmentation Activity In Vitro at JoVE.com

Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Instituto de Coreia de planejamento e avaliação de tecnologia em alimentos, agricultura e silvicultura (IPET) através do programa de desenvolvimento de tecnologia agro-Bioindustry, financiado pelo Ministério da agricultura, alimentação e Assuntos rurais (MAFRA ) (116159-02-2-WT011) e escola de Ciências da vida e biotecnologia para BK21 PLUS, Universidade de Coreia.

1. preparação de reagentes, compostos e médio
<ol><li>Prepare B16F10 meio completo de crescimento. Suplemento Dulbecco modificado médio da águia (DMEM) com 10% de soro fetal bovino (FBS) e 1% penicilina/estreptomicina (PEST).<ol>
<li>Para fazer 500 mL de meio completo, misture 445 mL do meio da águia modificados de Dulbecco (DMEM) com 50 mL de FBS e 5 mL de pragas em um frasco de vidro esterilizado de 1 L. Após a mistura suavemente, filtrar o meio através de um filtro de garrafa-top 0,2 µm para um novo frasco ...

<ol>
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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+inhibitions+of+lemon+balm+(Melissa+officinalis)+ethanolic+extract+on+melanogenesis+in+B16-F1+murine+melanocytes:+inhibition+of+tyrosinase+activity+and+its+gene+expression.">Dual inhibitions of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) ethanolic extract on melanogenesis in B16-F1 murine melanocytes: inhibition of tyrosinase activity and its gene expression.</a> Food Science and Biotechnology. 20 (4), 1051-1059 (2011).</li><li>Jun, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=p-Coumaric+acid+inhibition+of+CREB+phosphorylation+reduces+cellular+melanogenesis.">p-Coumaric acid inhibition of CREB phosphorylation reduces cellular melanogenesis.</a> European Food Research and Technology. 235 (6), 1207-1211 (2012).</li><li>Jun, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+inhibition+of+&#947;-oryzanol+on+cellular+melanogenesis:+inhibition+of+tyrosinase+activity+and+reduction+of+melanogenic+gene+expression+by+a+protein+kinase+a-dependent+mechanism.">Dual inhibition of &#947;-oryzanol on cellular melanogenesis: inhibition of tyrosinase activity and reduction of melanogenic gene expression by a protein kinase a-dependent mechanism.</a> Journal of Natural Products. 75 (10), 1706-1711 (2012).</li><li>Choi, Y. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+the+isoflavone+puerarin+and+its+glycosides+on+melanogenesis+in+B16+melanocytes.">Effects of the isoflavone puerarin and its glycosides on melanogenesis in B16 melanocytes.</a> European Food Research and Technology. 231 (1), 75-83 (2010).</li><li>Cho, B. R., Jun, H. J., Thach, T. T., Wu, C., Lee, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Betaine+reduces+cellular+melanin+content+via+suppression+of+microphthalmia-associated+transcription+factor+in+B16-F1+murine+melanocytes.">Betaine reduces cellular melanin content via suppression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in B16-F1 murine melanocytes.</a> Food Science and Biotechnology. 26 (5), 1391-1397 (2017).</li><li>Overwijk, W. W., Restifo, N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=B16+as+a+mouse+model+for+human+melanoma.">B16 as a mouse model for human melanoma.</a> Current Protocols in Immunology. , (2001).</li><li>Virador, V. M., Kobayashi, N., Matsunaga, J., Hearing, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+standardized+protocol+for+assessing+regulators+of+pigmentation.">A standardized protocol for assessing regulators of pigmentation.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 270 (2), 207-219 (1999).</li><li>D'Mello, S. A. N., Finlay, G. J., Baguley, B. C., Askarian-Amiri, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+pathways+in+melanogenesis.">Signaling pathways in melanogenesis.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 17 (7), 1144 (2016).</li><li>Hou, L., Panthier, J. J., Arnheiter, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+and+transcriptional+regulation+in+the+neural+crest-derived+melanocyte+lineage:+interactions+between+KIT+and+MITF.">Signaling and transcriptional regulation in the neural crest-derived melanocyte lineage: interactions between KIT and MITF.</a> Development. 127 (24), 5379-5389 (2000).</li><li>Hedley, S. J., Gawkrodger, D. J., Weetman, A. 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Apresentamos os protocolos para avaliar a atividade de hipopigmentação de compostos de teste usando melanócitos cultivados. Os resultados representativos mostraram o efeito de hipopigmentação de arbutin, um inibidor da tirosinase que inibiu o conteúdo de melanina de celular e atividade de tirosinase. Estes métodos são amplamente utilizados na investigação de actividade antifato. Usando estes ensaios, nós identificamos também com êxito vários compostos bioativos que possuem efeitos inibitórios melanogênese...

A melanina desempenha um papel crítico na fisiologia, patologia e toxicologia de vários órgãos, incluindo a pele, olhos e cérebro1. As principais funções de melanina são efeitos foto-triagem e bioquímicos. A melanina absorve a luz infravermelha e visível, bem como a radiação ultravioleta (UV), com taxas de aumento de absorção em comprimentos de onda mais curtos de luz; assim, a melanina protege tecidos dos danos causados pela luz visível ou UV radiação2. A melanina é um antioxidante e tem uma afinidade com metais e outros produtos químicos tóxicos; Portanto, pode proteger os tecidos de estresse oxidativo e químicas3. No entanto, a produção excessiva de melanina provoca problemas dermatológicos.
A quantidade e a qualidade de melanina na pele e íris são os mais importantes determinantes da cor da íris e da pele. Os indivíduos podem ter preferências de cor de pele diferente; alguns favorecem uma pele bronzeada, enquanto outros favorecem a cores de pele mais claras. Dependendo desses perfis de consumidor, hipopigmentação cosméticos foram desenvolvidos para satisfazer cada um dos mercados para pele favorecido cores4. Da mesma forma, estudos de atividade hipopigmentação e antifato são importantes, tanto cientificamente como na prática.
Melanogênese é o processo complexo de biossíntese de melanina através de uma série de reações químicas enzimáticas e espontâneas em melanócitos. Um melanócito é cercado por aproximadamente 36 queratinócitos e melanócitos são as fábricas de síntese de melanina que distribuem seus produtos para os queratinócitos vizinhos. Na pele, a melanina produzida e armazenada no compartimento de partir dos melanócitos é transportada para queratinócitos vizinhos nos epiderme através de dendritos.
L-tirosina serve como substrato inicial para a melanogênese e a tirosinase enzima catalisa duas reações consecutivas que convertem a L-tirosina em 3,4-dihidroxifenilalanina (DOPA) e depois em dopaquinone. Estas reações são o passo limitante na melanogênese5,6. Por conseguinte, hipopigmentação atividade primeiro pode ser medida avaliando a atividade de tirosinase celular diretamente. Para fazer isso, melanócito extratos contendo tirosinase são incubados com DOPA e o dopaquinone produzido nas amostras pode ser medido por espectrofotometria em 475 nm. Os valores são normalizados pelas concentrações de proteína das amostras e substâncias com resultado de atividade hipopigmentação em menos formação de dopaquinone em comparação com controles.
Em segundo lugar, atividade hipopigmentação pode ser quantificada através da medição de melanina nos melanócitos cultivados diretamente. Após tratamento de células com o material de teste, a melanina é extraída sob condições alcalinas e o conteúdo de melanina é quantificado por espectrofotometria em 400 nm. Um agente de hipopigmentação resultará em um menor conteúdo de melanina que os controles7.
Finalmente, a atividade de hipopigmentação pode ser quantificada pela coloração de Fontana-Masson melanina e análise de imagens subsequentes. Na coloração de Fontana-Masson, grânulos de melanina reduzem nitrato de amônia-prata para um estado visível de preto metálico e as áreas pretas de células em imagens microscópicas representam a quantidade de melanina.
Um agente de hipopigmentação geralmente dá resultados consistentes e comparáveis com estes três métodos, que confirma que a atividade da substância é válida. Alternativamente, pode ser útil medir a expressão de genes-chave e proteínas na melanogênese em resposta a uma substância de teste para examinar a atividade hipopigmentação. Além de tirosinase, proteínas relacionadas a tirosinase (TRP-1) e dopachrome dopachrome (TRP-2) são enzimas essenciais na melanogênese8. O fator de transcrição microphthalmia-associado do fator de transcrição (MITF) é um mestre regulador na melanogênese e quantificação dos seus níveis de expressão de gene/proteína ou um ensaio de atividade do promotor também pode ser usado para avaliar a atividade de hipopigmentação.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3,4-Dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D9628</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium hydroxide solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>#320145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arbutin</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>#10960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30243.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30084.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formalin</td>
			<td>Yakuri Pure Chemicals</td>
			<td>#16223</td>
			<td>37%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold chloride</td>
			<td>American MasterTech</td>
			<td>AHG0226</td>
			<td>0.10%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Samchun chemical</td>
			<td>H0255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Bio basic Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>PB0440</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>#60218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>J.T.Baker</td>
			<td>#3817-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Duksan pure chemicals</td>
			<td>#81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>655104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclear fast red</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>100121</td>
			<td>Nuclear fast red 0.1% in 5% aluminum sulfate.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin and streptomycin solution</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SV30010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver nitrate</td>
			<td>Duksan Pure Chemicals</td>
			<td>#900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic (Na2HPO4)</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>#3817-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate monobasic (Na2HPO4)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S5011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate</td>
			<td>Duksan Pure Chemicals</td>
			<td>#2163</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Canada</td>
			<td>TB0196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Union Carbide</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tyrosinase from mushroom</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T3824</td>
			<td>25 KU</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of hypopigmentation activity in vitro

Este estudo apresenta métodos de laboratório para a quantificação de hipopigmentação atividade in vitro. Melanina, o pigmento principal em melanócitos, é sintetizada em resposta a múltiplos fatores celulares e ambientais. A melanina protege as células da pele de dano ultravioleta, mas também tem funções biofísicas e bioquímicas. Produção excessiva ou acúmulo de melanina nos melanócitos pode causar problemas dermatológicos, como sardas, manchas, melasma e moles. Portanto, o controle da melanogênese com hipopigmentação agentes é importante em indivíduos com necessidades clínicas ou cosméticos. Melanina é sintetizada principalmente nas melanossomas dos melanócitos em um complexo processo bioquímico chamado melanogênese, que é influenciado por extrínsecos e fatores intrínsecos, como hormônios, inflamação, idade e exposição à luz ultravioleta. Nós descrevemos três métodos para determinar a atividade de hipopigmentação de produtos químicos ou substâncias naturais em melanócitos: medição da atividade de tirosinase 1) celular e conteúdo de melanina 2) e 3) coloração e quantificação celular melanina com imagem análise.
Na melanogênese, tirosinase catalisa a etapa limitante que converte a L-tirosina em 3,4-dihidroxifenilalanina (l-dopa) e depois em dopaquinone. Portanto, a inibição da tirosinase é um mecanismo primário hipopigmentação. Em melanócitos cultivados, atividade de tirosinase pode ser quantificada pela adição de l-dopa como substrato e produção de dopaquinone de medição por espectrofotometria. Melanogênese também pode ser medido através da quantificação do conteúdo de melanina. A fração celular contendo melanina é extraída com NaOH e melanina é quantificada espectrofotometricamente. Finalmente, o conteúdo de melanina pode ser quantificado por análise de imagem após coloração de Fontana-Masson de melanina. Embora os resultados desses ensaios in vitro não podem sempre ser reproduzidos na pele humana, estes métodos são amplamente utilizados na pesquisa da melanogênese, especialmente como o passo inicial para identificar potenciais hipopigmentação atividade. Esses métodos também podem ser usados para avaliar a atividade dos melanócitos, crescimento e diferenciação. Resultados consistentes com os três diferentes métodos garantir a validade dos efeitos.

Resultados representativos para a atividade de hipopigmentação de arbutin, um antifato composto, em B16F10 melanócitos são mostrados abaixo. A figura 1A mostra que o arbutin suprimida significativamente a atividade de tirosinase celular comparada com o controle do veículo-tratados. Da mesma forma, o conteúdo de melanina de células estimuladas com arbutin foi significativamente reduzido em comparação com os controles (figura 1B</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Hypopigmentation Activity In Vitro at JoVE.com

Quantification of Hypopigmentation Activity In Vitro

Nós descrevemos três métodos experimentais para avaliar a atividade de hipopigmentação de produtos químicos em vitro: quantificação do conteúdo de atividade e 2) melanina tirosinase 1) celular e 3) medição de melanina por celular melanina mancha e análise de imagem.

Quantificação de hipopigmentação atividade In Vitro

This study presents laboratory methods for the quantification of hypopigmentation activity in vitro. Melanin, the major pigment in melanocytes, is ...

Este método pode ser útil no desenvolvimento de cosméticos funcionais e agente de pele com atividades anti-melanógenas. Está lá para realizar e o resultado pode ser obtido rapidamente. Além disso, esse método pode ser útil para pesquisadores, que querem identificar ou investigar os efeitos ou os compostos ou investigar as atividades anti-melanoma ou promelanogênicas.Para medir a atividade tyrosinase comece semeando Melanicidas B16-F10 a cinco vezes 10 para as quatro células por poço de uma concentração de placa de 24 poços em meio completo por 24 horas em uma incubadora de cultura celular. No dia seguinte, substitua o supernaente em cada poço por DMEM complementado com composto de teste recém-preparado e controle inibidor ou um controle negativo e devolva a placa à incubadora por mais 72 horas. No final do tratamento enxágue os poços duas vezes com 300 microliters de pbs frios por poço e coloque a placa no gelo.Em seguida, adicione 300 microliters de tampão de lise a cada poço usando um raspador de células para coletar os lises celulares após cinco minutos. Transfira as suspensões de partículas celulares resultantes para tubos individuais de microcentrífugo de 1,5 mililitro. E homogeneize os lises três vezes por dois segundos a 14,500 rpm no gelo para liberar o Tyrosinase intercelular.Pellule os detritos celulares por centrifugação e transfira os supernantes para tubos individuais de centrífugas de 1,5 mililitro no gelo. Aloque 70 microlitros de cada supernaente para poços individuais de uma micro placa de poliestireno clara de 96 poços e adicione 140 microlitros de solução de substrato de Tyrosinase a cada poço de supernascer. Agitando a placa suavemente para misturar o conteúdo do poço.Em seguida, incubar a placa a 37 graus celsius por duas horas. E meça a atividade tyrosinase em 475 nanômetros em um leitor de microplato. Para medir o teor de melanina das células após a coleta do lysate das células tratadas como demonstrado.Colete os lises por centrifugação e transfira os supernantes para novos tubos. Adicione 300 microliters de um hidróxido de sódio normal a cada pelota para uma incubação de uma hora a 60 graus Celsius. Seguido pela centrifugação das suspensões de células dissolvidas.Em seguida, transfira 200 microliters dos supernantes para cada poço de uma placa de 96 poços. E meça o conteúdo da melanina em um leitor de microplaca a um comprimento de onda de 400 nanômetros. Para fontana-masson Staining, lave as células tratadas duas vezes com 300 microliters de pbs frios e fixe as células com 200 microliters de 10% formalina por uma hora a quatro graus Celsius.Enxágüe as células grossas com água destilada e adicione 200 microlitros de 58 a 68 graus celsius solução de trabalho de prata ammoniacal para cada poço. Para uma hora de incubação a 37 graus Celsius ou até que as células se tornem amarelas-marrons na cor. Enxágüe as células manchadas com água destilada seguida de incubação de dois minutos em cloreto de ouro de 0,1% à temperatura ambiente.Enxágüe as células tratadas com cloreto de ouro com água destilada e adicione 200 microliters de solução de tiossulfato de sódio às células. Depois de dois minutos enxágue as células novamente. E rotular as células com 200 microliters de vermelho nuclear rápido por poço por cinco minutos.Em seguida, lave as células manchadas com água da torneira antes de imaginar sob um microscópio leve. Para análise de limiar, abra as imagens na imagem J e selecione imagem, ajuste e Limite de cores. Para medir a área manchada com Fontana Masson, ajuste a barra do parâmetro de brilho a zero e ajuste o brilho ao ponto em que todas as células manchadas pretas ou marrons estão incluídas.Selecione Analisar e analisar partículas e verificar a caixa de resumo na janela Analisar partículas e clique bem para obter um resumo dos resultados e copie e cole os dados em uma planilha. O tratamento com arbutina suprime significativamente a atividade de Tyrosinase celular em comparação com as células tratadas com veículos de controle. Da mesma forma, o teor de melanina das células estimuladas com Arbutin é significativamente reduzido em comparação com os controles.Embora as células sejam morfologicamente semelhantes entre os grupos de tratamento, a arbutina diminui a área do pigmento negro em comparação com as células tratadas de controle. Este método é útil para a triagem de atividades usando nossa biblioteca composta. Há mais de centenas de amostras para serem testadas rapidamente.Além disso, este método também pode ser usado para investigar o mecanismo que envolve a melanogênese. Após a identificação dos compostos de candidatos bioativos, para seu testemunho do estudo de mecanismos biológicos ou aplicações comerciais.

quantification-of-hypopigmentation-activity-in-vitro

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Detection of the pH-dependent Activity of Escherichia coli Chaperone HdeB In Vitro and In Vivo

Bacteria are frequently exposed to environmental changes, such as alterations in pH, temperature, redox status, light exposure or mechanical force. Many of these conditions cause protein unfolding in the cell and have detrimental impact on the survival of the organism. A group of unrelated, stress-specific molecular chaperones have been shown to play essential roles in the survival of these stress conditions. While fully folded and chaperone-inactive before stress, these proteins rapidly unfold and become chaperone-active under specific stress conditions. Once activated, these conditionally disordered chaperones bind to a large number of different aggregation-prone proteins, prevent their aggregation and either directly or indirectly facilitate protein refolding upon return to non-stress conditions. The primary approach for gaining a more detailed understanding about the mechanism of their activation and client recognition involves the purification and subsequent characterization of these proteins using in vitro chaperone assays. Follow-up in vivo stress assays are absolutely essential to independently confirm the obtained in vitro results.
This protocol describes in vitro and in vivo methods to characterize the chaperone activity of E. coli HdeB, an acid-activated chaperone. Light scattering measurements were used as a convenient read-out for HdeB&#39;s capacity to prevent acid-induced aggregation of an established model client protein, MDH, in vitro. Analytical ultracentrifugation experiments were applied to reveal complex formation between HdeB and its client protein LDH, to shed light into the fate of client proteins upon their return to non-stress conditions. Enzymatic activity assays of the client proteins were conducted to monitor the effects of HdeB on pH-induced client inactivation and reactivation. Finally, survival studies were used to monitor the influence of HdeB&#39;s chaperone function in vivo.

Detection of the pH-dependent Activity of Escherichia coli Chaperone HdeB In Vitro and In Vivo

This study describes biophysical, biochemical and molecular techniques to characterize the chaperone activity of Escherichia coli HdeB under acidic pH conditions. These methods have been successfully applied for other acid-protective chaperones such as HdeA and can be modified to work for other chaperones and stress conditions.

Detecção da actividade de dependente do pH<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em&gt; Chaperone HdeB<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; e<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Bacteria are frequently exposed to environmental changes, such as alterations in pH, temperature, redox status, light exposure or mechanical force. Many ...

Bioquímica

Quantification of the Abundance and Charging Levels of Transfer RNAs in Escherichia coli

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an essential part of the translational machinery in any organism. tRNAs bind and transfer amino acids to the translating ribosome. The relative levels of different tRNAs, and the ratio of aminoacylated tRNA to total tRNA, known as the charging level, are important factors in determining the accuracy and speed of translation. Therefore, the abundance and charging levels of tRNAs are important variables to measure when studying protein synthesis, for example under various stress conditions. Here, we describe a method for harvesting tRNA and directly measuring both the relative abundance and the absolute charging level of specific tRNA species in Escherichia coli. The tRNA is harvested in such a way that the labile bond between the tRNA and its amino acid is preserved. The RNA is then subjected to gel electrophoresis and Northern blotting, which results in separation of the charged and uncharged tRNAs. The levels of specific tRNAs in different samples can be compared due to the addition of spike-in cells for normalization. Prior to RNA purification, we add 5% of E. coli cells that overproduce the rare tRNAselC to each sample. The amount of the tRNA species of interest in a sample is then normalized to the amount of tRNAselC in the same sample. Addition of spike-in cells prior to RNA purification has the advantage over addition of purified spike-in RNAs that it also accounts for any differences in cell lysis efficiency between samples.

Quantification of the Abundance and Charging Levels of Transfer RNAs in Escherichia coli

Here we present a method for directly measuring transfer RNA charging levels from purified Escherichia coli RNA as well as a way to compare relative levels of transfer RNA, or any other short RNA, across different samples based on the addition of spike-in cells expressing a reference gene.

Quantificação de abundância e carregamento níveis de RNAs de transferência em Escherichia coli

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an essential part of the translational machinery in any organism. tRNAs bind and transfer amino acids to the translating ribosome. ...

Mapping Metabolism: Monitoring Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Directly in Tissue

Mapping enzymatic activity in space and time is critical for understanding the molecular basis of cell behavior in normal tissue and disease. In situ metabolic activity assays can provide information about the spatial distribution of metabolic activity within a tissue. We provide here a detailed protocol for monitoring the activity of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase directly in tissue samples. Lactate dehydrogenase is an important determinant of whether consumed glucose will be converted to energy via aerobic or anaerobic glycolysis. A solution containing lactate and NAD is provided to a frozen tissue section. Cells with high lactate dehydrogenase activity will convert the provided lactate to pyruvate, while simultaneously converting provided nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to NADH and a proton, which can be detected based on the reduction of nitrotetrazolium blue to formazan, which is visualized as a blue precipitate. We describe a detailed protocol for monitoring lactate dehydrogenase activity in mouse skin. Applying this protocol, we found that lactate dehydrogenase activity is high in the quiescent hair follicle stem cells within the skin. Applying the protocol to cultured mouse embryonic stem cells revealed higher staining in cultured embryonic stem cells than mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Analysis of freshly isolated mouse aorta revealed staining in smooth muscle cells perpendicular to the aorta. The methodology provided can be used to spatially map the activity of enzymes that generate a proton in frozen or fresh tissue.

We describe a protocol for mapping the spatial distribution of enzymatic activity for enzymes that generate nicotinatmide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) + H+ directly in tissue samples.

Metabolismo de mapeamento: Monitorar a atividade de lactato desidrogenase diretamente no tecido

Mapping enzymatic activity in space and time is critical for understanding the molecular basis of cell behavior in normal tissue and disease. In situ ...

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

N6-isopentenyladenosine RNA modifications are functionally diverse and highly conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One of the most highly conserved N6-isopentenyladenosine modifications occurs at the A37 position in a subset of tRNAs. This modification improves translation efficiency and fidelity by increasing the affinity of the tRNA for the ribosome. Mutation of enzymes responsible for this modification in eukaryotes are associated with several disease states, including mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer. Therefore, understanding the substrate specificity and biochemical activities of these enzymes is important for understanding of normal and pathologic eukaryotic biology. A diverse array of methods has been employed to characterize i6A modifications. Herein is described a direct approach for the detection of isopentenylation by Mod5. This method utilizes incubation of RNAs with a recombinant isopentenyl transferase, followed by RNase T1 digestion, and 1-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis to detect i6A modifications. In addition, the potential adaptability of this protocol to characterize other RNA-modifying enzymes is discussed.

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

Here, we describe a protocol for the biochemical characterization of the yeast RNA-modifying enzyme, Mod5, and discuss how this protocol could be applied to other RNA-modifying enzymes.

Um ensaio In Vitro para detectar a atividade de Transferase de tRNA-isopentenilo

N6-isopentenyladenosine RNA modifications are functionally diverse and highly conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One of the most highly conserved ...

Calibration-free In Vitro Quantification of Protein Homo-oligomerization Using Commercial Instrumentation and Free, Open Source Brightness Analysis Software

Number and brightness is a calibration-free fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) technique for detecting protein homo-oligomerization. It can be employed using a conventional confocal microscope equipped with digital detectors. A protocol for the use of the technique in vitro is shown by means of a use case where number and brightness can be seen to accurately quantify the oligomeric state of mVenus-labelled FKBP12F36V before and after the addition of the dimerizing drug AP20187. The importance of using the correct microscope acquisition parameters and the correct data preprocessing and analysis methods are discussed. In particular, the importance of the choice of photobleaching correction is stressed. This inexpensive method can be employed to study protein-protein interactions in many biological contexts.

Calibration-free In Vitro Quantification of Protein Homo-oligomerization Using Commercial Instrumentation and Free, Open Source Brightness Analysis Software

This protocol describes a calibration-free approach for quantifying protein homo-oligomerization in vitro based on fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy using commercial light scanning microscopy. The correct acquisition settings and analysis methods are shown.

Livre de calibração em Vitro quantificação da proteína Homo-oligomerização usando instrumentação comercial e livre, Open Source Software de análise de brilho

Number and brightness is a calibration-free fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) technique for detecting protein homo-oligomerization. It can be ...

A Colorimetric Assay of Citrate Synthase Activity in Drosophila Melanogaster

Mitochondria play the most prominent roles in cellular metabolism by producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and regulating a variety of physiological processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary cause of a number of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Intact mitochondria are critical for their proper functioning. The enzyme citrate synthase is localized in the mitochondrial matrix and thus can be used as a quantitative enzyme marker of intact mitochondrial mass. Given that many molecules and pathways that have important functions in mitochondria are highly conserved between humans and Drosophila, and that an array of powerful genetic tools are available in Drosophila, Drosophila serves as a good model system for studying mitochondrial function. Here, we present a protocol for fast and simple measurement of citrate synthase activity in tissue homogenate from adult flies without isolating mitochondria. This protocol is also suitable for measuring citrate synthase activity in larvae, cultured cells, and mammalian tissues.

A Colorimetric Assay of Citrate Synthase Activity in Drosophila Melanogaster

We present a protocol for a colorimetric assay of citrate synthase activity for quantification of intact mitochondrial mass in Drosophila tissue homogenates.

Um ensaio colorimétrico da atividade de sinteta de citrato em Drosophila Melanogaster

Mitochondria play the most prominent roles in cellular metabolism by producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and regulating a variety of ...

Synthesis of a Deuterated Standard for the Quantification of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Caenorhabditis elegans

This work presents a method to prepare an analytical standard to analyze 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) qualitatively and quantitatively by liquid chromatography-electrospray Ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Endocannabinoids are conserved lipid mediators that regulate multiple biological processes in a variety of organisms. In C. elegans, 2-AG has been found to possess different roles, including modulation of dauer formation and cholesterol metabolism. This report describes a method to overcome the difficulties associated with the costs and stability of deuterated standards required for 2-AG quantification. The procedure for the synthesis of the standard is simple and can be performed in any laboratory, without the need for organic synthesis expertise or special equipment. In addition, a modification of Folch&#39;s method to extract the deuterated standard from C. elegans culture is described. Finally, a quantitative and analytic method to detect 2-AG using the stable isotopically labeled analog 1-AG-d5 is described, which provides reliable results in a fast-chromatographic run. The procedure is useful for studying the multiple roles of 2-AG in C. elegans while also being applicable to other studies of metabolites in different organisms.

Synthesis of a Deuterated Standard for the Quantification of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Caenorhabditis elegans

This work describes a robust and straightforward method to detect and quantify the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in C. elegans. An analytical deuterated standard us prepared and used for the quantification of 2-AG by isotopic dilution and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS).

Síntese de um padrão Deuterated para a quantificação de 2-Arachidonoylglycerol em elegans do Caenorhabditis

This work presents a method to prepare an analytical standard to analyze 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) qualitatively and quantitatively by liquid ...

Quantification of Protein Interaction Network Dynamics using Multiplexed Co-Immunoprecipitation

Dynamic protein-protein interactions control cellular behavior, from motility to DNA replication to signal transduction. However, monitoring dynamic interactions among multiple proteins in a protein interaction network is technically difficult. Here, we present a protocol for Quantitative Multiplex Immunoprecipitation (QMI), which allows quantitative assessment of fold changes in protein interactions based on relative fluorescence measurements of Proteins in Shared Complexes detected by Exposed Surface epitopes (PiSCES). In QMI, protein complexes from cell lysates are immunoprecipitated onto microspheres, and then probed with a labeled antibody for a different protein in order to quantify the abundance of PiSCES. Immunoprecipitation antibodies are conjugated to different MagBead spectral regions, which allows a flow cytometer to differentiate multiple parallel immunoprecipitations and simultaneously quantify the amount of probe antibody associated with each. QMI does not require genetic tagging and can be performed using minimal biomaterial compared to other immunoprecipitation methods. QMI can be adapted for any defined group of interacting proteins, and has thus far been used to characterize signaling networks in T cells and neuronal glutamate synapses. Results have led to new hypothesis generation with potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This protocol includes instructions to perform QMI, from the initial antibody panel selection through to running assays and analyzing data. The initial assembly of a QMI assay involves screening antibodies to generate a panel, and empirically determining an appropriate lysis buffer. The subsequent reagent preparation includes covalently coupling immunoprecipitation antibodies to MagBeads, and biotinylating probe antibodies so they can be labeled by a streptavidin-conjugated fluorophore. To run the assay, lysate is mixed with MagBeads overnight, and then beads are divided and incubated with different probe antibodies, and then a fluorophore label, and read by flow cytometry. Two statistical tests are performed to identify PiSCES that differ significantly between experimental conditions, and results are visualized using heatmaps or node-edge diagrams.

Quantitative Multiplex Immunoprecipitation (QMI) uses flow cytometry for sensitive detection of differences in the abundance of targeted protein-protein interactions between two samples. QMI can be performed using a small amount of biomaterial, does not require genetically engineered tags, and can be adapted for any previously defined protein interaction network.

Quantificação da dinâmica da rede de interação de proteínas usando co-imunoprecipitação multiplexada

Dynamic protein-protein interactions control cellular behavior, from motility to DNA replication to signal transduction. However, monitoring dynamic ...

Quantification of Coenzyme A in Cells and Tissues

Emerging research has revealed that the cellular coenzyme A (CoA) supply can become limiting with a detrimental impact on growth, metabolism and survival. Measurement of cellular CoA is a challenge due to its relatively low abundance and the dynamic conversion of free CoA to CoA thioesters that, in turn, participate in numerous metabolic reactions. A method is described that navigates through potential pitfalls during sample preparation to yield an assay with a broad linear range of detection that is suitable for use in many biomedical laboratories.

This method describes sample preparation from cultured cells and animal tissues, extraction and derivatization of coenzyme A in the samples, followed by high pressure liquid chromatography for purification and quantification of the derivatized coenzyme A by absorbance or fluorescence detection.

Quantificação da coenzima A em células e tecidos

Emerging research has revealed that the cellular coenzyme A (CoA) supply can become limiting with a detrimental impact on growth, metabolism and survival. ...

Quantificação de alto rendimento da síntese e distribuição de mtDNA

High-Throughput Image-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis and Distribution

The vast majority of cellular processes require a continuous supply of energy, the most common carrier of which is the ATP molecule. Eukaryotic cells produce most of their ATP in the mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria are unique organelles because they have their own genome that is replicated and passed on to the next generation of cells. In contrast to the nuclear genome, there are multiple copies of the mitochondrial genome in the cell. The detailed study of the mechanisms responsible for the replication, repair, and maintenance of the mitochondrial genome is essential for understanding the proper functioning of mitochondria and whole cells under both normal and disease conditions. Here, a method that allows the high-throughput quantification of the synthesis and distribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in human cells cultured in vitro is presented. This approach is based on the immunofluorescence detection of actively synthesized DNA molecules labeled by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and the concurrent detection of all the mtDNA molecules with anti-DNA antibodies. Additionally, the mitochondria are visualized with specific dyes or antibodies. The culturing of cells in a multi-well format and the utilization of an automated fluorescence microscope make it easier to study the dynamics of mtDNA and the morphology of mitochondria under a variety of experimental conditions in a relatively short time.

Autor em destaque: Quantificação baseada em imagem de alto rendimento da síntese e distribuição do DNA mitocondrial  

A procedure for studying the dynamics of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) metabolism in cells using a multi-well plate format and automated immunofluorescence imaging to detect and quantify mtDNA synthesis and distribution is described. This can be further used to investigate the effects of various inhibitors, cellular stresses, and gene silencing on mtDNA metabolism.

Quantificação baseada em imagens de alto rendimento da síntese e distribuição do DNA mitocondrial

The vast majority of cellular processes require a continuous supply of energy, the most common carrier of which is the ATP molecule. Eukaryotic cells ...