Name: producing gene deletions in escherichia coli by p1 transduction with excisable antibiotic resistance cassettes
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Se obtuvieron cepas de colección de Keio del proyecto nacional de BioResource (NIG, Japón): e. coli. Agradecemos a Dirk Linke (Departamento de ciencias biológicas, Universidad de Oslo) por su continuo apoyo. Este trabajo fue financiado por el Consejo de investigación de Noruega joven investigador subsidio 249793 (Jack C. Leo).

1. las cepas y plásmidos
<ol><li>
Cepas bacterianas
	<ol>
<li>Uso de la e. coli cepas BW251135, JW4179 (BW25113 tamA::kan)7, BL21(DE3)20y BL21ΔABCF21. Para más información ver la Tabla de materiales .</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Bacteriófagos
	<ol>
<li>Utilice el fago P1vir para la transducción general. Almacenar el phage como un líquido con una...

<ol>
	<li>Blount, Z. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+unexhausted+potential+of+E.+coli.">The unexhausted potential of E. coli.</a> eLife. 4, e05826 (2015).</li><li>Hamilton, C. M., Aldea, M., Washburn, B. K., Babitzke, P., Kushner, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+method+for+generating+deletions+and+gene+replacements+in+Escherichia+coli.">New method for generating deletions and gene replacements in Escherichia coli.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 171 (9), 4617-4622 (1989).</li><li>Link, A. J., Phillips, D., Church, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+generating+precise+deletions+and+insertions+in+the+genome+of+wild-type+Escherichia+coli:+application+to+open+reading+frame+characterization.">Methods for generating precise deletions and insertions in the genome of wild-type Escherichia coli: application to open reading frame characterization.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 179 (20), 6228-6237 (1997).</li><li>Sawitzke, J. A., Thomason, L. C., Costantino, N., Bubunenko, M., Datta, S., Court, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombineering:+in+vivo+genetic+engineering+in+E.+coli,+S.+enterica,+and+beyond.">Recombineering: in vivo genetic engineering in E. coli, S. enterica, and beyond.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 421, 171-199 (2007).</li><li>Datsenko, K. A., Wanner, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-step+inactivation+of+chromosomal+genes+in+Escherichia+coli+K-12+using+PCR+products.">One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (12), 6640-6645 (2000).</li><li>Muyrers, J. P., Zhang, Y., Stewart, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques:+Recombinogenic+engineering--new+options+for+cloning+and+manipulating+DNA.">Techniques: Recombinogenic engineering--new options for cloning and manipulating DNA.</a> Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 26 (5), 325-331 (2001).</li><li>Baba, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Construction+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12+in-frame,+single-gene+knockout+mutants:+the+Keio+collection.">Construction of Escherichia coli K-12 in-frame, single-gene knockout mutants: the Keio collection.</a> Molecular Systems Biology. 2, (2006).</li><li>Yamamoto, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Update+on+the+Keio+collection+of+Escherichia+coli+single-gene+deletion+mutants.">Update on the Keio collection of Escherichia coli single-gene deletion mutants.</a> Molecular Systems Biology. 5, 335 (2009).</li><li>Baba, T., Huan, H. -. C., Datsenko, K., Wanner, B. L., Mori, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+applications+of+systematic+in-frame,+single-gene+knockout+mutant+collection+of+Escherichia+coli+K-12.">The applications of systematic in-frame, single-gene knockout mutant collection of Escherichia coli K-12.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 416, 183-194 (2008).</li><li>Chattopadhyay, M. K., Tabor, C. W., Tabor, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyamines+are+not+required+for+aerobic+growth+of+Escherichia+coli:+preparation+of+a+strain+with+deletions+in+all+of+the+genes+for+polyamine+biosynthesis.">Polyamines are not required for aerobic growth of Escherichia coli: preparation of a strain with deletions in all of the genes for polyamine biosynthesis.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 191 (17), 5549-5552 (2009).</li><li>Xie, X., Wong, W. W., Tang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+simvastatin+bioconversion+in+Escherichia+coli+by+deletion+of+bioH.">Improving simvastatin bioconversion in Escherichia coli by deletion of bioH.</a> Metabolic Engineering. 9 (4), 379-386 (2007).</li><li>Maeda, T., Sanchez-Torres, V., Wood, T. 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E., Naka, Y., Nagase, M., Mori, H., Kitakawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genome-wide+approach+to+identify+the+genes+involved+in+biofilm+formation+in+E.+coli.">A genome-wide approach to identify the genes involved in biofilm formation in E. coli.</a> DNA Research. 14 (6), 237-246 (2008).</li><li>Heinz, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conserved+features+in+the+structure,+mechanism,+and+biogenesis+of+the+inverse+autotransporter+protein+family.">Conserved features in the structure, mechanism, and biogenesis of the inverse autotransporter protein family.</a> Genome Biology and Evolution. 8 (6), 1690-1705 (2016).</li><li>Selkrig, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovery+of+an+archetypal+protein+transport+system+in+bacterial+outer+membranes.">Discovery of an archetypal protein transport system in bacterial outer membranes.</a> Nature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology. 19 (5), 506-510 (2012).</li><li>Stubenrauch, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+assembly+of+fimbriae+in+Escherichia+coli+depends+on+the+translocation+assembly+module+nanomachine.">Effective assembly of fimbriae in Escherichia coli depends on the translocation assembly module nanomachine.</a> Nature Microbiology. 1 (7), 16064 (2016).</li><li>Leo, J. C., Goldman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+immunoglobulin-binding+Eib+proteins+from+Escherichia+coli+are+receptors+for+IgG+Fc.">The immunoglobulin-binding Eib proteins from Escherichia coli are receptors for IgG Fc.</a> Molecular Immunology. 46 (8-9), 1860-1866 (2009).</li><li>M&#252;hlenkamp, M., Oberhettinger, P., Leo, J. C., Linke, D., Sch&#252;tz, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Yersinia+adhesin+A+(YadA)+-+Beauty+&amp;+beast.">Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) - Beauty &amp; beast.</a> International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 305 (2), 252-258 (2015).</li><li>Studier, F. W., Moffatt, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+bacteriophage+T7+RNA+polymerase+to+direct+selective+high-level+expression+of+cloned+genes.">Use of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase to direct selective high-level expression of cloned genes.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 189 (1), 113-130 (1986).</li><li>Meuskens, I., Michalik, M., Chauhan, N., Linke, D., Leo, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+strain+collection+for+improved+expression+of+outer+membrane+proteins.">A new strain collection for improved expression of outer membrane proteins.</a> Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 7, 464 (2017).</li><li>Cherepanov, P. P., Wackernagel, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+disruption+in+Escherichia+coli:+TcR+and+KmR+cassettes+with+the+option+of+Flp-catalyzed+excision+of+the+antibiotic-resistance+determinant.">Gene disruption in Escherichia coli: TcR and KmR cassettes with the option of Flp-catalyzed excision of the antibiotic-resistance determinant.</a> Gene. 158 (1), 9-14 (1995).</li><li>Grosskinsky, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+conserved+glycine+residue+of+trimeric+autotransporter+domains+plays+a+key+role+in+Yersinia+adhesin+A+autotransport.">A conserved glycine residue of trimeric autotransporter domains plays a key role in Yersinia adhesin A autotransport.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 189 (24), 9011-9019 (2007).</li><li>Leo, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+of+E.+coli+IgG-binding+protein+D+suggests+a+general+model+for+bending+and+binding+in+trimeric+autotransporter+adhesins.">The structure of E. coli IgG-binding protein D suggests a general model for bending and binding in trimeric autotransporter adhesins.</a> Structure. 19 (7), 1021-1030 (1993).</li><li>Bertani, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+lysogenesis.+I.+The+mode+of+phage+liberation+by+lysogenic+Escherichia+coli.">Studies on lysogenesis. I. The mode of phage liberation by lysogenic Escherichia coli.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 62 (3), 293-300 (1951).</li><li>Hanahan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+transformation+of+Escherichia+coli+with+plasmids.">Studies on transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 166 (4), 557-580 (1983).</li><li>Leo, J. C., Oberhettinger, P., Linke, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+the+outer+membrane+insertion+and+folding+of+multimeric+transmembrane+&#946;-barrel+proteins.">Assessing the outer membrane insertion and folding of multimeric transmembrane &#946;-barrel proteins.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. , 157-167 (2015).</li><li>Mikula, K. M., Leo, J. C., &#321;yskowski, A., Kedracka-Krok, S., Pirog, A., Goldman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+translocation+domain+in+trimeric+autotransporter+adhesins+is+necessary+and+sufficient+for+trimerization+and+autotransportation.">The translocation domain in trimeric autotransporter adhesins is necessary and sufficient for trimerization and autotransportation.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 194 (4), 827-838 (2012).</li><li>Thomason, L. C., Costantino, N., Court, D. L., Ausubel, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=E.+coli+genome+manipulation+by+P1+transduction.">E. coli genome manipulation by P1 transduction.</a> Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. , (2007).</li><li>Franklin, N. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutation+in+gal+U+gene+of+E.+coli+blocks+phage+P1+infection.">Mutation in gal U gene of E. coli blocks phage P1 infection.</a> Virology. 38 (1), 189-191 (1969).</li><li>Jeong, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+sequences+of+Escherichia+coli+B+strains+REL606+and+BL21(DE3).">Genome sequences of Escherichia coli B strains REL606 and BL21(DE3).</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 394 (4), 644-652 (2009).</li><li>Greene, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+Sequence+Alignment+during+Homologous+Recombination.">DNA Sequence Alignment during Homologous Recombination.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291 (22), 11572-11580 (2016).</li><li>Watt, V. M., Ingles, C. J., Urdea, M. S., Rutter, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homology+requirements+for+recombination+in+Escherichia+coli.">Homology requirements for recombination in Escherichia coli.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 82 (14), 4768-4772 (1985).</li><li>Ho, T. D., Waldor, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enterohemorrhagic+Escherichia+coli+O157:H7+gal+mutants+are+sensitive+to+bacteriophage+P1+and+defective+in+intestinal+colonization.">Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 gal mutants are sensitive to bacteriophage P1 and defective in intestinal colonization.</a> Infection and Immunity. 75 (4), 1661-1666 (2006).</li><li>Ikeda, H., Tomizawa, J. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transducing+fragments+in+generalized+transduction+by+phage+P1.+I.+Molecular+origin+of+the+fragments.">Transducing fragments in generalized transduction by phage P1. I. Molecular origin of the fragments.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 14 (1), 85-109 (1965).</li><li>Murooka, Y., Harada, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expansion+of+the+host+range+of+coliphage+P1+and+gene+transfer+from+enteric+bacteria+to+other+Gam-negative+bacteria.">Expansion of the host range of coliphage P1 and gene transfer from enteric bacteria to other Gam-negative bacteria.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 38 (4), 754-757 (1979).</li><li>Goldberg, R. B., Bender, R. A., Streicher, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+selection+for+P1-sensitive+mutants+of+enteric+bacteria.">Direct selection for P1-sensitive mutants of enteric bacteria.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 118 (3), 810-814 (1974).</li><li>O'Connor, K. A., Zusman, D. 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Transducción de P1 es un método rápido, robusto y fiable para la generación de canceladuras del gene de e. coli. Esto se demuestra aquí por transducción de un mutante de eliminación de tamA de una cepa de Keio donante a un beneficiario derivado BL21. Las principales etapas en el proceso de transducción de señales son la producción de la transducción de lisado, la transducción de sí mismo, la supresión de los cassettes de resistencia de Kan y la verificación del knock-out por PCR. En total...

Una primera aproximación común para estudiar la función de un gen es realizar mutagénesis de knock-out y observar el fenotipo resultante. Esto también se llama genética reversa. La bacteria e. coli ha sido el caballo de batalla de la biología molecular durante los últimos años 70 o así, debido a la facilidad de su cultivo y su receptividad a la manipulación genética1. Varios métodos han sido desarrollados para producir deleciones del gen en e. coli, incluyendo marcador cambio mutagénesis2,3 y, más recientemente, recombineering usando la λ rojo o ET Rac sistemas4,5 , 6.
En un sistema ampliamente utilizado, secuencias de codificación de genes individuales se sustituyen por una cinta de resistencia a los antibióticos que más adelante puede ser suprimida del cromosoma5,7. Las secuencias de codificación son sustituidas, por ejemplo por una cinta de resistencia kanamicina (Kan), que es flanqueada por los sitios de destino (FRT) flippase (FLP) reconocimiento a ambos lados. Los sitios FRT son reconocidos por el recombinase FLP, que media específica recombinación entre los sitios FRT conduce a la supresión de la cassette de Kan. De esta manera, se logra un borrado completo de la secuencia de codificación de un gen determinado, dejando sólo una secuencia mínima cicatriz de aproximadamente 100 pares de bases (PB) (figura 1).
A poco más de una década atrás, se desarrolló la llamada colección de Keio. Se trata de una biblioteca bacteriana basada en un estándar de laboratorio cepa K12 de e. coli , donde casi todos los genes no esenciales fueron borrados individualmente por λ recombinación rojo7,8. Los clones dentro de cada colección tienen una secuencia de codificación substituida con una cinta de resistencia los Kan. La colección de Keio ha demostrado para ser una herramienta útil para muchas aplicaciones9. Un tal uso es la producción de mutantes de deleción en otras cepas de e. coli . El cassette de Kan de un clon de eliminación dada puede ser movilizado por transducción generalmente de bacteriófagos, como P110,11,12,13,14. Un stock de fagos preparado a partir de tal tensión puede utilizarse para infectar a un recipiente e. coli cepa de interés, donde en una frecuencia baja pero confiable el Kan región que contiene el cassette puede ser incorporado en el genoma receptor por recombinación homóloga (Figura 2). Transductants pueden ser seleccionados para el crecimiento en el medio que contiene Kan. Después de esto, si se desea el retiro de la cinta de resistencia a los antibióticos, el recombinase FLP se puede suministrar a la cepa transductant en trans. Después de curar el plásmido que contiene el FLP, que lleva un marcador de resistencia a ampicilina (Amp), clones de Kan y sensible a Amp son evaluados para, y la supresión correcta de la secuencia de codificación de tipo salvaje y el cassette de Kan son verificados por PCR de Colonia.
Aquí, se presenta un protocolo detallado, describiendo cada uno de los pasos en la producción de un knock-out cepa de e. coli , basado en la estrategia que se ha señalado anteriormente. Por ejemplo, se demostró una canceladura del gene del tamA . tamA codifica una proteína de β-barril de membrana externa que es una parte del transporte y montaje módulo (TAM), que participa en la biogénesis de ciertas proteínas autotransporter y pili15,16,17. Esta cepa knock-out entonces fue utilizada para examinar el efecto de la supresión de tamA en la biogénesis de dos autotransporter trímero adhesinas (TAAs), la adhesina de Yersinia YadA y la inmunoglobulina (Ig) de la e. coli -vinculante EibD TAA 18,19.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Strains</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli BW25113</td>
			<td>NIG</td>
			<td>ME6092</td>
			<td>Wild-type strain of Keio collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli BL21(DE3)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>69450-3</td>
			<td>Expression strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli BL21DABCF</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>102270</td>
			<td>Derived from BL21(DE3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli JW4179</td>
			<td>NIG</td>
			<td>JW4179-KC</td>
			<td>tamA deletion mutant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P1 vir</td>
			<td>NIG</td>
			<td>HR16</td>
			<td>Generally transducing bacteriophage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmids</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCP20</td>
			<td>CGSC</td>
			<td>14177</td>
			<td>conditionally replicating plasmid with FLP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pASK-IBA2</td>
			<td>IBA GmbH</td>
			<td>2-1301-000</td>
			<td>expression vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pEibD10</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>for production of EibD; plasmid available on request</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pET22b+</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>69744-3</td>
			<td>expression vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pIBA2-YadA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>for production of YadA; plasmid available on request</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemicals</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>33209</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>BD Bacto</td>
			<td>214010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>50004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A0839</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anhydrotetracycline</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab145350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-collagen type I antibody COL-1</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C2456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine collagen type I</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C9791</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>102382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>102445</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Di-sodium hydrogen phosphate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>28029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA dye</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>S33102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA molecular size marker</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>N3232S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>DN25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTP mix</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>N0447</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECL HRP substrate</td>
			<td>Advansta</td>
			<td>K-12045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A2937</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>24388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-2005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP</td>
			<td>Agrisera</td>
			<td>AS10668</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>30487</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl thiogalactoside</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>43714</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kanamycin</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A1493</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysozyme</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A4972</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manganese chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>221279</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-lauroyl sarcosine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L9150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skim milk powder</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>70166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>27808</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tamA forward primer</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Sequence 5&#39;-GAAAAAAGGATATTCAGGAGAAAATGTG-3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tamA reverse primer</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Sequence 5&#39;-TCATAATTCTGGCCCCAGACC-3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq DNA polymerase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0267</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tri-sodium citrate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>106448</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>84610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween20</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>103753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose gel electrophoresis chamber</td>
			<td>Hoefer</td>
			<td>SUB13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bead beater</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>FP120A-115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD camera</td>
			<td>Kodak</td>
			<td>4000R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electroporation cuvettes</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-2089</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electroporation unit</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1652100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel imager</td>
			<td>Nippon Genetics</td>
			<td>GP-03LED</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubating shaker</td>
			<td>Infors HT</td>
			<td>Minitron</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>390-0482</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5415D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave oven</td>
			<td>Samsung</td>
			<td>CM1099A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR machine</td>
			<td>Biometra</td>
			<td>Tpersonal</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR strips</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>PCR-0208-CP-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH meter</td>
			<td>Hanna Instruments</td>
			<td>HI2211-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF membrane</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>88518</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS-PAG electrophoresis chamber</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A25977</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tabletop centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>B06322</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex mixer</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries</td>
			<td>SI-0236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>GFL</td>
			<td>D3006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wet transfer unit</td>
			<td>Hoefer</td>
			<td>TE22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

producing gene deletions in escherichia coli by p1 transduction with excisable antibiotic resistance cassettes

Una primera aproximación al estudio de la función de un gen desconocido en bacterias es crear un knock-out de este gen. Aquí, describimos un protocolo robusto y rápido para la transferencia de mutaciones de la canceladura de genes de una cepa de Escherichia coli a otra mediante la transducción generalizada con el bacteriófago P1. Este método requiere que la mutación sea seleccionable (p. ej., basado en interrupciones del gen mediante inserciones de cassette antibiótico). Tales cintas antibióticas pueden movilizar de una cepa donante e introducen en una cepa receptora de interés rápidamente y generan fácilmente un mutante de canceladura del gene. El cassette de antibiótico puede diseñarse incluir flippase sitios de reconocimiento que permiten la supresión de la cinta por un recombinase específico para producir un knock-out limpiado con sólo una secuencia de ~ 100-base-par-larga cicatriz en el genoma. Demostrar el Protocolo por la anulación del factor conjunto implicado en la biogénesis autotransporter la codificación del gene de tamA y probar el efecto de esta eliminatoria en la biogénesis y la función de dos autotransporter trímero adhesinas. Aunque la canceladura del gene por transducción P1 tiene sus limitaciones, la facilidad y rapidez de su aplicación hacen una alternativa atractiva a otros métodos de canceladura del gene.

Generación de un tamA Knock-out de BL21ΔABCF:
La estrategia mencionada anteriormente se ha utilizado para producir una cepa derivada de BL21(DE3), una cepa de laboratorio estándar utilizada para la producción de la proteína, que es optimizada para producción de proteínas de membrana externa y llamada BL21ΔABCF21. Esta cepa carece de cuatro genes que codifican para proteínas de membrana exte...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes at JoVE.com

Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes

Producción de canceladuras del Gene en Escherichia coli por transducción de P1 con casetes de resistencia a los antibióticos

Aquí presentamos un protocolo para el uso de preexistentes antibiótico resistencia-cassette borrado construcciones como base para la fabricación de mutantes de deleción en otras cepas de e. coli . Tales mutaciones de la canceladura pueden ser movilizados e inserta en el correspondiente locus de una cepa receptora mediante transducción de bacteriófago P1.

A first approach to study the function of an unknown gene in bacteria is to create a knock-out of this gene. Here, we describe a robust and fast protocol ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

La cría y el doble-stranded RNA mediada gen desmontables en el Hide Escarabajo,<em&gt; Dermestes maculatus</em

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative ...

Investigación

Genética

QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii

QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii

QTL Mapping y CRISPR / Cas9 Edición para identificar un gen de resistencia a fármacos en<em&gt; Toxoplasma gondii</em

Scientific knowledge is intrinsically linked to available technologies and methods. This article will present two methods that allowed for the ...

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach

Determinación de la óptima Localización cromosómica de un elemento de DNA en Escherichia coli utilizando un nuevo enfoque mediada por transposones

The optimal chromosomal position(s) of a given DNA element was/were determined by transposon-mediated random insertion followed by fitness selection. In ...

A Standard Methodology to Examine On-site Mutagenicity As a Function of Point Mutation Repair Catalyzed by CRISPR/Cas9 and SsODN in Human Cells

Una metodología estándar para examinar in situ mutagenicidad en función de la mutación de punto reparación catalizada por CRISPR/Cas9 y SsODN en células humanas

Combinatorial gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 and single-stranded oligonucleotides is an effective strategy for the correction of single-base point ...

Generation of a Gene-disrupted Streptococcus mutans Strain Without Gene Cloning

Generation of a Gene-disrupted Streptococcus mutans Strain Without Gene Cloning

Generación de un gen interrumpido Streptococcus mutans cepa sin gen clonación

Typical methods for the elucidation of the function of a particular gene involve comparative phenotypic analyses of the wild-type strain and a strain in ...

Measuring Gene Expression in Bombarded Barley Aleurone Layers with Increased Throughput

Medir la expresión génica en capas de aleurona de cebada bombardeado con mayor rendimiento

The aleurone layer of barley grains is an important model system for hormone-regulated gene expression in plants. In aleurone cells, genes required for ...

Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

Prueba el papel de Multicopy plásmidos en la evolución de resistencia a los antibióticos

Multicopy plasmids are extremely abundant in prokaryotes but their role in bacterial evolution remains poorly understood. We recently showed that the ...

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Genes candidatos en estudios de cohorte clínica con genotipificación multiplexado y espectrometría de masas

Complex diseases are often underpinned by multiple common genetic variants that contribute to disease susceptibility. Here, we describe a cost-effective ...

CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein-mediated Precise Gene Editing by Tube Electroporation

CRISPR/Cas9 Edición génica precisa mediada por Ribonucleoproteína por electroporación de tubo

Gene editing nucleases, represented by CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), are becoming mainstream tools in biomedical research. Successful delivery of ...

Quantification of Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in an Experimental Evolution Approach

Cuantificación de la resistencia a los antibióticos mediada por plásmido en un enfoque de evolución experimental

Plasmids play a major role in microbial ecology and evolution as vehicles of lateral gene transfer and reservoirs of accessory gene functions in microbial ...