Name: isolation of extracellular vesicles from murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using an ultrafiltration centrifugation technique
Uploaded: 2018-11-09T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Using an Ultrafiltration Centrifugation Technique at JoVE.com

Arbejdet er støttet af NHLBI/NIH tilskud HL103868 (til PC) og HL137076 (til PC), den amerikanske hjerte sammenslutning licensbetaling (til PC) og Samuel Oschin omfattende Cancer Institute (SOCCI) Lung Cancer Research Award (til PC). Vi vil gerne give udtryk for vores store påskønnelse Smidt Heart Institute på Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, der giver os en Nanosight maskine for EV nanopartikel tracking analyse.

Udnyttelsen af dyr og alle animalske procedurer blev godkendt af institutionelle Animal Care og brug udvalg (IACUC) på Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC).
1. murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage væske (BALF) indsamling og forberedelse
<ol><li>BALF samling<ol>
<li>Aflive mus med en cocktail af ketamin (300 mg/kg) og xylazin (30 mg/kg) via ruten intraperitoneal efterfulgt af cervikal dislokation.</li>
		<li>Indsæt en 22 G angiocatheter i luftrøret. Vedhæfte en insulin sprøjte indeholdende 1 mL ...

<ol>
	<li>Thery, C., Zitvogel, L., Amigorena, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes:+composition,+biogenesis+and+function.">Exosomes: composition, biogenesis and function.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 2, 569-579 (2002).</li><li>Kosaka, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secretory+Mechanisms+and+Intercellular+Transfer+of+MicroRNAs+in+Living+Cells.">Secretory Mechanisms and Intercellular Transfer of MicroRNAs in Living Cells.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (23), 17442-17452 (2010).</li><li>Raposo, G., Stoorvogel, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+vesicles:+Exosomes,+microvesicles,+and+friends.">Extracellular vesicles: Exosomes, microvesicles, and friends.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 200 (4), 373-383 (2013).</li><li>Fujita, Y., Kosaka, N., Araya, J., Kuwano, K., Ochiya, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+vesicles+in+lung+microenvironment+and+pathogenesis.">Extracellular vesicles in lung microenvironment and pathogenesis.</a> Trends in Molecular Medicine. 21 (9), 533-542 (2015).</li><li>Kalluri, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biology+and+function+of+exosomes+in+cancer.">The biology and function of exosomes in cancer.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 126 (4), 1208-1215 (2016).</li><li>Janowska-Wieczorek, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microvesicles+derived+from+activated+platelets+induce+metastasis+and+angiogenesis+in+lung+cancer.">Microvesicles derived from activated platelets induce metastasis and angiogenesis in lung cancer.</a> International Journal of Cancer. 113 (5), 752-760 (2005).</li><li>Valadi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosome-mediated+transfer+of+mRNAs+and+microRNAs+is+a+novel+mechanism+of+genetic+exchange+between+cells.">Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 9 (6), 654-659 (2007).</li><li>Colombo, M., Raposo, G., Th&#233;ry, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogenesis,+Secretion,+and+Intercellular+Interactions+of+Exosomes+and+Other+Extracellular+Vesicles.">Biogenesis, Secretion, and Intercellular Interactions of Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles.</a> Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 30 (1), 255-289 (2014).</li><li>Rocco, G. D., Baldari, S., Toietta, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+and+other+extracellular+vesicles-mediated+microRNA+delivery+for+cancer+therapy.">Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles-mediated microRNA delivery for cancer therapy.</a> Translational Cancer Research. 6 (Supplement 8), S1321-S1330 (2017).</li><li>Peterson, M. F., Otoc, N., Sethi, J. K., Gupta, A., Antes, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+systems+for+exosome+investigation.">Integrated systems for exosome investigation.</a> Methods. 87 (1), 31-45 (2015).</li><li>Xu, R., Greening, D. W., Zhu, H. J., Takahashi, N., Simpson, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+vesicle+isolation+and+characterization:+toward+clinical+application.">Extracellular vesicle isolation and characterization: toward clinical application.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 126, 1152-1162 (2016).</li><li>Gardiner, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques+used+for+the+isolation+and+characterization+of+extracellular+vesicles:+results+of+a+worldwide+survey.">Techniques used for the isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles: results of a worldwide survey.</a> Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 5 (1), 32945 (2016).</li><li>Inglis, H. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques+to+improve+detection+and+analysis+of+extracellular+vesicles+using+flow+cytometry.">Techniques to improve detection and analysis of extracellular vesicles using flow cytometry.</a> Cytometry Part A. 87 (11), 1052-1063 (2015).</li><li>Li, P., Kaslan, M., Lee, S. H., Yao, J., Gao, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+in+Exosome+Isolation+Techniques.">Progress in Exosome Isolation Techniques.</a> Theranostics. 7 (3), 789-804 (2017).</li><li>Willis, G. R., Kourembanas, S., Mitsialis, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+Exosome-Based+Therapeutics:+Isolation,+Heterogeneity,+and+Fit-for-Purpose+Potency.">Toward Exosome-Based Therapeutics: Isolation, Heterogeneity, and Fit-for-Purpose Potency.</a> Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 4, 20389 (2017).</li><li>Lobb, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+exosome+isolation+protocol+for+cell+culture+supernatant+and+human+plasma.">Optimized exosome isolation protocol for cell culture supernatant and human plasma.</a> Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 4 (1), 27031 (2015).</li><li>Benedikter, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafiltration+combined+with+size+exclusion+chromatography+efficiently+isolates+extracellular+vesicles+from+cell+culture+media+for+compositional+and+functional+studies.">Ultrafiltration combined with size exclusion chromatography efficiently isolates extracellular vesicles from cell culture media for compositional and functional studies.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 15297 (2017).</li><li>Vergauwen, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confounding+factors+of+ultrafiltration+and+protein+analysis+in+extracellular+vesicle+research.">Confounding factors of ultrafiltration and protein analysis in extracellular vesicle research.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 2704 (2017).</li><li>Kesimer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+exosome-like+vesicles+released+from+human+tracheobronchial+ciliated+epithelium:+a+possible+role+in+innate+defense.">Characterization of exosome-like vesicles released from human tracheobronchial ciliated epithelium: a possible role in innate defense.</a> The FASEB Journal. 23 (6), 1858-1868 (2009).</li><li>Torregrosa Paredes, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bronchoalveolar+lavage+fluid+exosomes+contribute+to+cytokine+and+leukotriene+production+in+allergic+asthma.">Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid exosomes contribute to cytokine and leukotriene production in allergic asthma.</a> Allergy. 67 (7), 911-919 (2012).</li><li>Alipoor, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+and+Exosomal+miRNA+in+Respiratory+Diseases.">Exosomes and Exosomal miRNA in Respiratory Diseases.</a> Mediators of Inflammation. 2016, 5628404 (2016).</li><li>Hough, K. P., Chanda, D., Duncan, S. R., Thannickal, V. J., Deshane, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+in+Immunoregulation+of+Chronic+Lung+Diseases.">Exosomes in Immunoregulation of Chronic Lung Diseases.</a> Allergy. 72 (4), 534-544 (2017).</li><li>Van Hoecke, L., Job, E. R., Saelens, X., Roose, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bronchoalveolar+Lavage+of+Murine+Lungs+to+Analyze+Inflammatory+Cell+Infiltration.">Bronchoalveolar Lavage of Murine Lungs to Analyze Inflammatory Cell Infiltration.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (123), e55398 (2017).</li><li>Minciacchi, V. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MYC+Mediates+Large+Oncosome-Induced+Fibroblast+Reprogramming+in+Prostate+Cancer.">MYC Mediates Large Oncosome-Induced Fibroblast Reprogramming in Prostate Cancer.</a> Cancer Research. 77 (9), 2306-2317 (2017).</li><li>Koliha, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Melanoma+Affects+the+Composition+of+Blood+Cell-Derived+Extracellular+Vesicles.">Melanoma Affects the Composition of Blood Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 7, 581 (2016).</li><li>Thery, C., Ostrowski, M., Segura, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+vesicles+as+conveyors+of+immune+responses.">Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 9, 581-593 (2009).</li><li>Camussi, G., Deregibus, M. C., Bruno, S., Cantaluppi, V., Biancone, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes/microvesicles+as+a+mechanism+of+cell-to-cell+communication.">Exosomes/microvesicles as a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication.</a> Kidney International. 78 (9), 838-848 (2010).</li><li>Lee, Y., El Andaloussi, S., Wood, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+and+microvesicles:+extracellular+vesicles+for+genetic+information+transfer+and+gene+therapy.">Exosomes and microvesicles: extracellular vesicles for genetic information transfer and gene therapy.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 21, R125-R134 (2012).</li><li>Villarroya-Beltri, C., Baixauli, F., Guti&#233;rrez-V&#225;zquez, C., S&#225;nchez-Madrid, F., Mittelbrunn, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sorting+it+out:+Regulation+of+exosome+loading.">Sorting it out: Regulation of exosome loading.</a> Seminars in Cancer Biology. 28, 3-13 (2014).</li><li>Hoshino, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumour+exosome+integrins+determine+organotropic+metastasis.">Tumour exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis.</a> Nature. 527, 329-335 (2015).</li><li>Liu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Exosome+Total+Isolation+Chip.">The Exosome Total Isolation Chip.</a> ACS Nano. 11 (11), 10712-10723 (2017).</li><li>Cheruvanky, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+isolation+of+urinary+exosomal+biomarkers+using+a+nanomembrane+ultrafiltration+concentrator.">Rapid isolation of urinary exosomal biomarkers using a nanomembrane ultrafiltration concentrator.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology. 292 (5), F1657-F1661 (2007).</li><li>Zhao, Z., Yang, Y., Zeng, Y., He, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Microfluidic+ExoSearch+Chip+for+Multiplexed+Exosome+Detection+Towards+Blood-based+Ovarian+Cancer+Diagnosis.">A Microfluidic ExoSearch Chip for Multiplexed Exosome Detection Towards Blood-based Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis.</a> Lab on a Chip. 16 (3), 489-496 (2016).</li><li>Fang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+application+of+a+microfluidic+chip+for+immunocapture+and+quantification+of+circulating+exosomes+to+assist+breast+cancer+diagnosis+and+molecular+classification.">Clinical application of a microfluidic chip for immunocapture and quantification of circulating exosomes to assist breast cancer diagnosis and molecular classification.</a> PloS ONE. 12 (4), e0175050 (2017).</li><li>Cheruvanky, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+isolation+of+urinary+exosomal+biomarkers+using+a+nanomembrane+ultrafiltration+concentrator.">Rapid isolation of urinary exosomal biomarkers using a nanomembrane ultrafiltration concentrator.</a> American Journal Physiology-Renal Physiology. 292 (5), F1657-F1661 (2007).</li><li>Kornilov, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+ultrafiltration-based+protocol+to+deplete+extracellular+vesicles+from+fetal+bovine+serum.">Efficient ultrafiltration-based protocol to deplete extracellular vesicles from fetal bovine serum.</a> Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 7 (1), 1422674 (2018).</li><li>Alvarez, M. L., Khosroheidari, M., Kanchi Ravi, R., DiStefano, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+protein,+microRNA,+and+mRNA+yields+using+different+methods+of+urinary+exosome+isolation+for+the+discovery+of+kidney+disease+biomarkers.">Comparison of protein, microRNA, and mRNA yields using different methods of urinary exosome isolation for the discovery of kidney disease biomarkers.</a> Kidney International. 82 (9), 1024-1032 (2012).</li><li>Bosch, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trehalose+prevents+aggregation+of+exosomes+and+cryodamage.">Trehalose prevents aggregation of exosomes and cryodamage.</a> Scientific Reports. 6 (1), 329 (2016).</li><li>Xiao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+progenitor+cell-derived+exosomes+prevent+cardiomyocytes+apoptosis+through+exosomal+miR-21+by+targeting+PDCD4.">Cardiac progenitor cell-derived exosomes prevent cardiomyocytes apoptosis through exosomal miR-21 by targeting PDCD4.</a> Cell Death &amp; Disease. 7 (6), e2277 (2016).</li><li>Agarwal, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental,+Systems+and+Computational+Approaches+to+Understanding+the+MicroRNA-Mediated+Reparative+Potential+of+Cardiac+Progenitor+Cell-Derived+Exosomes+From+Pediatric+Patients.">Experimental, Systems and Computational Approaches to Understanding the MicroRNA-Mediated Reparative Potential of Cardiac Progenitor Cell-Derived Exosomes From Pediatric Patients.</a> Circulation Research. 120 (4), 701-712 (2017).</li><li>Merchant, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfiltration+isolation+of+human+urinary+exosomes+for+characterization+by+MS.">Microfiltration isolation of human urinary exosomes for characterization by MS.</a> PROTEOMICS - Clinical Applications. 4 (1), 84-96 (2010).</li><li>Gouin, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive+method+for+identification+of+suitable+reference+genes+in+extracellular+vesicles.">A comprehensive method for identification of suitable reference genes in extracellular vesicles.</a> Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 6 (1), 1347019 (2017).</li><li>Betsuyaku, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+Granule+Proteins+in+Bronchoalveolar+Lavage+Fluid+from+Subjects+with+Subclinical+Emphysema.">Neutrophil Granule Proteins in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Subjects with Subclinical Emphysema.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 159 (6), 1985-1991 (1999).</li></ol>

I de seneste årtier, har forskere skilles ude betydninger af elbiler i cellulære homøostase. Endnu vigtigere, spille evt store roller i mange sygdomsprocesser af modulerende nærliggende og fjern celler gennem deres bioaktive cargo molekyler1,21,22,26,27 , 28 , 29 , <sup class=...

Exosomes er den mindste delmængde af evt, 50-200 nm i diameter, og har flere biologiske funktioner på tværs af en bred vifte af signalering processer1,2,3,4,5. De regulerer cellulær og væv homøostase primært ved at lette intercellulær kommunikation gennem cargo molekyler såsom lipider, proteiner og nukleinsyrer6,7,8,9 . Et kritisk trin i EV forskning er isoleret proces. Differential ultracentrifugering (UC), med eller uden tæthed gradient centrifugering (DGC), betragtes som guldstandarden tilgang, men denne metode indebærer væsentlige begrænsninger, herunder ineffektive EV genfindingsprocent og lav skalerbarhed10 , 11 , 12, at begrænse sine bedste udnyttelse til større volumen prøver, såsom celle kultur supernatanten eller høj exosome produktion prøver. Fordele og ulemper ved andre metoder, såsom størrelse udelukkelse af ultrafiltrering eller kromatografi, immunoaffinity isolation af perler eller kolonner og mikrofluidik, er godt beskrevet, og moderne supplerende procedurer er blevet udviklet til overvinde og minimere tekniske begrænsninger i hver tilgang11,12,13,14,15. Andre har vist, at en ultrafiltrering centrifugering (UFC) med en nanoporous membran i filterenhed er en alternativ teknik, der giver tilsvarende renhed til en UC metode16,17,18. Denne teknik kunne betragtes som en af metoderne alternativ isolering.
Bronchoalveolar lavage væske (BALF) indeholder evt, som besidder mange biologiske funktioner i forskellige luftvejssygdomme19,20,21,22. At studere BALF-afledte evt indebærer nogle udfordringer på grund af invasiv af bronkoskopi procedure hos mennesker, såvel som et begrænset antal lavage væske opsving. I lille laboratoriedyr som mus, kun et par milliliter kan inddrives i normal lunge betingelser, endnu mindre i betændte eller fibrotisk lungerne23. Derfor kan indsamle et tilstrækkeligt antal BALF for EV isolation af en differentieret ultracentrifugering for downstream-programmer ikke være muligt. Isolere korrekte EV populationer er imidlertid en afgørende faktor for at studere EV biologiske funktioner. Den fine balance mellem effektivitet og virkning fortsat en udfordring i veletablerede EV isolation metoder.
I denne aktuelle undersøgelse viser vi, at en centrifugal ultrafiltrering tilgang, udnytter en 100 kDa molekylvægt cut-off (MWCO) nanomembrane filterenhed, er egnet til små-volumen biologiske modellen som BALF. Denne teknik er enkel, effektiv og giver høj renhed og skalerbarhed til støtte for studiet af BALF-afledte evt.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Material</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon Ultra-15 centrifugal filters Ultracel-100K</td>
			<td>Sigma-Millipore, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>UFC910024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td>Corning Cellgro, Manassas, VA</td>
			<td>21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Millipore, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>EMD8550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Research Products International, Prospect, IL</td>
			<td>75277-39-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Corning Cellgro, Manassas, VA</td>
			<td>46-034-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Millipore, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>S3014-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OptiPrep</td>
			<td>Sigma-Millipore, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>MKCD9753</td>
			<td>Density Gradient Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>VetOne, Boise, ID</td>
			<td>13985-702-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Akorn Animal Health, Lake Forest, IL</td>
			<td>59399-110-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe 1 mL</td>
			<td>BD Syringe, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td>309656</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Angiocatheter 20G</td>
			<td>BD Syringe, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td>381703</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tubes 15 mL</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>89039-666</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tubes 50 mL</td>
			<td>Corning Cellgro, Manassas, VA</td>
			<td>430828</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bicinchonic acid (BCA) protein assay</td>
			<td>Pierce, Thermo Fischer Scientific, Rockford, IL</td>
			<td>23235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-mouse TSG101 Antibody</td>
			<td>AbCam, Cambridge, MA</td>
			<td>AB125011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat anti-mouse PE-CD63 Antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend, San Diego, CA</td>
			<td>143904</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD81</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD9</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA</td>
			<td>7074S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4x LDS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x Reducing agent (Bolt)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x Lysis buffer (Bolt)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bolt 4-12% Bis-Tris Plus acrylamide gel</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>NW04120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iBlot 2 Nitrocellulose mini stacks</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>IB23002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemiluminescent HRP antibody detection reagent HyGLO</td>
			<td>Denville Scientific, Holliston, MA</td>
			<td>E2400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge tubes 17 mL</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, CA</td>
			<td>337986</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge tubes 38.5 mL</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, CA</td>
			<td>326823</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning SFCA Syringe Filters 0.2 &#181;m pore</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>09-754-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, CA</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanosight (NS300)</td>
			<td>Malvern, Worcestershire, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>To measure particle size distribution and particle concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACSQuant Analyzer 10 flow cytometer</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iBlot Transfer Apparatus</td>
			<td>Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio-Rad ChemiDoc MP Imaging System</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo v. 10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of extracellular vesicles from murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using an ultrafiltration centrifugation technique

Ekstracellulære vesikler (EVs) er nyligt opdagede subcellulært komponenter, der spiller en vigtig rolle i mange biologiske signalering funktioner under fysiologiske og patologiske stater. Isolering af evt fortsætter med at være en stor udfordring på dette område, på grund af begrænsninger iboende til hver teknik. Den differentierede ultracentrifugering med tæthed gradient centrifugering metode er et almindeligt anvendte tilgang og anses for at være den gyldne standard procedure for EV isolation. Men denne fremgangsmåde er tidskrævende, arbejdskrævende, og generelt resulterer i lav skalerbarhed, der ikke kan være egnet til små-volumen prøver såsom bronchoalveolar lavage væske. Vi påvise, at en ultrafiltrering centrifugering isolation metode er simpel og tid - og labor-effektive endnu giver en høj inddrivelse udbytte og renhed. Vi foreslår, at denne isolation metode kunne være en alternativ tilgang, der er egnet til EV isolation, særlig for små-volumen biologiske prøver.

Vi udførte EV isolation fra mus BALF ved hjælp af UFC og UC-DGC isolation metoder på samme dag. Metoden UFC kræves ca. 2.5-3 h, UC-DGC teknik kræves 8 h behandlingstid. Dette ikke omfatte buffere og reagens forberedelsestid. Det skal bemærkes, at nogle andre opgaver kan udføres i perioderne, lang centrifugering. Ikke desto mindre varede hele proceduren næsten en hel dag for UC-DGC isolation teknik.
BALF-afledte evt fra n...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Using an Ultrafiltration Centrifugation Technique at JoVE.com

Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Using an Ultrafiltration Centrifugation Technique

Her beskriver vi to ekstracellulære vesikel isolation protokoller, ultrafiltrering centrifugering og ultracentrifugering med tæthed gradient centrifugering, at isolere ekstracellulære vesikler fra murine bronchoalveolar lavage flydende prøver. De ekstracellulære vesikler afledt af murine bronchoalveolar lavage væske ved begge metoder er kvantificeret og karakteriseret.

Isolering af ekstracellulære vesikler fra Murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage væske ved hjælp af en ultrafiltrering centrifugering teknik

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly discovered subcellular components that play important roles in many biological signaling functions during ...

Denne metode kan hjælpe med at løse spørgsmål i forbindelse med effektivitet, restitution udbytte, og renhed af bronchoalveolar lavage væske afledt ekstracellulære vesikler ved hjælp af en ultrafiltrering centrifugering tilgang. Vi sammenlignede direkte denne teknik med en ultracentrifugering og tæthedsgradientrensningsteknik. Den største fordel ved denne teknik er, at det er enkel, effektiv, og egnet til små volumen prøver såsom murine bronchoalveolar lavage væske.Endnu vigtigere det giver høj renhed og betydeligt højere skalerbarhed i forhold til en ultracentrifugering isolation metode. Demonstration af proceduren vil være Mr. Norman Garrett III, forskning associeret for mit laboratorium. Til at begynde, indsætte en 22 gauge angiocatheter i luftrøret af en aflivet mus.Fastgør en insulinsprøjte med en milliliter iskold steril DPBS, og indgyd en milliliter i begge lunger. Træk langsomt sprøjten stemplet for at hente bronchoalveolar lavage væske, eller BAL væske. Og dispenser BAL væsken i et konisk rør på is.Efter dette, trække BAL væske fra 25 mus og opdele det i to lige store sæt. Centrifuge BAL væske ved 400 gange G i fem minutter ved fire grader celsius. Saml supernatanten og centrifuge det ved 15.000 gange G ved fire grader celsius i 10 minutter.Derefter indsamle supernatant og gå videre til EV isolation trin straks. Først filtrere super natant gennem en 0,2 mikrometer steril sprøjte filter. Derefter skal centrifugalfilterenheden bringes i ligevægt med steril DPBS i 10 minutter.Derefter centrifuge centrifugere centrifugalenheden ved 15,000 gange G i 10 minutter ved fire grader celsius. Fyld filteret med 15 milliliter BAL-væske. Og centrifuge det på 3, 000 G's i 30 minutter ved fire grader celsius.Derefter vaskes retentatet med 14 milliliter steril DPBS ved forsigtigt at pipettere gentagne gange. Centrifuge filterenheden ved 3,000 G's ved fire grader celsius i 30 minutter for at fjerne DPBS og koncentrere retentatet. For at opsamle den koncentrerede BAL-væske afledte EV'er skal du indsætte en pipetter i bunden af filterenheden og trække prøven tilbage ved hjælp af en side til side fejebevægelse.Derefter aliquot BAL væske afledt EV's og gemme dem på minus 80 grader celsius. Alternativt kan du starte med at overføre den tidligere erhvervede supernatant til et ultracentrifuge rør. Og centrifuge det på 10, 000 G's i 30 minutter ved fire grader celsius.Derefter indsamle supernatant og centrifuge. Kassér supernatanten, og genspjærk EV-pellet i 200 mikroliter af DPBS. Derefter blandes EV-suspensionen med 300 mikroliter af 50% iodixanol-arbejdsopløsning.Og overføre det til en 15 milliliter ultracentrifuge rør. Tilføj derefter bufferløsning i henhold til tekstprotokollen for at oprette en stigning i densiteten med høj opløsning og centrifugere den ved 100,000 G's i tre timer og 50 minutter. Saml 15% og 25% iodixanol fraktioner, og fortynde dem i DPBS at bringe volumen op til 15 milliliter.Overfør fraktionerne til et nyt ultracentrifugerør og centrifuge ved 100,000 G's ved fire grader celsius i 60 minutter. Kassér supernatanten og re-suspendere EV pellets i 50 mikroliter af sterile DPBS. For at begynde nano partikel tracking analyse, fortynde EV prøven i en milliliter af DPBS.Og læg prøven i en insulinsprøjte. Derefter fastgøres sprøjten til en sprøjtepumpe, og partikelnumrene og -størrelsen måles. Indstil kameraniveauet til 14 og registreringsgrænsen til et.Brug derefter en pladelæser til at kvantificere mængden af protein i EV-prøven via kolometrisk detektion. En lige stor mængde EV-protein opløses fra hver prøve med en blotterende belastningsbuffer og DTT. Derefter opvarmes prøverne ved 70 grader celsius i 10 minutter.Læg prøverne i en Bis-Tris Plus acrylamidgel og kør elektroforese i 35 minutter. Overfør derefter proteinerne til en nitrocellulosemembran ved hjælp af en tør overførselsmetode. Derefter blokeres membranen med fem procent skummetmælk i 60 minutter med blid rokkende.Inkuber membranen med et antistof til en EV overflade protein markør ved fire grader celsius med blid rokkende natten over. Udvikle membranen ved at inkubere membranen med HRP link antistof i 60 minutter ved stuetemperatur. Membranen vaskes i 10 minutter med TBST-buffer tre gange.Endelig udvikle membranen med chemiluminescerende HRP antistof detektion reagens før du fortsætter med at billeddannelse. For at begynde flow cytometri, fortyndes BAL væske afledt EV's i 49 mikroliter af PEB farvning buffer. Derefter tilsættes tre antistoffer til hver af prøverne, før der inkuberes prøverne ved fire grader celsius med rokkende i 60 minutter i mørke.Endelig fortyndes prøverne med 40 mikroslitere af membranfiltreret PEB-farvningsbuffer og udføre flowcytometrianalyse. I denne protokol, ev's blev isoleret fra mus BAL væske ved hjælp af en UFC og UC-DGC metoder. BAL væske afledt EV's fra normale mus isoleret ved UFC metode viste mindre størrelser og mere ensartet størrelse distribution end UC-DGC-EV's.UFC-teknikken havde også betydeligt højere samlede partikeltal sammenlignet med UC-DGC-teknikken. Den samlede proteingenvinding målt i milligram af UFC-EV's var også højere end uc-DGC-EV's, hvilket indikerer, at UFC-teknikken er mere tid og kræfter effektiv. Endelig, BAL væske afledt EV's var også yderligere karakteriseret via flow cytometri.UFC-EV's og UC-DGC-EV's både udtrykt CD63, CD9, og CD81. Under forsøg på denne procedure, er det vigtigt at huske at rehydrere ultrafiltrering enhed membran med DPBS. Når membranen er hydreret, skal enheden altid holdes våd, indtil den anvendes.Det kan være en udfordring at hente ekstracellulære vesicle retentate fra filterenheden. Sørg for, at pipettespidsen er fejet fra side til side for at bjærge de fleste af EV'er fra filterenheden. Efter sin udvikling, denne teknik banede vejen for forskere inden for ekstracellulære vesikel isolation at udforske de biologiske funktioner bronchoalveolar lavage afledt ekstracellulære vesikler i både normale eller patologiske forhold hos små dyr.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates

Isolering af Cortical Mikroglia med bevarede immunofænotype og funktionalitet fra murine Nyfødte

Isolation of microglia from CNS tissue is a powerful investigative tool used to study microglial biology ex vivo. The present method details a procedure ...

The Utilization of Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration and Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Evaluate the Host Immune Response in Mice

Udnyttelsen af ​​Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration og Bronchoalveolære at evaluere Host immunrespons i mus

The host immune response to pathogens is a complex biological process. The majority of in vivo studies classically employed to characterize host-pathogen ...

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Isolering af murine lymfeknuder stromacellers

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and ...

Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

Isolation og intravenøs injektion af murine knoglemarv Afledte Monocytter

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of ...

Isolation of Leukocytes from the Murine Tissues at the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Isolering af leukocytter fra det murine væv på maternel-føtal grænseflade

Immune tolerance in pregnancy requires that the immune system of the mother undergoes distinctive changes in order to accept and nurture the developing ...

Isolation and Activation of Murine Lymphocytes

Isolering og aktivering af murine lymfocytter

B and T cells, with their extremely diverse antigen-receptor repertoires, have the ability to mount specific immune responses against almost any invading ...

Flow Virometry to Analyze Antigenic Spectra of Virions and Extracellular Vesicles

Flow Virometry at analysere Antigen Spectra af Virioner og ekstracellulære vesikler

Cells release small extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the surrounding media. Upon virus infection cells also release virions that have the same size of ...

Bronchoalveolar Lavage of Murine Lungs to Analyze Inflammatory Cell Infiltration

Bronchoalveolær Lavage af murine Lunger at analysere inflammatorisk celleinfiltration

Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) is an experimental procedure that is used to examine the cellular and acellular content of the lung lumen ex vivo to gain ...

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

Isolering og karakterisering af ekstracellulære vesikler fra voksen Schistosoma japonicum

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by a variety of cells into the extracellular microenvironment. EVs represent a population of ...

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

Behandling af Bronkoalveolær lavage væske og matchet blod for alveolær makrofag og CD4+ T-celle Immunophenotyping og hiv reservoir Assessment