Name: conducting maximal and submaximal endurance exercise testing to measure physiological and biological responses to acute exercise in humans
Uploaded: 2018-10-17T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans at JoVE.com

这项研究由梅奥诊所的实验室医学和病理学和其他各种内部来源资助。

《议定书》得到了梅奥机构审查委员会的批准, 并符合《赫尔辛基宣言》的规定。在参加测试之前, 所有参与者都提供书面知情同意。
1. 代谢推车的校准与设置
<ol><li>流量和容积 (pneumotach) 校准 注:材料表中列出了特定的材料和设备。<ol>
<li>打开肺功能和气体交换软件进行测试校准。</li>
		<li>单击 "校准" 按钮打开校准窗口。在校准窗口的底部, 记下室温、气压?...

<ol>
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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+anthracycline-induced+cardiotoxicity+by+aerobic+exercise+in+breast+cancer:+current+evidence+and+underlying+mechanisms.">Modulation of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity by aerobic exercise in breast cancer: current evidence and underlying mechanisms.</a> Circulation. 124 (5), 642-650 (2011).</li><li>American College of Sports Medicine. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. , (2013).</li><li>Gustafson, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systems+biology+approach+to+investigating+the+influence+of+exercise+and+fitness+on+the+composition+of+leukocytes+in+peripheral+blood.">A systems biology approach to investigating the influence of exercise and fitness on the composition of leukocytes in peripheral blood.</a> Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer. 5, 30 (2017).</li><li>Freidenreich, D. J., Volek, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+responses+to+resistance+exercise.">Immune responses to resistance exercise.</a> Exercise Immunology Review. 18, 8-41 (2012).</li><li>Campbell, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+exercise+mobilises+CD8++T+lymphocytes+exhibiting+an+effector-memory+phenotype.">Acute exercise mobilises CD8+ T lymphocytes exhibiting an effector-memory phenotype.</a> Brain Behavior and Immunity. 23 (6), 767-775 (2009).</li><li>Gustafson, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+identification+and+analysis+of+non-overlapping+myeloid+immunophenotypes+in+humans.">A method for identification and analysis of non-overlapping myeloid immunophenotypes in humans.</a> PLoS One. 10 (3), e0121546 (2015).</li><li>Miller, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardisation+of+spirometry.">Standardisation of spirometry.</a> European Respiratory Journal. 26 (2), 319-338 (2005).</li><li>Miller, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+considerations+for+lung+function+testing.">General considerations for lung function testing.</a> European Respiratory Journal. 26 (1), 153-161 (2005).</li><li>Borg, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ratings+of+perceived+exertion+and+heart+rates+during+short-term+cycle+exercise+and+their+use+in+a+new+cycling+strength+test.">Ratings of perceived exertion and heart rates during short-term cycle exercise and their use in a new cycling strength test.</a> International Journal of Sports Medicine. 3 (3), 153-158 (1982).</li><li>Norton, K., Norton, L., Sadgrove, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Position+statement+on+physical+activity+and+exercise+intensity+terminology.">Position statement on physical activity and exercise intensity terminology.</a> Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 13 (5), 496-502 (2010).</li><li>Lansley, K. E., Dimenna, F. J., Bailey, S. J., Jones, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+'new'+method+to+normalise+exercise+intensity.">A 'new' method to normalise exercise intensity.</a> International Journal of Sports Medicine. 32 (7), 535-541 (2011).</li><li>Poole, D. C., Burnley, M., Vanhatalo, A., Rossiter, H. B., Jones, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Critical+Power:+An+Important+Fatigue+Threshold+in+Exercise+Physiology.">Critical Power: An Important Fatigue Threshold in Exercise Physiology.</a> Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48 (11), 2320-2334 (2016).</li><li>Gustafsson, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Acute+Exercise+on+Circulating+Soluble+Form+of+the+Urokinase+Receptor+in+Patients+With+Major+Depressive+Disorder.">Effects of Acute Exercise on Circulating Soluble Form of the Urokinase Receptor in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder.</a> Biomarker Insights. 12, 1177271917704193 (2017).</li><li>Hallberg, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exercise-induced+release+of+cytokines+in+patients+with+major+depressive+disorder.">Exercise-induced release of cytokines in patients with major depressive disorder.</a> Journal of Affective Disorders. 126 (1-2), 262-267 (2010).</li><li>Bengtsson Lindberg, M., Wilke, L., Vestberg, S., Jacobsson, H., Wis&#233;n, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exercise-induced+Release+of+Cytokines/Myokines+in+a+Single+Exercise+Test+before+and+after+a+Training+Intervention+in+Patients+with+Mild+Cognitive+Impairment.">Exercise-induced Release of Cytokines/Myokines in a Single Exercise Test before and after a Training Intervention in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment.</a> International Journal of Physical Therapy &amp; Rehabilitation. 3, (2017).</li></ol>

作为辅助/替代治疗工具, 运动有很大的潜力。事实上, 一个新兴的证据机构强烈建议体育活动促进身体健康。使用运动作为一种药物或诊断工具将需要了解适量或 "剂量" 的运动, 以达到预期的效果。最好的锻炼剂量应该估计, 因为过多的运动可能有害于改善健康。因此, 锻炼方案可能需要为每个个体量身定做, 以达到最佳的锻炼效果。为此目的, 需要理解和控制有助于各种行动反应性质的变数。因此...

身体活动被定义为骨骼肌肉产生的任何身体运动, 需要能量消耗1。运动是一种身体活动, 涉及重复的身体运动, 以改善或维持身体健康的一个或多个组成部分2。在同一时间, 不建议对那些严重生病的人进行体育活动。对于患有癌症、心力衰竭或甚至怀孕的人, 卧床休息比体力活动更可取。临床实践已经发生了翻天覆地的变化, 因为运动对整体健康的益处已成为不可否认的3。定期运动已被证明有助于减少心血管疾病风险, 全死因死亡率, 癌症风险和高血压, 改善血糖控制, 促进体重减轻或维护, 并防止骨和肌肉损失4,5 ,6,7,8。
运动的广泛好处现在导致许多人利用运动作为一种类型的 "医学" 和替代或辅助治疗选项的各种条件3。舒尔曼等。表明, 跑步机和抵抗运动的结合可以改善步态速度、有氧能力和肌肉力量, 从而提高帕金森病患者的运动控制和整体生活质量9.在心力衰竭患者中, 运动不耐受和药物干预不足导致生活质量低下10。在 HF 行动试验中进行运动训练的心力衰竭患者的初步结果表明, 生活质量提高, 住院和死亡率下降11。此外, 应用运动改变蒽环类化疗的心脏毒性效应 (如阿霉素) 表明, 无论何时启动与患者化疗管理 (之前, 期间或之后), 运动可以提供有益的效果, 如减少有氧能力下降, 减轻左心室功能障碍和减少氧化损伤12。
运动在健康和健康方面的好处不仅在其应用作为药物/治疗, 而且作为诊断工具。例如, 运动测试用于诊断运动不耐受, 心脏缺血, 或了解呼吸急促的原因13。也许更重要的是, 运动测试可以用来识别亚临床功能障碍。人体在大多数情况下 "过度建设", 这样的功能障碍或病理生理学通常可以保持隐藏和不明显的个人几个月或几年。这一观察可以解释为什么肺动脉高压或胰腺癌等病症在严重程度上会默默地增加, 这样, 由于时间症状被注意到, 这些条件往往是非常先进的, 极难治疗2.在某些情况下, 运动测试可以给身体带来压力刺激, 增加对日常生活的需求, 有时可以识别在休息时没有看到的功能障碍 (心脏、呼吸、新陈代谢), 帮助诊断疾病并及早开始治疗。
为了充分发挥运动的治疗和诊断潜能, 需要标准化的方法来量化对身体活动的反应, 以准确评估运动对整体免疫健康的贡献。工作量、倾角、持续时间、运动类型和样本收集时间的变化都可以影响生理反应的测量。在这里, 我们概述了最大和次极大耐力演习的方法收集生理数据, 同时收集样本的生物反应。该方法用于了解急性运动如何通过流式细胞仪测量运动前后不同时间点的免疫细胞种群对外周血14中白细胞的分布和频率的影响采用10色流量协议, 允许同时对所有主要白细胞亚群进行量化15。以下协议可作为两种不同运动方案的标准化方法, 用于测量生理和生物对运动的反应。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="841">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Metabolic cart/portable system</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">MCG Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Mobile Ultima CPX System</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">The flow calibration syringe, and calibration gases should come with system. There are numerous possible options/alternatives.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Pulmonary function software (Breeze Suite)</td>
			<td>MCG Diagnostics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Software used will depend on the metabolic system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Upright cycle ergometer</td>
			<td>Lode ergoline</td>
			<td>960900</td>
			<td>Numerous possible options/alternatives</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;">12-Lead ECG</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">CASE Exercise Testing System</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Used for 12 lead ECG capture, control bike. Having a full 12-lead is ideal for maximal exercise test so can monitor for arhythmias, but alternative for just HR would be a wireless chest strap heart rate monitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">Pulse oximeter</td>
			<td>Masimo</td>
			<td>MAS-9500</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Usually multiple probe options: finger, forehead, ear lobe.&#160; Usually avoid finger as tight handlebar grip can cause measurement inaccuracies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Pneumotach (preVent Flow Sensor)</td>
			<td>MCG Diagnostics</td>
			<td>758100-003</td>
			<td>Alternative systems can use a turbine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nose piece (disposable)</td>
			<td>MCG Diagnostics</td>
			<td>536007-001&#160;</td>
			<td>Numerous possible options/alternatives</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Mouthpeice with saliva trap</td>
			<td>MCG Diagnostics</td>
			<td>758301-001</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Suggest filling the saliva trap with paper towel/gauze and tape cap to limit dripping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Headband</td>
			<td>Cardinal Health</td>
			<td>292866</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Used to secure the forehead pulse oximeter and the lines for the cart</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stethescope&#160;</td>
			<td>3M Littman</td>
			<td>3157SM</td>
			<td>Numerous possible options/alternatives</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Blood pressure cuff</td>
			<td>HCS</td>
			<td>HCS9005-7</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Cuff size will depend on the population planning to test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ECG Electrodes</td>
			<td>Cardinal Health</td>
			<td>M2570</td>
			<td>only needed with lead based ECG/HR monitoring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">K2EDTA tube 5mL</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>368661</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="79">
			<td colspan="4" height="79" style="height:79px;width:841px;">*The table provides a list of the supplies and equipment utilized in this protocol and comments related to the equipment. Brand name/company is provided, but the use of other brands will not affect the results, key is to keep it consistent throughout testing in a particular study.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

conducting maximal and submaximal endurance exercise testing to measure physiological and biological responses to acute exercise in humans

正常的身体活动对人类健康有积极的影响, 但控制这些影响的机制仍然不清楚。急性运动的生理和生物反应主要受运动方案的持续时间和强度的影响。随着运动越来越被认为是治疗治疗和/或诊断工具, 重要的是要利用 standardizable 方法来了解变异性, 提高运动产出和测量的重现性。对这种方案的反应。为此, 我们描述了两种不同的循环运动方案, 它们产生不同的生理输出。在最大的运动测试中, 运动强度不断增加, 工作负荷增加, 导致心肺和代谢反应 (心率、中风体积、通气量、耗氧量和二氧化碳产量) 上升。与此相反, 在耐力运动测试中, 需求增加从在休息, 但被提高到一个固定的次极大运动强度, 导致心肺和新陈代谢的反应, 通常是高原。除了这些协议, 我们还提供了测量生理输出的建议, 包括但不限于心率、缓慢和强制的重要容量、气体交换指标和血压, 以使运动输出之间的比较研究。然后可以对 Biospecimens 进行取样, 以评估细胞、蛋白质和/或基因表达反应。总的来说, 这种方法可以很容易地适应两个不同的锻炼方案的短期和长期影响。

最大或次极大耐力运动测试的应用提供了一个刺激或压力源, 其中身体响应, 以满足增加的生理需求。各种运动模式可以用来比较生理和生物反应对特定的锻炼本身或当药物/干预使用, 或评估不同的运动负荷之间的反应差异。最大和耐力运动负荷在持续时间 (短/长分别) 和强度 (分别为高/低), 而模式 (即循环) 保持不变。在设计与运动测试的研究时, 重要的是要确定使?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans at JoVE.com

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

进行最大和次极大耐力运动测试, 测量人类急性运动的生理和生物学反应

为了评估运动强度对生理和生物反应的影响, 采用了两种不同的运动试验方案。方法概述了循环测力计的运动试验, 即增量式最大耗氧试验和耐力、稳态次极大耐力试验。

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic ...

此方法可以帮助理解如何使用运动来诊断各种病理的关键问题，包括运动不耐受、缺血或休息时不明显的亚临床功能障碍。该技术的主要优点是，在单个测试中，通过评估个人对运动的反应，您可以确定是否有心脏、肺和/或代谢功能障碍。虽然这种方法可以提供洞察到理解运动生理反应，它也可以应用于理解其他参数，如免疫系统的变化，神经功能和其他细胞和生化过程。演示该程序将是杰西施瓦茨，在心肺和性能实验室的技术人员。开始缓慢的重要能力机动，指示主体坐在一个直背和脚平放在地板上，他们的腿没有交叉。让主体把他或她的嘴放在喉舌周围，咬下来。然后用鼻夹将主体安装以密封鼻腔。在软件上启动操作，并指示主体继续正常呼吸。然后要求主体最大限度地吸气，然后慢慢呼气，直到有一个高原在流动跟踪。此时，指示主体采取最大呼吸。最后，停止测量，让主体释放喉舌。对于强制生命能力或 FVC 操作，指示主体再次抓住喉舌，同时保持相同的坐姿。在软件上启动操作，并指示主体继续正常呼吸。确保主体已建立稳定的呼吸模式，至少四次潮汐呼吸。然后指示主体充分、快速地吸气，然后尽可能快速、有力地立即呼气。最后，要求对象继续尝试将所有空气从他或她的肺部排出，达到完全呼气，同时保持直立姿势，直到达到高原约五秒钟。完成操作后，停止软件上的操作。对于最后一个操作，"最大自愿通风"或"MVV"在软件上启动，以显示倒计时栏，指示数据收集开始前所需的呼吸数。一口气进入倒计时，引导主题开始深呼吸，通过喉舌12秒。最后在12秒结束时，指示对象恢复正常呼吸，并取出喉舌和鼻夹。如果主体感觉头晕，鼓励他们保持坐姿，并缓慢地深呼吸。首先，如果存在，将头发从电极放置位置剃掉，为电极准备皮肤。用酒精垫擦擦场地，然后用研磨垫擦掉任何死皮细胞。然后放置12铅心电图的电极。对于增量式最大自行车测试，首先确保座椅和车把位置舒适，将主体安装到自行车上。用酒精擦拭主体的额头以清除任何残留物，然后用头带将脉搏血小表固定到前额上。接下来，将喉舌和鼻子夹放在主题上。告知主体，在测试的整个持续时间内，他们需要通过喉舌保持呼吸，并且仅通过他或她的嘴呼吸，因为鼻子会用鼻夹插入。休息两分钟后，开始数据收集，并指示主题开始以 60 到 80 RPM 之间的速度踩踏。让辅助技师在每个阶段测量血压一分钟，而第二名技师协助测试。然后请主题指向博格感知劳累评分或RPE尺度，以评价他或她的劳累水平，其中6表示劳累被认为是容易的，20表示感知的劳累是最难的工作，他们可以想象做。最后，继续测试，直到主体耗尽，然后通过降低对初始工作负载的阻力，继续恢复阶段，并指示主体继续循环两分钟。对于访问二，准备主题以相同的方式访问一。然后开始数据收集，指示主体开始以 60 到 80 RPM 之间的踏板速度踩踏。从 10 到 25 分钟的时间点，指示主题释放喉舌。然后要求对象在第 25 分钟到第 30 分钟以及 45 分钟测试的最后 5 分钟重新抓住喉舌。随着测试的继续，一定要检查 VO2 是否显著增加，当主体回到喉舌。检查主体的心率是否每分钟增加超过五次，并注意受主体疲劳，或他或她的 RPE 评分是否上升。最后，在45分钟后，指示主体完成两分钟的恢复期，轻松踩踏。完成后，让主体下船骑自行车，抽出五毫升静脉血。结果表明，在最大运动测试中，随着工作量的增加，需求或运动强度不断增加，心肺和代谢反应也不断增加。相比之下，在亚最大耐力运动测试中，需求从休息时增加，但会提高到固定的运动强度。因此，心肺反应有初始增加，但随后随着身体适应以满足一致需求而趋于稳定。此外，在最大运动测试中，RPE和呼吸交换比将稳步上升，直到测试结束，而在亚最大耐力运动测试中，这些参数将趋于稳定。在尝试此过程时，必须问自己，您希望从练习测试中获得哪些数据？并用它来设计练习测试。今天证明的方法用于了解两种不同运动方案中健康个体的免疫变化。不要忘记，患者在参加测试之前所做的工作会影响锻炼测试结果。为了提高一致性和可重复性，限制使用兴奋剂，控制食物摄入和在测试前锻炼。此外，保持测试条件一致，并在测试女性时了解月经周期阶段。

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Using Continuous Data Tracking Technology to Study Exercise Adherence in Pulmonary Rehabilitation

使用连续数据跟踪技术在肺康复研究锻炼坚持性

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an important component in the management of respiratory diseases. The effectiveness of PR is dependent upon adherence to ...

科研

医学

Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic ...

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

一个方法研究的化学诱导卵巢早衰的运动能力和适应心脏的影响在小鼠

The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases in post-menopausal women, yet, the role of exercise, as a preventative measure for CVD risk in ...

A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology

方法论方法血管功能和形态的非侵入性评估

The endothelium is the innermost lining of the vasculature and is involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis.  Damage to the endothelium may ...

Treating SCA1 Mice with Water-Soluble Compounds to Non-Specifically Boost Mitochondrial Function

治疗SCA1小鼠水溶性化合物，以非特异性升压线粒体功能

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in the aging process and in neurodegenerative diseases including several hereditary spinocerebellar ...

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

导管手术放置了长期的心血管运动试验猪

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early ...

Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans

诱导和人类劳力骨骼肌损伤评估

Contraction-induced muscle damage via voluntary eccentric (lengthening) contractions offers an excellent model for studying muscle adaptation and recovery ...

Setup and Execution Of the Blindfolded Code Training Exercise

盲民代码训练练习的设置和执行

Miscommunication is the most common cause of preventable patient harm in medicine. Currently, there is limited knowledge of innovative techniques to ...

Integration of Brain Tissue Saturation Monitoring in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure

心力衰竭患者心肺运动测试中脑组织饱和监测的集成

Cerebral hypo-oxygenation during rest or exercise negatively impacts the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction ...