Name: co-immunoprecipitation assay for studying functional interactions between receptors and enzymes
Uploaded: 2018-09-28T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Co-immunoprecipitation Assay for Studying Functional Interactions Between Receptors and Enzymes at JoVE.com

This project was funded by NIH Grants 1R01AI125640-01 and the Rheumatology Research Foundation.

1. Transfection of Cells
<ol>
	<li>Seed HEK 293T cells into twelve 10 cm plates (5 x 106 cells per plate) the day before transfection (Figure 1). Perform the cell counting using a hemocytometer. For each plate, use 10 mL of DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Incubate the cells at 37 &#176;C in 5% CO2.</li>
	<li>Once the cells are 80-90% confluent, transfect 5 HEK 293T plates using a lipid-based transfection reagent with one of the following...

<ol>
	<li>Montor, W. R., Salas, A., Melo, F. H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Receptor+tyrosine+kinases+and+downstream+pathways+as+druggable+targets+for+cancer+treatment:+the+current+arsenal+of+inhibitors.">Receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream pathways as druggable targets for cancer treatment: the current arsenal of inhibitors.</a> Molecular Cancer. 17 (1), (2018).</li><li>Ngoenkam, J., Schamel, W. W., Pongcharoen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selected+signalling+proteins+recruited+to+the+T-cell+receptor-CD3+complex.">Selected signalling proteins recruited to the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex.</a> Immunology. 153 (1), 42-50 (2018).</li><li>Azoulay-Alfaguter, I., Strazza, M., Pedoeem, A., Mor, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+coreceptor+programmed+death+1+inhibits+T-cell+adhesion+by+regulating+Rap1.">The coreceptor programmed death 1 inhibits T-cell adhesion by regulating Rap1.</a> Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 135 (2), 564-567 (2015).</li><li>Chemnitz, J. M., Parry, R. V., Nichols, K. E., June, C. H., Riley, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SHP-1+and+SHP-2+associate+with+immunoreceptor+tyrosine-based+switch+motif+of+programmed+death+1+upon+primary+human+T+cell+stimulation,+but+only+receptor+ligation+prevents+T+cell+activation.">SHP-1 and SHP-2 associate with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif of programmed death 1 upon primary human T cell stimulation, but only receptor ligation prevents T cell activation.</a> The Journal of Immunology. 173 (2), 945-954 (2004).</li><li>Patsoukis, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+effects+of+PD-1+on+Akt+and+Ras+pathways+regulate+molecular+components+of+the+cell+cycle+and+inhibit+T+cell+proliferation.">Selective effects of PD-1 on Akt and Ras pathways regulate molecular components of the cell cycle and inhibit T cell proliferation.</a> Science Signaling. 5 (230), 46 (2012).</li><li>Pentcheva-Hoang, T., Chen, L., Pardoll, D. M., Allison, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programmed+death-1+concentration+at+the+immunological+synapse+is+determined+by+ligand+affinity+and+availability.">Programmed death-1 concentration at the immunological synapse is determined by ligand affinity and availability.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (45), (2007).</li><li>Yokosuka, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programmed+cell+death+1+forms+negative+costimulatory+microclusters+that+directly+inhibit+T+cell+receptor+signaling+by+recruiting+phosphatase+SHP2.">Programmed cell death 1 forms negative costimulatory microclusters that directly inhibit T cell receptor signaling by recruiting phosphatase SHP2.</a> The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 209 (6), 1201-1217 (2012).</li><li>Hui, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+cell+costimulatory+receptor+CD28+is+a+primary+target+for+PD-1-mediated+inhibition.">T cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for PD-1-mediated inhibition.</a> Science. 355 (6332), 1428-1433 (2017).</li><li>Sheppard, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PD-1+inhibits+T-cell+receptor+induced+phosphorylation+of+the+ZAP70/CD3zeta+signalosome+and+downstream+signaling+to+PKCtheta.">PD-1 inhibits T-cell receptor induced phosphorylation of the ZAP70/CD3zeta signalosome and downstream signaling to PKCtheta.</a> FEBS Letters. 574 (1-3), 37-41 (2004).</li><li>Okazaki, T., Maeda, A., Nishimura, H., Kurosaki, T., Honjo, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PD-1+immunoreceptor+inhibits+B+cell+receptor-mediated+signaling+by+recruiting+src+homology+2-domain-containing+tyrosine+phosphatase+2+to+phosphotyrosine.">PD-1 immunoreceptor inhibits B cell receptor-mediated signaling by recruiting src homology 2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 to phosphotyrosine.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (24), 13866-13871 (2001).</li><li>Sun, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antagonism+between+binding+site+affinity+and+conformational+dynamics+tunes+alternative+cis-interactions+within+Shp2.">Antagonism between binding site affinity and conformational dynamics tunes alternative cis-interactions within Shp2.</a> Nature Communications. 4, 2037 (2013).</li><li>Peled, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affinity+purification+mass+spectrometry+analysis+of+PD-1+uncovers+SAP+as+a+new+checkpoint+inhibitor.">Affinity purification mass spectrometry analysis of PD-1 uncovers SAP as a new checkpoint inhibitor.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (3), E468-E477 (2018).</li><li>Jang, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+protein+tyrosine+phosphatase+inhibitor,+pervanadate,+inhibits+angiotensin+II-Induced+beta-arrestin+cleavage.">A protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, pervanadate, inhibits angiotensin II-Induced beta-arrestin cleavage.</a> Molecules and Cells. 28 (1), 25-30 (2009).</li><li>Pluskey, S., Wandless, T. J., Walsh, C. T., Shoelson, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potent+stimulation+of+SH-PTP2+phosphatase+activity+by+simultaneous+occupancy+of+both+SH2+domains.">Potent stimulation of SH-PTP2 phosphatase activity by simultaneous occupancy of both SH2 domains.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (7), 2897-2900 (1995).</li><li>McAvoy, T., Nairn, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serine/threonine+protein+phosphatase+assays.">Serine/threonine protein phosphatase assays.</a> Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. , (2010).</li><li>Shlapatska, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD150+association+with+either+the+SH2-containing+inositol+phosphatase+or+the+SH2-containing+protein+tyrosine+phosphatase+is+regulated+by+the+adaptor+protein+SH2D1A.">CD150 association with either the SH2-containing inositol phosphatase or the SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase is regulated by the adaptor protein SH2D1A.</a> The Journal of Immunology. 166 (9), 5480-5487 (2001).</li></ol>

Receptor-enzyme interactions are crucial for intracellular signaling. Many enzymes are recruited to receptors through SH2 domains binding to phosphorylated tyrosines that decorate tails of the same receptors. However, enzymes are often folded into closed inactive conformations, and activation requires a conformational change11 that can be mediated by other domains of the same receptor. The assay described here measures the interactions between receptors and enzymes as well as the activity induced ...

Catalytic receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases are transmembrane proteins in which binding of an extracellular ligand causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side1. Some receptors possess both receptor and enzymatic functions, while others recruit specific enzymes such as kinases and phosphatases to their cytoplasmic tails. Recruitment of an enzyme to the receptor&#39;s tail and the subsequent catalytic action of this enzyme are two separate processes that are not always regulated by the same protein domains2. Unfortunately, there are no specific tools to assess both the interaction and enzymatic activity simultaneously. The functional co-immunoprecipitation assay described here is a useful method to dissect the recruitment of an enzyme to the tail of a receptor from its activation. This assay utilizes immunoprecipitation of tagged receptors by antibody-coated beads. Subsequently, both an enzymatic activity assay and western blot analysis on beads are performed. The overall goal of this method is to uncover which protein domains are necessary for interactions between receptors and enzymes (assessed by western blot analysis) and which domains are obligatory for complete activation of the enzymes (measured by on-bead enzymatic activity assay). It is significant to develop tools for studying the separate functions of receptor-associated enzymes due to their involvement in the pathogenesis of human diseases. Moreover, further understanding the mechanisms of action of these proteins may help the design of novel therapeutic interventions.
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory receptor on the surface of T cells and is required for limiting excessive T cell responses. In recent years, anti-PD-1 antibodies have been implicated in the treatment of multiple malignancies1,2. PD-1 ligation restrains numerous T cell functions, including proliferation, adhesion, and secretion of multiple cytokines3,4,5. PD-1 is localized to the immunological synapse, the interface between T cells and antigen-presenting cells6, where it colocalizes with the T cell-receptor (TCR)7. Subsequently, the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 [Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing tyrosine phosphatase 2] is recruited to the cytoplasmic tail of PD-1, leading to dephosphorylation of key tyrosine residues within the TCR complex and its associated proximal signaling molecules3,4,5,8,9. The cytoplasmic tail of PD-1 contains two tyrosine motifs, an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), and an immunoreceptor tyrosine based-switch motif (ITSM)10. Both motifs are phosphorylated upon PD-1 ligation9,10. Mutagenesis studies have revealed a primary role for the ITSM in SHP2 recruitment, as opposed to the ITIM, whose role in PD-1 signaling and function is not clear4.
SHP2 adopts either a closed (folded), inhibited conformation or an open (extended), active conformation11. The contribution of each tail domain of PD-1 to SHP2 binding or activation has not yet been elucidated. To answer this question, we developed an assay that enables parallel testing of the recruitment of SHP2 to the tail of PD-1 and its activity12. We employed co-immunoprecipitation and an on-bead phosphatase activity assay to test both the interaction and enzymatic activity in parallel. Using this assay, we show that the ITSM of PD-1 is sufficient to recruit SHP2 to the tail of PD-1, while the ITIM of PD-1 is needed to fully extend and activate the enzyme.
There are many receptors that have several adjacent domains in their cytoplasmic tails. The functional co-immunoprecipitation assay can uncover the role of specific domains that are necessary for either protein recruitment or enzymatic activation.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-516F</td>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5424-R</td>
			<td>1.5 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) Phenol Red</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat Inactivated FBS</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>FB5001-H</td>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin / Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP295950</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high glucose without L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-614F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperFect Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>301305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-SHP2</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC-280</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti&#8211;GFP-agarose</td>
			<td>MBL</td>
			<td>D153-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GFP</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>118144600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Actin</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC-1616</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK-293 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-1573</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orthovanadate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S6508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H2O2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>216763</td>
			<td>30%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11836170001</td>
			<td>EDTA-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-Glycine SDS Sample Buffer (2X)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>LC2676</td>
			<td>Modified Laemmli buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-20% Tris-Glycine Mini Gels</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>XP04205BOX</td>
			<td>15-well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrocellulose membranes</td>
			<td>General Electric</td>
			<td>10600004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td>N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethane sulfonic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1532</td>
			<td>Dithiothreitol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pNPP</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>20-106</td>
			<td>p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S8045</td>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td>Bi Cinchoninic Acid assay</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

co-immunoprecipitation assay for studying functional interactions between receptors and enzymes

Receptor-associated enzymes are the major mediators of cellular activation. These enzymes are regulated, at least in part, by physical interactions with cytoplasmic tails of the receptors. The interactions often occur through specific protein domains and result in activation of the enzymes. There are several methods to study interactions between proteins. While co-immunoprecipitation is commonly used to study domains that are required for protein-protein interactions, there are no assays that document the contribution of specific domains to activity of the recruited enzymes at the same time. Accordingly, the method described here combines co-immunoprecipitation and an on-bead enzymatic activity assay for simultaneous evaluation of interactions between proteins and associated enzymatic activation. The goal of this protocol is to identify the domains that are critical for physical interactions between a protein and enzyme and the domains that are obligatory for complete activation of the enzyme. The importance of this assay is demonstrated, as certain receptor protein domains contribute to the binding of the enzyme to the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor, while other domains are necessary to regulate the function of the same enzyme.

While the contribution of the ITSM of PD-1 to SHP2 binding is established, the role of the ITIM of PD-1 is less clear. Because SHP2 has two SH2 domains that can bind to two sequential phosphotyrosines on PD-1 (one tyrosine in the ITSM and another in the ITIM), we hypothesized that the ITSM of PD-1 anchors SHP2 to PD-1, while the ITIM of PD-1 facilitates SHP2 activity by stabilizing its open conformational state11,14. To test this,...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Co-immunoprecipitation Assay for Studying Functional Interactions Between Receptors and Enzymes at JoVE.com

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay for Studying Functional Interactions Between Receptors and Enzymes

Here, we present a protocol for co-immunoprecipitation and an on-bead enzymatic activity assay to simultaneously study the contribution of specific protein domains of plasma membrane receptors to both enzyme recruitment and enzyme activity.

Receptor-associated enzymes are the major mediators of cellular activation. These enzymes are regulated, at least in part, by physical interactions with ...

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