Name: real-time imaging and quantification of fungal biofilm development using a two-phase recirculating flow system
Uploaded: 2018-10-18T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Imaging and Quantification of Fungal Biofilm Development Using a Two-Phase Recirculating Flow System at JoVE.com

作者想承认韦德博士 Sigurdson 在设计流动装置方面提供了宝贵的投入。

1. 组装流量设备
<ol><li>根据图 1中的示意图配置材料表中列出的部件, 并考虑下面讨论的注意事项。 注意: 为方便起见, 流量设备分为两个侧面, 绿色侧 (所有的幻灯片的上游到培养基烧瓶), 橙色的一面 (所有的东西在幻灯片的下游到培养基烧瓶)。<ol>
<li>确保所有的流量设备都是气密的, 以防止泄漏, 除了介质烧瓶 (图 1, 1)。为了实现这一?...

<ol>
	<li>Pankhurst, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candidiasis+(oropharyngeal).">Candidiasis (oropharyngeal).</a> BMJ clinical evidence. 2012, 1304 (2012).</li><li>Ramage, G., Vandewalle, K., Wickes, B. L., L&#243;pez-Ribot, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristics+of+biofilm+formation+by+Candida+albicans.">Characteristics of biofilm formation by Candida albicans.</a> Revista iberoamericana de micolog&#237;a. 18 (4), 163-170 (2001).</li><li>Nobile, C. J., Mitchell, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+cell-surface+genes+and+biofilm+formation+by+the+C.+albicans+transcription+factor+Bcr1p.">Regulation of cell-surface genes and biofilm formation by the C. albicans transcription factor Bcr1p.</a> Current biology: CB. 15 (12), 1150-1155 (2005).</li><li>Blankenship, J. R., Mitchell, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+build+a+biofilm:+a+fungal+perspective.">How to build a biofilm: a fungal perspective.</a> Current opinion in microbiology. 9 (6), 588-594 (2006).</li><li>Ara&#250;jo, D., Henriques, M., Silva, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Portrait+of+Candida+Species+Biofilm+Regulatory+Network+Genes.">Portrait of Candida Species Biofilm Regulatory Network Genes.</a> Trends in microbiology. 25 (1), 62-75 (2017).</li><li>Lane, W. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parallel-plate+flow+chamber+and+continuous+flow+circuit+to+evaluate+endothelial+progenitor+cells+under+laminar+flow+shear+stress.">Parallel-plate flow chamber and continuous flow circuit to evaluate endothelial progenitor cells under laminar flow shear stress.</a> Journal of visualized experiments. (59), e3349 (2012).</li><li>Bakker, D. P., van der Plaats, A., Verkerke, G. J., Busscher, H. J., van der Mei, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+velocity+profiles+for+different+flow+chamber+designs+used+in+studies+of+microbial+adhesion+to+surfaces.">Comparison of velocity profiles for different flow chamber designs used in studies of microbial adhesion to surfaces.</a> Applied and environmental microbiology. 69 (10), 6280-6287 (2003).</li><li>Zhang, W., Sileika, T. S., Chen, C., Liu, Y., Lee, J., Packman, A. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+planar+flow+cell+for+studies+of+biofilm+heterogeneity+and+flow-biofilm+interactions.">A novel planar flow cell for studies of biofilm heterogeneity and flow-biofilm interactions.</a> Biotechnology and bioengineering. 108 (11), 2571-2582 (2011).</li><li>Uppuluri, P., Lopez-Ribot, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+easy+and+economical+in+vitro+method+for+the+formation+of+Candida+albicans+biofilms+under+continuous+conditions+of+flow.">An easy and economical in vitro method for the formation of Candida albicans biofilms under continuous conditions of flow.</a> Virulence. 1 (6), 483-487 (2010).</li><li>Diaz, P. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+interaction+between+Candida+albicans+and+commensal+oral+streptococci+in+a+novel+in+vitro+mucosal+model.">Synergistic interaction between Candida albicans and commensal oral streptococci in a novel in vitro mucosal model.</a> Infection and immunity. 80 (2), 620-632 (2012).</li><li>McCall, A., Edgerton, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-Time+Approach+to+Flow+Cell+Imaging+of+Candida+albicans+Biofilm+Development.">Real-Time Approach to Flow Cell Imaging of Candida albicans Biofilm Development.</a> Journal of fungi. 3 (1), 13 (2017).</li><li>Zhang, B., Zerubia, J., Olivo-Marin, J. -. 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使用上述流程系统, 可以生成真菌生物膜生长和发育的定量延时视频。为了使实验进行比较, 必须确保成像参数保持不变, 这一点至关重要。这包括确保为每个实验设置科勒照明的显微镜 (许多参考线可在线进行此过程)。除了成像参数, 在使用流设备时还要牢记一些重要步骤。首先, 确保气泡疏水阀在流体流动过程中保持真空, 这一点很重要, 因为如果不这样做, 将导致空气通过气泡疏水阀被拉入。同...

白色念珠菌(C. 白念珠菌) 是人类的一种机会性真菌病原体, 可感染多种组织类型, 包括口腔粘膜表面, 导致口咽念珠菌病, 并导致受影响的个人的生活质量降低1。生物膜的形成是影响白念珠菌发病的重要特征, 对白念珠菌生物膜的形成和功能进行了大量的研究2,3,4, 5, 其中许多已使用静态 (无流)体外模型进行。然而, 白念珠菌必须坚持和生长在唾液流在口腔中存在。许多流动系统已经开发, 以允许活细胞成像6,7,8,9,10。这些不同的流系统是为不同的目的而设计的, 因此每个系统都有不同的优点和缺点。我们发现, 许多适合C. 白念珠菌的流动系统成本高昂, 需要复杂的制造部件, 或者在流动过程中无法成像, 必须在成像之前停止。因此, 我们开发了一种新的流动装置来研究11流动下的白念珠菌生物膜形成。在我们的流量仪设计过程中, 我们遵循了这些主要考虑因素。首先, 我们希望能够实时量化生物膜生长和发展的多个方面, 而无需使用荧光细胞 (允许我们轻松研究突变菌株和未修改的临床分离株)。其次, 我们希望所有部件都能在商业上提供, 几乎没有任何修改 (i. e., 没有定制制造), 允许其他人更容易地重新创建我们的系统, 并允许轻松维修。第三, 我们还希望允许在相当高的流速率下延长成像时间。最后 , 我们希望 , 经过一段时间的细胞附着到基质动 , 能够监测生物膜生长在较长的时间 , 而不引入新的细胞。
这些考虑促使我们开发了图 1所示的双瓶循环流系统。两个烧瓶允许我们将实验分为两个阶段, 一个附着阶段, 从细胞种子附着烧瓶中吸取, 以及使用无细胞培养基继续生物膜生长的生长阶段, 而无需添加新细胞。该系统设计用于显微镜的孵育室, 其前面的滑块和油管 (2 到 5,图 1) 放置在孵化器内, 而所有其他组件放置在一个大型辅助容器外显微镜。此外, 带有附加温度探针的电炉搅拌器用于保持附着烧瓶中的真菌细胞37摄氏度。由于它是循环的, 这个系统能够连续成像在流动期间 (可以超过36小时取决于条件), 并可用于大多数标准显微镜, 包括直立或倒置台式显微镜。在这里, 我们讨论了流量设备的组装、操作和清洗, 并提供了一些基本的 ImageJ 定量算法来分析实验后的视频。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:635px;" width="635">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Pump</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cole Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07522-20</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Pump head</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cole Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">77200-60</td>
			<td>6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cole Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">96410-14</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Bubble trap adapter</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cole Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30704-84</td>
			<td>3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Bubble trap vacuum adapter for 1/4&#8221; ID vacuum line</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cole Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31500-55</td>
			<td>3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">In-line filter adapter (4 needed)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cole Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31209-40</td>
			<td>8,9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Orange-side Y</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cole Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31209-55</td>
			<td>7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Green-side Y</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ibidi</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10827</td>
			<td>2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">* Slides</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ibidi</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">80196</td>
			<td>4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">* Slide luers</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ibidi</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10802</td>
			<td>4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Vacuum assisted Bubble trap</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Elveflow/Darwin microfluidics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">KBTLarge - Microfluidic Bubble Trap Kit</td>
			<td>3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Media flasks</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4980-500</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.2 &#181;m air filter</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">431229</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Threaded glass bottle for PD and filter flask (2 needed)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1395-100</td>
			<td>5,10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ported Screw cap for PD and filter flask (2 needed)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Wheaton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1129750</td>
			<td>5,10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Screwcap tubing connector</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Wheaton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1129814</td>
			<td>5,10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tubing connector beveled washer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Danco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">88579</td>
			<td>5,10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tubing connector flat washer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Danco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">88569</td>
			<td>5,10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Clamps for in-line filters and downstream Y (7 needed)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Oetiker/MSC Industrial Supply Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15100002-100</td>
			<td>7,8,9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Clamp tool</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Oetiker/MSC Industrial Supply Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14100386</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">20 micron in-line media filter</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Analytical Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">850-1331</td>
			<td>8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">10 micron in-line media filter</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Analytical Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">850-1333</td>
			<td>9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">2 micron inlet media filter</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Supelco/Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">58267</td>
			<td>10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">* 0.22 &#181;m media filter</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SVGV010RS</td>
			<td>11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">* 0.22 &#181;m media filter &#8220;adapter&#8221;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">329654</td>
			<td>11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Rubber stopper</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-131E</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Hotplate stirrer with external probe port</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">88880006</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Temperature probe</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">88880147</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

real-time imaging and quantification of fungal biofilm development using a two-phase recirculating flow system

在口咽念珠菌病中,念珠菌属的成员必须坚持和生长在口腔粘膜表面, 而在唾液流动的影响下。虽然在流的增长模型已经开发, 许多这些系统是昂贵的, 或不允许成像, 而细胞在流动。我们开发了一种新的仪器, 使我们能够想象在流动和实时的白色念珠菌细胞的生长和发展。在这里, 我们详细介绍了该流程设备的组装和使用的协议, 以及所生成数据的量化。我们能够量化单元格附加到和从幻灯片中分离的速率, 以及确定随时间推移的幻灯片上生物量的测量值。该系统既经济又多功能, 与许多类型的光学显微镜, 包括廉价的台式显微镜, 并能延长成像时间相比, 其他流系统。总的来说, 这是一个低吞吐量的系统, 可以提供非常详细的实时信息的生物膜生长的真菌物种在流动。

在图 2a和补充视频 1中, 使用野生型白色白细胞在37摄氏度下进行正常过夜延时实验的代表性图像。图像经过对比增强, 可提高可见性。对原始数据进行量化, 在图 2B中可以看出代表性图。为了生成这些图, 数据首先归一化到成像区域 (即除以总成像面积), 分离进一步归一化为生?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Imaging and Quantification of Fungal Biofilm Development Using a Two-Phase Recirculating Flow System at JoVE.com

Real-time Imaging and Quantification of Fungal Biofilm Development Using a Two-Phase Recirculating Flow System

介绍了一种在水流下实时成像真菌生物膜形成的流动装置的组装、操作和清洗。我们还提供并讨论了用于获取图像的定量算法。

用两相循环流系统实时成像和定量真菌生物膜的研究

In oropharyngeal candidiasis, members of the genus Candida must adhere to and grow on the oral mucosal surface while under the effects of salivary flow. ...

这种方法可以帮助回答微生物学领域的关键问题，如流体流动如何改变真菌生物膜的生长和发展。该技术的主要优点是，它使我们能够定量地实时评估流对生物膜生长发育的影响。开始这个实验与流装置的组装，如文本协议中所述。实验当天，连接气泡陷阱、温度探头和所有单次使用组件。要组装过滤器，请从一毫升注射器中拆下柱塞，使其成为适配器。将滤瓶中的管子强制到此端，将 2 微米过滤器连接到管材上，从而进入生长瓶。在连接滑轨适配器之前，在滑轨适配器的棒子周围涂抹硅胶真空润滑脂，因为这样有助于防止空气泄漏到系统中。用 100 毫升 YPD 填充附瓶，用 200 毫升 YPD 填充生长烧瓶。确保绿色侧管到达每个烧瓶中的介质。确保所有阀门都打开。将气泡疏水阀连接到真空，然后将泵连接到气泡疏水阀下游的绿色侧管。以每分钟 3.3 毫升的流量泵送液体，以完全填充绿色一面。然后，分配和丢弃大约一到两毫升的介质，因为前几个毫升通常含有死细胞或随机碎片。在继续之前，确保油管的绿色面充满介质，且气泡陷阱下游没有气泡。用 YPD 填充通道滑轨和储液罐，注意不要引入气泡。将幻灯片连接到流量装置。然后泵出更多的液体，在橙色一侧形成约5米的缓冲液。这是为了防止在回流时意外将空气困在幻灯片中。现在，首先将气泡陷阱的入口和出口种植关闭，准备将流量装置运送到显微镜。然后将绿色和橙色侧附件瓶阀夹紧。确保脉动阻尼器和滤瓶的螺钉盖紧固，因为它们在自动增压过程中可能会松动。断开泵与油管的连接，使运输更加方便。然后将所有组件（包括热板搅拌器）移动到显微镜附近的辅助容器中。将温度探头连接到热板搅拌器，并开始将附件烧瓶加热至 37 摄氏度。以 300 RPM 搅拌介质，并在整个实验中保持此速度。将幻灯片安装在显微镜上，必要时使用胶带将其固定。然后将气泡陷阱连接到真空中。现在，将泵连接到流量装置。以每分钟 3.3 毫升的流量启动泵，并允许其运行约 5 到 10 秒。然后，在让出盖氏族中去除气泡陷阱。当附件烧瓶加热时，让泵继续运转。一旦附体烧瓶和孵化室均在37摄氏度，将足够的真菌细胞过夜培养到附体烧瓶中，达到每毫升100万个细胞。等待 15 分钟，让细胞适应。打开绿色和橙色侧附件烧瓶阀，同时关闭两个生长烧瓶阀，以启动细胞的流动。等待大约五分钟，让单元格到达幻灯片。在此期间，对焦显微镜并调整到之前实验中使用的相同成像参数。开始附件阶段的图像采集。大约 5 分钟和 10 分钟后回来检查，确保保持焦点。如果没有，请尝试在获取下一个图像后立即调整焦点。附件阶段结束后，立即保存文件。然后打开绿色和橙色侧增长烧瓶阀，同时关闭两个附件烧瓶阀。如果孵化室内有任何阀门，注意不要颠簸。拔下温度计探头，用生长瓶更换附件烧瓶。现在，将软件配置为在 22 小时内每 15 分钟获取一次图像，并开始为生长阶段采集图像。一旦生长阶段采集完成并保存文件，打开绿色和橙色侧附件烧瓶阀，当橙色侧的压力释放时，可能会发出噪音。从两个介质烧瓶中拉上绿色侧管，直到它们至少比介质高出几厘米。然后，以高速运行泵，从油管中卸下所有介质，从而更容易进行清洁。最后，量化文本协议中描述的视频。这个时间推移的暗场显微镜视频显示野生型念珠菌细胞在附着阶段附着在基底，随后在生长阶段的生长发育，导致生物膜形成。这些视频的数据可以分析细胞附着率和分离率以及生物量，此处显示的是密度测定分析确定的成像区域内的总生物量。同时显示细胞附着的累积速率和生物量分离的百分比。在尝试此过程时，必须记住在所有实验中使用相同的成像条件，因为这样可以进行定量比较。

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Real-time Imaging of Leukotriene B4 Mediated Cell Migration and BLT1 Interactions with &beta;-arrestin

Real-time Imaging of Leukotriene B4 Mediated Cell Migration and BLT1 Interactions with ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â²-arrestin

白三烯B实时成像 4介导的细胞迁移和BLT1与β- arrestin的相互作用

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the seven transmembrane protein family and mediate the transduction of extracellular signals to ...

科研

免疫与感染

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilm in Flow Cells

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilm in Flow Cells

铜绿假单胞菌和酿酒酵母流细胞生物膜

Many microbial cells have the ability to form sessile microbial communities defined as biofilms that have altered physiological and pathological ...

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

一个负选择标记的发展阿米巴</em

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis and infects up to 10% of the world's population. The molecular techniques that have enabled the ...

Quantification of Fungal Colonization, Sporogenesis, and Production of Mycotoxins Using Kernel Bioassays

使用内核生物测定真菌孢子发生和霉菌毒素生产的定量

The rotting of grains by seed-infecting fungi poses one of the greatest economic challenges to cereal production worldwide, not to mention serious risks ...

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

一个实时，同步成像的TCR和其相关的信号转导蛋白的T​​IRF显微镜技术

Signaling is initiated through the T Cell Receptor (TCR) when it is engaged by antigenic peptide fragments bound by Major Histocompatibility Complex ...

Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation

T细胞实时成像实时信号复合物的形成

Protection against infectious diseases is mediated by the immune system 1,2. T lymphocytes are the master coordinators of the immune system, regulating ...

Real-time Imaging of Endothelial Cell-cell Junctions During Neutrophil Transmigration Under Physiological Flow

内皮细胞，细胞连接实时成像过程中中性粒细胞轮回在生理流动

During inflammation, leukocytes leave the circulation and cross the endothelium to fight invading pathogens in underlying tissues. This process is known ...

Imaging Neutrophils and Monocytes in Mesenteric Veins by Intravital Microscopy on Anaesthetized Mice in Real Time

在实时麻醉小鼠成像中性粒细胞和单核细胞在肠系膜静脉用活体显微镜

Efficient immune response is dependent on rapid mobilization of blood leukocytes to the site of infection or injury. Investigating leukocyte migration in ...

Visualizing the Effects of Sputum on Biofilm Development Using a Chambered Coverglass Model

可视化痰生物膜发展影响使用腔室盖玻片型号

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the ...

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Immune Synapse in the Human System Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

影像性流式细胞仪对人体免疫突触的定性和定量分析

The immune synapse is the area of communication between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). T cells polarize surface receptors and proteins ...