Name: endotoxin activity assay for the detection of whole blood endotoxemia in critically ill patients
Uploaded: 2019-06-24T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Endotoxin Activity Assay for the Detection of Whole Blood Endotoxemia in Critically Ill Patients at JoVE.com

我们感谢保罗·布拉加内和丽莎·马蒂亚斯森博士对测定协议方法的审查。达里奥·温特顿,医学博士为审查手稿的英语语言能力提供了实质性帮助。

该规程是按照有关处理人类生物标本的机构准则,并遵循我们临床实验室的现行标准操作程序进行的。使用EA数据和被检测患者的临床信息遵循我们机构人类研究伦理委员会的指导方针。
1. 实验室设备和检测套件内容
<ol><li>不使用时,将 EA 套件储存在 2~8 °C。</li>
	<li>
每个 EA 测试由 5 种不同的管组成;将每个部分用于测试的不同部分(参见第 2 节)。
	<ol>
<li>使用管#1(...

<ol>
	<li>Akira, S., Takeda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toll-like+receptor+signalling.">Toll-like receptor signalling.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 4 (7), 499-511 (2004).</li><li>Takeda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+and+integration+of+innate+immune+recognition+systems:+the+Toll-like+receptors.">Evolution and integration of innate immune recognition systems: the Toll-like receptors.</a> Journal of Endotoxin Research. 11 (1), 51-55 (2005).</li><li>Ulevitch, R. J., Tobias, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognition+of+gram-negative+bacteria+and+endotoxin+by+the+innate+immune+system.">Recognition of gram-negative bacteria and endotoxin by the innate immune system.</a> Current Opinion in Immunology. 11 (1), 19-22 (1999).</li><li>Natanson, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endotoxin+and+tumor+necrosis+factor+challenges+in+dogs+simulate+the+cardiovascular+profile+of+human+septic+shock.">Endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor challenges in dogs simulate the cardiovascular profile of human septic shock.</a> The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 169 (3), 823-832 (1989).</li><li>Suffredini, A. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cardiovascular+response+of+normal+humans+to+the+administration+of+endotoxin.">The cardiovascular response of normal humans to the administration of endotoxin.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 321 (5), 280-287 (1989).</li><li>Singer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Third+International+Consensus+Definitions+for+Sepsis+and+Septic+Shock+(Sepsis-3).">The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3).</a> JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 315 (8), 801-810 (2016).</li><li>Gupta, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culture-Negative+Severe+Sepsis:+Nationwide+Trends+and+Outcomes.">Culture-Negative Severe Sepsis: Nationwide Trends and Outcomes.</a> Chest. 150 (6), 1251-1259 (2016).</li><li>Ikeda, T., Ikeda, K., Suda, S., Ueno, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Usefulness+of+the+endotoxin+activity+assay+as+a+biomarker+to+assess+the+severity+of+endotoxemia+in+critically+ill+patients.">Usefulness of the endotoxin activity assay as a biomarker to assess the severity of endotoxemia in critically ill patients.</a> Innate Immunity. 20 (8), 881-887 (2014).</li><li>Dellinger, R. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Targeted+Polymyxin+B+Hemoperfusion+on+28-Day+Mortality+in+Patients+With+Septic+Shock+and+Elevated+Endotoxin+Level.">Effect of Targeted Polymyxin B Hemoperfusion on 28-Day Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock and Elevated Endotoxin Level.</a> The EUPHRATES Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 320 (14), 1455-1463 (2018).</li><li>Marshall, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+and+prognostic+implications+of+endotoxemia+in+critical+illness:+results+of+the+MEDIC+study.">Diagnostic and prognostic implications of endotoxemia in critical illness: results of the MEDIC study.</a> The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 190 (3), 527-534 (2004).</li><li>Levin, J., Bang, F. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clottable+protein+in+Limulus;+its+localization+and+kinetics+of+its+coagulation+by+endotoxin.">Clottable protein in Limulus; its localization and kinetics of its coagulation by endotoxin.</a> Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica. 19 (1), 186-197 (1968).</li><li>Marshall, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+endotoxin+activity+in+critically+ill+patients+using+whole+blood+neutrophil+dependent+chemiluminescence.">Measurement of endotoxin activity in critically ill patients using whole blood neutrophil dependent chemiluminescence.</a> Critical Care. 6 (4), 342-348 (2002).</li><li>Grimaldi, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+Level+of+Endotoxemia+Following+Out-of-Hospital+Cardiac+Arrest+Is+Associated+With+Severity+and+Duration+of+Postcardiac+Arrest+Shock.">High Level of Endotoxemia Following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Is Associated With Severity and Duration of Postcardiac Arrest Shock.</a> Critical Care Medicine. 43 (12), 2597-2604 (2015).</li><li>Klein, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+EUPHRATES+trial+(Evaluating+the+Use+of+Polymyxin+B+Hemoperfusion+in+a+Randomized+controlled+trial+of+Adults+Treated+for+Endotoxemia+and+Septic+shock):+study+protocol+for+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">The EUPHRATES trial (Evaluating the Use of Polymyxin B Hemoperfusion in a Randomized controlled trial of Adults Treated for Endotoxemia and Septic shock): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.</a> Trials. 15, 218 (2014).</li><li>Bottiroli, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+and+clinical+significance+of+early+high+Endotoxin+Activity+in+septic+shock:+An+observational+study.">Prevalence and clinical significance of early high Endotoxin Activity in septic shock: An observational study.</a> Journal of Critical Care. 41, 124-129 (2017).</li><li>Kaukonen, K. M., Bailey, M., Suzuki, S., Pilcher, D., Bellomo, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mortality+related+to+severe+sepsis+and+septic+shock+among+critically+ill+patients+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand.">Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand.</a> JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 311 (13), 1308-1316 (2014).</li><li>Biagioni, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endotoxin+activity+levels+as+a+prediction+tool+for+risk+of+deterioration+in+patients+with+sepsis+not+admitted+to+the+intensive+care+unit:+a+pilot+observational+study.">Endotoxin activity levels as a prediction tool for risk of deterioration in patients with sepsis not admitted to the intensive care unit: a pilot observational study.</a> Journal of Critical Care. 28 (5), 612-617 (2013).</li><li>Roth, R. I., Levin, F. C., Levin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+detection+of+bacterial+endotoxin+in+plasma+with+the+Limulus+test.">Optimization of detection of bacterial endotoxin in plasma with the Limulus test.</a> The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 116 (2), 153-161 (1990).</li><li>Yaguchi, A., Yuzawa, J., Klein, D. J., Takeda, M., Harada, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+intermediate+levels+of+the+Endotoxin+Activity+Assay+(EA)+with+other+biomarkers+in+the+assessment+of+patients+with+sepsis:+results+of+an+observational+study.">Combining intermediate levels of the Endotoxin Activity Assay (EA) with other biomarkers in the assessment of patients with sepsis: results of an observational study.</a> Critical Care. 16 (3), (2012).</li><li>Earley, Z. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burn+Injury+Alters+the+Intestinal+Microbiome+and+Increases+Gut+Permeability+and+Bacterial+Translocation.">Burn Injury Alters the Intestinal Microbiome and Increases Gut Permeability and Bacterial Translocation.</a> PLoS One. 10 (7), (2015).</li><li>Munster, A. M., Smith-Meek, M., Dickerson, C., Translocation Winchurch, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidental+phenomenon+or+true+pathology?.">Incidental phenomenon or true pathology?.</a> Annals of Surgery. 218 (3), 321 (1993).</li><li>Clementi, A., Virz&#236;, G. M., Brocca, A., Ronco, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+Endotoxin+in+the+Setting+of+Cardiorenal+Syndrome+Type+5.">The Role of Endotoxin in the Setting of Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 5.</a> Cardiorenal Medicine. 7 (4), 276-283 (2017).</li><li>Virz&#236;, G. 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化血症休克现在仍然与死亡率高达40%有关,尽管这个比率根据考虑的报告16而变化。大多数专家都提倡需要新型和更好的生物标志物,以帮助临床医生早期诊断,更好地管理和预后化脓性休克患者6。
执行 EA 测试不需要以前的技术知识或复杂的实验室设备,任何医疗保健提供商都可以轻松快速地了解如何运行它。及时识别高循环 EA 可能有助于将?...

脂多糖(LPS),也称为内毒素,是革兰氏阴性(GN)细菌膜结构的关键组成部分。它约占细胞壁的10%,对外膜的完整性和平衡至关重要。此外,它是宿主先天免疫系统1,2的有力激活剂。
体外免疫系统细胞在体外接触LPS会导致多个基因的表达发生变化3。在健康人类志愿者中管理非常少量的LPS会触发急性全身炎症的级联,而败血症和败血症休克则可能以较高的内毒素浓度4、5出现。
败血症是一种危及生命的情况,如果不及时识别,可能导致多器官衰竭和死亡。消毒患者必须及时治疗,积极复苏,适当的抗生素治疗,最佳的源头控制和及时的器官支持策略。脓毒症病因的诊断主要基于临床识别和培养性病原体检测6。然而,微生物培养的结果可能长达48小时,在高达30%的病例7中没有结论。早期识别和干预可能导致更好的患者结果。在怀疑败血症的患者中,通常根据生理和生化参数作出决定,没有明确的内毒血症迹象。
内毒素活性(EA)的测量可以通过全血商业测定(见材料表)获得。它可以作为系统内毒血症的生物标志物,用于疾病严重程度的早期分层,特别是在有发生败血性休克8的风险的患者中。在最近出版的双盲随机对照临床试验中,该测定用于指导Polymyxin B血液灌注治疗。在危重病人中,MEDIC研究表明,EA水平增加与多器官功能障碍、重症监护病房(ICU)停留时间以及死亡率10相关。
已经开发出不同的检测检测内毒素。利穆卢斯阿莫博克莱特溶酶(LAL)测定,无论是作为凝胶凝固,浊度,或染色体检测,到目前为止一直是最经常采用的血清内毒素估计。它基于内毒素诱导马蹄蟹、利穆卢斯多聚苯酚的溶血性凝血的能力。然而,这种测定在特异性方面有一定的局限性。特别是,它也可以被内毒素以外的微生物产品激活,如真菌细胞壁的成分,并且它可以通过各种人类血浆蛋白11抑制。
在过去十年中,EA的测量被开发并验证为循环内毒血症的生物标志物。与 LAL 测试相比,EA 在临床环境中实现更快、更容易。此外,它已被证明比全血的LAL更准确,在体外和体内12的灵敏度和特异性增加。
尽管它最初作为早期诊断工具,用于快速识别 GN 细菌作为败血症致病剂,但 EA 水平也作为疾病严重程度的生物标志物进行了研究。在此背景下,它已被证明是特别有用的评估低灌注状态,由于持续的严重疾病,如败血性休克或心脏后骤停综合征13。最近,自开发净化电检系统以来,还提出了一个积极的EA结果,作为一种筛选工具,以准确识别这种治疗14的潜在候选者。我们最近对107例败血性休克患者早期高浓度EA的患病率和临床意义进行了观察性回顾性研究。根据其他最近的研究结果,我们发现EA是败血性休克15患者疾病严重程度的一个有希望的标志。
本手稿的目的是描述在床边或实验室执行 EA 测定的方法,并描述其在败血性休克的代表性情况下的潜在用途。该技术可以通过测量嗜中性粒细胞中的增强氧化性爆裂来检测LPS活性,这种活性是通过抗内毒素抗体和LPS的复合物启动的。增加的呼吸爆发由化学光度计检测,发出的光量与血液样本中的内毒素量成正比。测定需要很少的试剂,大约需要30分钟才能进行,使用全血12的40μL。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:727px;" width="726">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:184px;">EAA kit</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Spectral Medical Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">EAAST-20</td>
			<td style="width:268px;">Package with 20 tests + 1 quality control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Smart Line TL</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Berthold</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">EAASL</td>
			<td>Luminometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Incubator shaker</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">GRANT</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">ES-20</td>
			<td>Mini-incubator shaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">Vortexer</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">444-2790</td>
			<td>Vortex instrument</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

endotoxin activity assay for the detection of whole blood endotoxemia in critically ill patients

脂多糖,也称为内毒素,是革兰氏阴性细菌的基本成分,在败血症和败血症休克的发展中起着至关重要的作用。早期发现正在迅速演变为严重疾病的传染性过程可能会促使更快和更密集的治疗,从而可能导致更好的患者结果。内毒素活性(EA)测定可在床边用作系统内毒素血症的可靠生物标志物。内毒素活性水平升高的检测已反复证明与败血症和败血症休克患者疾病严重程度增加有关。测定快速且易于执行。简单地说,取样后,全血的等分与抗内毒素抗体混合,并加入LPS。内毒素活性被测量为通过化学发光检测到的含以结束中性粒细胞的相对氧化爆发。测定的输出以从0(不存在)到1(最大)的刻度表示,并分为"低"(<0.4单位)、"中间"(0.4~0.59个单位)或"高"(±0.6个单位)。本手稿报告了实施 EA 测定的详细方法和理由。

一名72岁男子住进一所学术城市医院的急诊科( ED)。几天前,他向初级保健医生提出抱怨小便燃烧。建议用口服磷霉素进行短期治疗。他的病史包括高血压、2型糖尿病和良性前列腺增生。他的药物包括依那普利、阿托伐他汀、坦苏洛辛和二甲苯。
在ED中,他昏昏欲睡,醒来时感到困惑。他的体温为39.1°C,心率为每分钟125次,血压为80/4...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Endotoxin Activity Assay for the Detection of Whole Blood Endotoxemia in Critically Ill Patients at JoVE.com

Endotoxin Activity Assay for the Detection of Whole Blood Endotoxemia in Critically Ill Patients

我们特此提出一个方案,在床边测量人类全血样本的内毒素活性。内毒素活性测定是一个简单的测试,可能是脓毒症危重病人的一个有用的生物标志物。

危重病人全血内毒素血症检测的内毒素活性测定

Lipopolysaccharide, also known as endotoxin, is a fundamental component of gram-negative bacteria and plays a crucial role in the development of sepsis ...

败血症可导致多器官衰竭和死亡。内毒素是克阴性细菌的基本成分。内毒素循环水平升高可能识别出风险较高的患者，以发展更严重的疾病。内毒素活性测定可用作全身性内毒素血症的简单、快速、可靠的生物标志物。早期发现这种毒素可能有助于临床医生治疗败血性休克患者。在败血症休克患者中，及早发现一种快速变化的情况可能会促使更快、更密集的生命支持治疗，从而可能带来更好的结果。展示这个程序的将是丽莎·马蒂亚森，一个分子生物学家谁与我们的研究小组合作。要开始此过程，请设置 EA 测试套件并解包五种不同类型的管。使用管号控制管，在没有特定抗体的情况下测量患者嗜中性粒细胞的非特异性氧化爆发的基础活性。使用管号二号，样品管，测量氧化爆裂对LPS抗体复合物的反应。使用第三管，Max管，测量患者嗜中性粒细胞的最大氧化爆发，以回应过量的内毒素。使用管号四，LPS管，作为外源内毒素的来源。并使用管五，阿里克管，用于血液储存。在含有EDTA抗凝剂的无菌管中收集患者血液样本，并在运行 EA 测试之前在室温下储存。在开始测试之前，打开化学发光计和培养箱摇床，将孵化器加热到37摄氏度。首先，将 EA 管放在管架中，然后拆下盖。使用组合管将一毫升的 EA 试剂从瓶子中转移到 1 号、2 号和 3 号管中，通过移液管的一侧。轻轻反转收集管20次，混合患者的血液样本。然后，移液器0.5毫升的患者血液进入管4和管5。涡流管四号 10 秒。将带所有 EA 试管的管架放入培养箱摇床中。合上盖子，在37摄氏度下孵育10分钟。在此之后，打开培养箱盖，从摇床中取出管架。涡流管五号。使用无菌尖端，移液器40微升的管到管1号和2号，重复。涡流管四号。使用相同的移液器尖端，将40微升血液从4号管转移到3号管中，重复。一个个旋转六个最后的试管。将管架放回孵化摇床中，然后合上盖子。将摇床设置为 100 rpm，然后启动运动 14 分钟。将 EA 标记的芯片卡插入化学发光计，然后按"开始"。经过14分钟的孵育，按照化学发光仪上显示的说明进行操作。轻轻旋转每个管 10 秒钟，然后将其放在化学发光计的样品支架上。打开样品抽屉，将1号管放入样品支架中。然后，关闭样品抽屉，等待相对光单元读数。重复此读取过程管 2 和 3 和所有重复，如文本协议中概述。处理所有管材后，EA 结果将自动计算和打印。对需要测试的每个血液样本重复整个检测过程。将 EA 检测套件及其组件存放在原始密封包装中，温度在 2 至 25 摄氏度之间。在这项研究中，进行内毒素活性测定，以检测危重病人全血内毒性血症。EA 值小于 0.40 EA 单位表示低内毒素活性水平，等于低循环 LPS 浓度，表示低风险进展到严重疾病状态。0.40 和 0.59 EA 单位之间的结果表明中间内毒素活性水平，这是严重败血症和败血性休克发展的中间风险。等于或大于 0.60 EA 单位的结果表示内毒素活性水平高，这表示败血性休克和患者结果不佳的高风险。四号和五号管的血必须与正确的试管混合。必须格外小心，以遵循协议中指示的正确顺序。每个管都是重复运行，可能导致这个阶段的错误。引入后，EA分析被提出为全身性低灌注患者风险分层的生物标志物。此外，它已被研究作为筛选测试，以选择患者的先进的血净化治疗策略。

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

危重病人中的应用手册肌力测试：下肢肌力测量方法

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, ...

科研

医学

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&beta; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â² using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

使用全血刺激试验的促炎性细胞因子IL -1β的精确和简单的测量

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues ...

Sequencing of Bacterial Microflora in Peripheral Blood: our Experience with HIV-infected Patients

测序外周血中细菌菌群：我们的经验与艾滋病毒感染者

The healthy gastrointestinal tract is physiologically colonized by a large variety of commensal microbes that influence the development 
	of the humoral ...

Rapid Point-of-Care Assay of Enoxaparin Anticoagulant Efficacy in Whole Blood

快速点护理依诺肝素的抗凝血剂功效的测定全血中

There is the need for a clinical assay to determine the extent to which a patient's blood is effectively anticoagulated by the ...

Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

实时的细胞毒性分析在人全血

A live cell-based whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) that allows access to temporal information of the overall cell cytotoxicity is developed with ...

Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients

在耐药性颞叶癫痫患者卵圆孔电极记录的网络分析

Approximately 30% of epilepsy patients are refractory to antiepileptic drugs. In these cases, surgery is the only alternative to eliminate/control ...

Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance

Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance

念珠菌光滑全基因组测序检测抗真菌耐药性标志物

Candida glabrata can rapidly acquire mutations that result in drug resistance, especially to azoles and echinocandins. Identification of genetic mutations ...

How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children

如何管理危重新生儿、婴儿和儿童近红外光谱

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calculates regional tissue oxygenation (rSO2) using the different absorption spectra of oxygenated and deoxygenated ...

Infrared Thermography for the Detection of Changes in Brown Adipose Tissue Activity

红外热成像用于检测棕色脂肪组织活性的变化

Measuring brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity by positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT) via the accumulation of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ...