Name: using clicker training and social observation to teach rats to voluntarily change cages
Uploaded: 2018-10-25T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages at JoVE.com

作者非常感谢托马斯. 瓦克的技术支持。我们进一步感谢海林博士对她的亲切支持。

根据欧洲、国家和机构对动物护理的指导方针, 对大鼠和实验程序进行处理。
1. 驯化和习惯性习惯
注意: 如果不运送大鼠, 可以减少驯化和习惯性时间。对于无创识别, 颜色的尾巴与皮肤友好标记。
<ol><li>
周 1: 驯化 注意: 两个会话应在第一个星期, 一个在抵达当天和第二个2天后到达。<ol>
<li>在老鼠到来的那天:<ol>
<li>把两个老鼠转到他们新...

<ol>
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上文所述的协议是我们以前描述的用于实验室小鼠的10号训练方案的一个有用的扩展应用。该实施只需要每天几分钟, 总共七周, 包括驯化, 习惯和唱歌训练。为了可行性, 本协议仅限于每周几周, 每对老鼠的会话时间约为十分钟。该协议在大型大鼠群体中的建立是很耗时的, 但如果动物被指定为长期试验或育种者, 它可以帮助改善笼子长期变化的过程。此外, 在进行实验时减少干扰?...

常规程序可能导致实验室动物的压力1,2,3,4。结果表明, 笼型改变确实增加了4、5、6大鼠的心血管参数和一般活动。这种压力反应至少可以部分归结于与笼型变化过程相关的物理干扰和处理, 而不是新的陌生环境2,4。特别重要的是压力对被视为动物的福祉的负面影响7。此外, 压力还会诱发行为和其他身体参数的变化, 包括自主神经系统、神经内分泌系统和免疫系统。因此, 压力通常被称为在动物实验中出现意外偏差的可能来源, 应尽量避免在高质量的动物研究7,8。减少实验动物压力的一种方法是训练。训练动物通常是一个非常有用的工具, 实验室动物管理, 事实上, 要求欧盟指令 2010/63/欧盟9。训练可以作为一种充实的形式, 有助于为实验准备动物;因此, 培训有助于维持和提高实验室设置10、11、12的福祉。一种可能的训练方法是正强化训练 (PRT)。PRT 是一种操作性条件反射调节的形式, 奖励 (例如,食物奖励) 与所需行为13联系在一起。这种形式的训练已经在非人类灵长类动物的实验室设置中普遍使用, 以减轻压力并增进福祉, 并在其他各种动物物种10、13中得到普及, 14,15,16。自愿运动培训也经常用于畜牧业管理17、18、19。PRT 不仅是与动物合作的有用工具;它同样有利于动物的福祉, 无论训练的行为是否直接使用20。这里所描述的正强化训练协议旨在通过给予鼠自愿参与程序的机会, 避免在例行执行笼式改变期间出现任何形式的压力。
除了对动物可能造成的压力外, 动物设施的工作流程始终为维持卫生状况提供了陷阱, 特别是在实验室动物和动物照料者之间的直接接触有卫生风险的情况下污染。在专门从事啮齿动物的动物设施中, 将动物从脏物转移到干净的笼子里, 可以提供经常性和高工作量。此程序通常包括动物和人类之间的直接接触, 因此代表一个卫生风险因素, 由于可能转移的病原体在人类皮肤上定居21。除了从其他动物载体转移, 致病和非致病生物侵入动物设施最频繁地通过人类22,23。由于减少的健康与减少的福祉相关, 甚至亚临床感染可能是 nonreproducible 实验结果的原因, 这应该清楚地避免24,25。在这个帐户上, 训练动物到自愿改变笼子进一步使笼的传导变化在训练后几乎没有任何直接接触动物和动物看守, 从而降低了潜在的卫生风险, 同时执行实验程序。
我们训练大鼠主动更换网箱的协议, 可以作为实验室大鼠管理的一个有用工具, 它将训练作为一种认知充实的形式与日常工作的表现联系起来。因此, 我们的议定书是一种动物友好的程序, 有助于提高实验动物设施中大鼠的福祉。由于笼子在训练阶段可以在动物和动物看守者之间几乎没有任何直接接触的条件下进行改变, 它可能还有助于保持高水平的卫生水平, 从而进一步改善动物研究。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:719px;" width="719">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:224px;">Target Stick with Clicker</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Trixie</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">2282</td>
			<td style="width:280px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Metal Pipe (Alu Flexrohr nw 100)</td>
			<td>Rotheigner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>available in construction marktes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">White Chocolate/ white chocolate cream</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Company doesn&#39;t matter, preferable organic quality</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Prism Version 6.0 for Mac</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using clicker training and social observation to teach rats to voluntarily change cages

笼式清洗是一种常规执行的畜牧程序, 已知在实验大鼠中诱发压力。由于压力会对幸福产生负面影响, 并可能影响研究结果的可比性和重现力, 因此应尽量减少和避免实验动物所承受的压力。此外, 大鼠和动物看守人在笼中的直接接触会造成卫生风险, 因此可能对大鼠的福祉和研究的质量产生负面影响。
我们的协议旨在改进常规执行的笼型更换程序。为此, 我们提出了一个可行的协议, 使大鼠通过发声训练和观察, 自愿地改变到一个干净的笼子学习。这项培训有助于减少因身体紊乱和与笼子变化有关的处理而引起的压力, 同时可以减少动物和动物看管者在训练阶段完成后的直接接触。
对大鼠进行点对中训练的实现是快速而简单的。大鼠通常对训练感兴趣, 并有效地学习所需的行为, 这就需要通过管子改变笼子。即使没有训练, 老鼠也学会通过观察来执行所期望的行为, 因为80% 的观察学习小组在测试时成功地改变了笼子。培训进一步有助于建立一个教练和动物之间的信任关系。由于卫生和福祉在动物实验中都非常重要, 本议定书也可能有助于改进高质量的研究。

这项训练是对十名女性李斯特帽 (LD) 大鼠进行的。十未经训练, 但温和处理的雌性 LD 鼠作为对照组。温和的处理意味着老鼠只被他们的身体举起, 而不是在尾巴的底部举起。为了评估观察的学习, 我们增加了一组10只雌性 LD 大鼠, 这些老鼠没有受过训练, 而是被训练的大鼠保持笼型配合, 能够观察训练。所有的老鼠都完成了驯化和习惯性的处理。训练包括通过金属管移动到一...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages at JoVE.com

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

本协议介绍了一种通过发声训练对大鼠进行笼型改变的方法。大鼠不仅通过直接训练, 而且通过观察性学习来学习所期望的行为。实施这一快速而简单的协议可能有助于改善啮齿动物设施的福祉和卫生。

用小鼠训练和社会观察教老鼠主动改变笼子

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

这种方法可以帮助回答实验室啮齿动物环境战略新兴领域中的关键问题，例如常规饲养程序中的减压。这项技术的主要优点是，它可以帮助改善笼改的常规过程，并这样帮助改善实验鼠的用人。一般来说，新到这种方法的个体可能难以为之奋斗，因为奖励的时机和大鼠的整体处理至关重要。首先，把家里的笼子带到训练区，这应该是一个安静的地方，有限的分心。确保所有必需的材料，如奖励、咔嗒声、目标棒、定时器、金属管、清洁笼和任何其他特定的培训材料都随时在场。在整个过程中，请严格观察大鼠是否有不适迹象。接下来，从家庭笼子中删除所有物品。只有训练有素的大鼠和观察鼠和床上用品应留在笼子里。将一条短隧道放在家庭笼子里，最好是用老鼠熟悉的材料制作的。等到老鼠坐在隧道里，然后给老鼠奖励。只要老鼠表现出兴趣，并即将开始咬奖励，点击，然后让老鼠饲料的奖励。为确保两个增强器的配对成功，重复单击，然后奖励 15 秒。如果大鼠在训练情况下不喂食，必须延长或调整适应阶段。如果大鼠没有参加，则通过管理没有奖励的单击来检查主增援和辅助器之间连接的迹象。连接的迹象包括老鼠嗅探奖励，四处寻找奖励，或抬起前肢寻找奖励。如果发生这种情况，请继续下一部分，否则，重复第一天的训练。对于下一阶段的训练，放置一个短隧道，其材料与隧道相同，用于连接两个笼子。启动计时器，立即开始训练前 30 秒。老鼠第一次对隧道感兴趣，在隧道的尽头展示奖励。老鼠一进入隧道，就点击，然后让老鼠吃奖励。拿走食物奖励，等到老鼠再次对隧道感兴趣。一旦老鼠进入隧道，点击，并在隧道的尽头出示奖励。经过 30 秒的训练后，拆下隧道以中断 15 秒。重复 30 秒的训练，随后的 15 秒休息 4 分钟。如果大鼠每分钟显示所需行为超过四次，请停止单击，只需用主强化器进行奖励。启动计时器，立即从训练前 30 秒开始，将目标棒的地球仪放在大鼠附近。一旦老鼠对地球表现出兴趣，点击并奖励老鼠。重复多次。每 15 秒添加一次休息时间，然后继续训练。如果老鼠每分钟对地球感兴趣超过四次，那么下一个强化的行为就是用鼻子触摸地球。如果大鼠每分钟重复该行为超过四次，请停止单击，只需用主强化器进行奖励。在这里，只有通过隧道走向清洁笼被加固。通过插入老鼠已经熟悉的长版本隧道，在家庭笼子和新的清洁笼之间通过隧道建立连接。第一天，不进行训练，只让老鼠检查隧道。他们很有可能自己穿过隧道。第二天，给老鼠两分钟的时间，自己从脏地转移到干净的一面。如果大鼠没有穿过隧道，一旦对隧道表现出兴趣，点击并奖励大鼠，即可开始第一个 30 秒的训练课。接下来，点击并奖励老鼠进入隧道的入口，然后去点击，如果老鼠深入到隧道，奖励。以类似的方式继续，直到老鼠穿过整个隧道。一旦老鼠开始从隧道的尽头窥视到干净的笼子，展示目标棒的地球，点击，并奖励触摸地球。最后，引导老鼠离开隧道。在隧道前展示地球，一旦老鼠走进新的笼子并接触地球，就点击并奖励它。将一只手放在腹部下或胸部周围，支撑老鼠的后腿，将其从干净的笼子里抬起来，放回肮脏的笼子里。然后在清洁笼的中心呈现目标棒的地球。当老鼠穿过隧道并触摸目标棒时，单击并奖励它。如果大鼠每分钟重复此行为超过四次，请停止单击，只需用主强化器进行奖励。10只雌性李斯特帽鼠通过点击器训练通过金属管训练改变笼子。培训分为三类。没有参与、探索行为和目标行为。经过五天的训练，所有大鼠都获得了训练有素的行为。经过四周的观察，训练有素的大鼠的笼友被评估为自愿的笼内改变行为。总体而言，80%的观察学习组通过金属管更换了笼子。经过四周的训练，所有大鼠都得到抑制，并记录和总结发声、排便和排尿，计算出每只大鼠与恐惧相关的行为评分。与经过训练的和观察性学习组相比，未经训练的小组表现出与恐惧相关的行为评分增加。在尝试这个程序时，重要的是要记住观察大鼠是否有不适的迹象，并且所有相互作用都必须以动物友好的方式进行。按照这个程序，在其他科学领域，如行为主义，神经科学，或免疫学的实验可以进行与快乐，无压力的动物的好处。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Using Chronic Social Stress to Model Postpartum Depression in Lactating Rodents

哺乳期鼠害使用慢性社会压力型号产后抑郁症

Exposure to chronic stress is a reliable predictor of depressive disorders, and social stress is a common ethologically relevant stressor in both animals ...

科研

行为学

Measuring Sensitivity to Viewpoint Change with and without Stereoscopic Cues

The speed and accuracy of object recognition is compromised by a change in viewpoint; demonstrating that human observers are sensitive to this ...

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

训练大鼠自愿潜水水下：哺乳动物潜水响应调查

Underwater submergence produces autonomic changes that are observed in virtually all diving animals. This reflexly-induced response consists of apnea, a ...

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

适度的产前酒精暴露在成年大鼠社会行为的量化

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

一种用于评价大鼠乙醇的补强性能没有禁水，糖精衰落或扩展访问训练方法

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

大鼠条件性巴甫洛夫训练方法

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

Recording Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalizations to Evaluate Social Communication

录制鼠标超声波发声评价社会交往

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

引进响片训练为实验室老鼠认知富集

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

Integrating Computerized Linguistic and Social Network Analyses to Capture Addiction Recovery Capital in an Online Community

整合计算机语言和社交网络分析,在在线社区中捕捉成瘾恢复资本

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery ...