Name: transcranial direct current stimulation (tdcs) in mice
Uploaded: 2018-09-23T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Mice at JoVE.com

我们感谢索萨先生协助维持老鼠的栖息地。l.a.v. M 是一个海角博士后研究员。这项工作得到赠款 PRONEX (FAPEMIG: APQ-00476-14) 的支持。

本实验采用 C57BL/6 小鼠 (8-12 周) 的个体居住。动物在实验过程之前、期间和之后接受了适当的关心与食物和水广告随意.所有程序都是由米纳斯吉拉斯州联邦大学动物伦理委员会(59/2014 号议定书)批准的。
1. 电极放置
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将动物镇静到立体定向装置上
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<li>消毒所有必要的手术器械。 小说手术器械在440摄氏度消毒3分钟。棉拭子蒸压在 20 psi (英...

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	<li>Filmer, H. L., Dux, P. E., Mattingley, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+for+understanding+brain+function.">Applications of transcranial direct current stimulation for understanding brain function.</a> Trends in Neurosciences. 37 (12), 742-753 (2014).</li><li>Nitsche, M. A., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+excitability+elevations+induced+by+transcranial+DC+motor+cortex+stimulation+in+humans.">Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans.</a> Neurology. 57 (10), 1899-1901 (2001).</li><li>Kronberg, G., Bridi, M., Abel, T., Bikson, M., Parra, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+Current+Stimulation+Modulates+LTP+and+LTD:+Activity+Dependence+and+Dendritic+Effects.">Direct Current Stimulation Modulates LTP and LTD: Activity Dependence and Dendritic Effects.</a> Brain Stimulation. 10 (1), 51-58 (2017).</li><li>Pelletier, S. J., Cicchetti, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+and+Molecular+Mechanisms+of+Action+of+Transcranial+Direct+Current+Stimulation:+Evidence+from+In+Vitro+and+In+Vivo+Models.">Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Models.</a> International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 18 (2), pyu047 (2015).</li><li>Chang, M. C., Kim, D. Y., Park, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancement+of+cortical+excitability+and+lower+limb+motor+function+in+patients+with+stroke+by+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation.">Enhancement of cortical excitability and lower limb motor function in patients with stroke by transcranial direct current stimulation.</a> Brain Stimulation. 8 (3), 561-566 (2015).</li><li>Lefaucheur, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence-based+guidelines+on+the+therapeutic+use+of+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+(tDCS).">Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 128 (1), 56-92 (2017).</li><li>Monai, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+imaging+reveals+glial+involvement+in+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation-induced+plasticity+in+mouse+brain.">Calcium imaging reveals glial involvement in transcranial direct current stimulation-induced plasticity in mouse brain.</a> Nature Communications. 7, 11100 (2016).</li><li>Marquez-Ruiz, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+direct-current+stimulation+modulates+synaptic+mechanisms+involved+in+associative+learning+in+behaving+rabbits.">Transcranial direct-current stimulation modulates synaptic mechanisms involved in associative learning in behaving rabbits.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, 6710-6715 (2012).</li><li>Jackson, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation:+Methods+and+mechanisms.">Animal models of transcranial direct current stimulation: Methods and mechanisms.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 127 (11), 3425-3454 (2016).</li><li>Cambiaghi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+modulates+motor+excitability+in+mice.">Brain transcranial direct current stimulation modulates motor excitability in mice.</a> The European journal of neuroscience. 31 (4), 704-709 (2010).</li><li>Monte-Silva, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+late+LTP-like+plasticity+in+the+human+motor+cortex+by+repeated+non-invasive+brain+stimulation.">Induction of late LTP-like plasticity in the human motor cortex by repeated non-invasive brain stimulation.</a> Brain Stimulation. 6 (3), 424-432 (2013).</li><li>San-Juan, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+Direct+Current+Stimulation+in+Mesial+Temporal+Lobe+Epilepsy+and+Hippocampal+Sclerosis.">Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Hippocampal Sclerosis.</a> Brain Stimulation. 10 (1), 28-35 (2017).</li><li>Brunoni, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+(tDCS)+in+unipolar+vs.+bipolar+depressive+disorder.">Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in unipolar vs. bipolar depressive disorder.</a> Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 35 (1), 96-101 (2011).</li><li>Brunoni, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trial+of+Electrical+Direct-Current+Therapy+versus+Escitalopram+for+Depression.">Trial of Electrical Direct-Current Therapy versus Escitalopram for Depression.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 376 (26), 2523-2533 (2017).</li><li>Boggio, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+visual+memory+enhancement+after+direct+current+stimulation+in+Alzheimer's+disease.">Prolonged visual memory enhancement after direct current stimulation in Alzheimer's disease.</a> Brain Stimulation. 5 (3), 223-230 (2012).</li><li>Cosentino, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anodal+tDCS+of+the+swallowing+motor+cortex+for+treatment+of+dysphagia+in+multiple+sclerosis:+a+pilot+open-label+study.">Anodal tDCS of the swallowing motor cortex for treatment of dysphagia in multiple sclerosis: a pilot open-label study.</a> Neurological Sciences. , 7-9 (2018).</li><li>Kaski, D., Dominguez, R. O., Allum, J. H., Islam, A. F., Bronstein, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+physical+training+with+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+to+improve+gait+in+Parkinson's+disease:+A+pilot+randomized+controlled+study.">Combining physical training with transcranial direct current stimulation to improve gait in Parkinson's disease: A pilot randomized controlled study.</a> Clinical Rehabilitation. 28 (11), 1115-1124 (2014).</li><li>Monai, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+imaging+reveals+glial+involvement+in+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation-induced+plasticity+in+mouse+brain.">Calcium imaging reveals glial involvement in transcranial direct current stimulation-induced plasticity in mouse brain.</a> Nature Communications. 7, 11100 (2016).</li><li>Fritsch, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+current+stimulation+promotes+BDNF-dependent+synaptic+plasticity:+potential+implications+for+motor+learning.">Direct current stimulation promotes BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity: potential implications for motor learning.</a> Neuron. 66 (2), 198-204 (2010).</li><li>Winkler, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+and+Motor+Systems+Anodal+Transcranial+Direct+Current+Stimulation+Enhances+Survival+and+Integration+of+Dopaminergic+Cell+Transplants+in+a+Rat+Parkinson+Model.">Sensory and Motor Systems Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Survival and Integration of Dopaminergic Cell Transplants in a Rat Parkinson Model.</a> New Research. 4 (5), 17-63 (2017).</li><li>Nasehi, M., Khani-Abyaneh, M., Ebrahimi-Ghiri, M., Zarrindast, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+left+frontal+transcranial+direct-current+stimulation+on+propranolol-induced+fear+memory+acquisition+and+consolidation+deficits.">The effect of left frontal transcranial direct-current stimulation on propranolol-induced fear memory acquisition and consolidation deficits.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 331 (May), 76-83 (2017).</li><li>Souza, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurobiological+mechanisms+of+antiallodynic+effect+of+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+(tDCS)+in+a+mice+model+of+neuropathic+pain.">Neurobiological mechanisms of antiallodynic effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in a mice model of neuropathic pain.</a> Brain Research. 1682 (14-23), (2018).</li><li>Woods, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+technical+guide+to+tDCS,+and+related+non-invasive+brain+stimulation+tools.">A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 127 (2), 1031-1048 (2016).</li><li>Cogan, S. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+damage+thresholds+during+therapeutic+electrical+stimulation.">Tissue damage thresholds during therapeutic electrical stimulation.</a> Journal of Neural Engineering. 13, 2 (2017).</li><li>Podda, M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anodal+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+boosts+synaptic+plasticity+and+memory+in+mice+via+epigenetic+regulation+of+Bdnf+expression.">Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation boosts synaptic plasticity and memory in mice via epigenetic regulation of Bdnf expression.</a> Scientific reports. 6 (October 2015), 22180 (2015).</li></ol>

近年来, 神经刺激技术已经进入临床实践, 作为治疗神经精神疾病的一个有希望的程序23。为了减少由于缺乏对神经刺激机制的了解而强加的约束, 我们在这里提出了一个 tDCS 的小鼠模型, 它携带一个能靶向大脑区域的电极。由于电极是长期植入的, 这种动物模型能够调查 tDCS (至少1月) 在复杂刺激模式诱发的持久生物学效应。所描述的 tDCS 动物模型具有较高的种植耐受性和很少的感...

经颅直流电刺激 (tDCS) 是一种无创、低成本的治疗技术, 其重点是通过使用低强度连续电流1进行神经元调制。目前, tDCS 有两个设置 (anodal 和阴极)。当 anodal 刺激使电流电场太弱, 无法触发动作电位时, 电生理学研究表明, 这种方法能产生突触可塑性2的变化。例如, 证据表明, tDCS 诱发长期增强 (LTP) 效应, 如增加兴奋后突触电位的峰值振幅3,4和调节皮质兴奋性5。
反之, 阴极刺激诱导抑制, 导致膜极化6。这一机制的假说是基于生理学的发现, 其中 tDCS 被描述为调节动作电位频率和时间在神经元体3。值得注意的是, 这种效应并不能直接唤起动作电位, 尽管它可以改变退极化阈值, 促进或阻碍神经元发射7。这些对比效果以前已经证明。例如, anodal 和阴极刺激产生了相反的影响, 在条件反应登记通过肌电活动在兔子8。然而, 研究还表明, 延长 anodal 刺激疗程可能会降低兴奋性, 而增加阴极电流可能导致兴奋性, 呈现自我对比的效果3。
anodal 和阴极的刺激都聚集了电极对的使用。例如, 在 anodal 刺激中, "活性" 或 "阳极" 电极被置于大脑区域进行调制, 而 "参考" 或 "阴极" 电极位于一个区域, 而电流的影响假定为微不足道的9。在阴极刺激中, 电极的配置是反转的。有效 tDCS 的刺激强度取决于电流强度和电极尺寸, 对电场的影响不同于10。在大多数发表的研究中, 平均电流强度介于0.10 至 2.0 ma 和 0.1 ma 至 0.8 ma 之间, 分别为人和小鼠 (6、11)。虽然电极大小 35 cm2通常使用在人, 没有适当的理解关于电极维度为啮齿目动物和更加彻底的调查需要6。
tDCS 已被建议在临床研究, 试图提供一个替代或补充治疗几个神经和精神疾病11 , 如癫痫12, 双相障碍13, 中风5, 主要抑郁症14, 阿尔茨海默病15, 多发性硬化16 , 帕金森病17。尽管对 tDCS 及其在临床试验中的应用越来越感兴趣, 但对脑组织的详细细胞和分子诱发改变, 短期和长期的影响, 以及行为结果, 仍有待深入研究18,19. 由于直接人类方法彻底研究 tDCS 是行不通的, 使用 tDCS 动物模型可能会对 tDCS 的治疗机制所依据的细胞和分子事件提供有价值的见解, 因为可获得动物的脑组织。
现有的证据是有限的关于 tDCS 模型的小鼠。大多数报告的模型使用不同的植入布局, 电极尺寸和材料。例如, (2017) 植入头电极 (银/AgCl, 直径4毫米) 填充生理盐水, 并固定在颅骨与丙烯酸水泥和螺钉20。不同于我们的方法, 他们的胸电极被植入 (铂, 20 x 1.5 毫米)。Nasehi等。(2017) 使用的程序非常类似我们的, 虽然胸电极是由盐水浸泡海绵 (碳填充, 9.5 厘米2)21。另一项研究将两个电极植入了动物的头部, 这是通过使用固定板和用水凝胶导体22覆盖动物的头部实现的。在这里, 我们描述一个 tDCS 鼠标模型, 使用一个长期植入电极通过简单的手术程序和 tDCS 设置 (图 1)。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1152px;" width="1152">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">BD Ultra-Fine 50U Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">10033430026</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For intraperitonially injection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Shaver (Philips Multigroom)</td>
			<td>Philips (Brazil)</td>
			<td>QG3340/16</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For surgical site trimming.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Model 940 Small Animal Stereotaxic Instrument with Digital Display Console</td>
			<td>KOPF</td>
			<td>940</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For animal surgical restriction and positioning.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Model 922 Non-Rupture 60 Degree Tip Ear Bars</td>
			<td>KOPF</td>
			<td>922</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For animal surgical restriction and positioning.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cannula Holder</td>
			<td>KOPF</td>
			<td>1766-AP</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For implant positioning.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Precision Stereo Zoom Binocular Microscope (III) on Boom Stand</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>PZMIII-BS</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For bregma localization and implant positioning.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temperature Control System Model&#160;</td>
			<td>KOPF</td>
			<td>TCAT-2LV</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For animal thermal control.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cold Light Source&#160;</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>WA-12633</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For focal brightness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tabletop Laboratory Animal Anesthesia System with Scavenging</td>
			<td>VetEquip</td>
			<td>901820</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For isoflurane delivery and safety.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">VaporGuard Activated Charcoal Adsorption Filter</td>
			<td>VetEquip</td>
			<td>931401</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Delivery system safety measures.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Model 923-B Mouse Gas Anesthesia Head Holder</td>
			<td>KOPF</td>
			<td>923-B</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For animal restriction and O2 and isoflurane delivery.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oxygen regulator, E-cylinder&#160;</td>
			<td>VetEquip</td>
			<td>901305</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For O2 regulation and delivery.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oxygen hose &#8211; green&#160;</td>
			<td>VetEquip</td>
			<td>931503</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For O2 and isoflurane delivery.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Infrared Sterilizer 800 &#186;C</td>
			<td>Marconi</td>
			<td>MA1201</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For instrument sterilization.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fine Scissors - ToughCut</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14058-11</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For incision.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical Hooks</td>
			<td>INJEX</td>
			<td>1636</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">In House Fabricated - Used to clear the surgical site from skin and fur.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Standard Tweezers or Forceps</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For skin grasping.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical Consumables</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vetbond</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>SC-361931</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For incision closing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cement and Catalyzer KIT (Duralay)</td>
			<td>Reliance</td>
			<td>2OZ</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For implant fixation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile Cotton Swabs (Autoclaved)</td>
			<td>JnJ</td>
			<td>75U</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For surgical site antisepsis.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">24 Well Plate (Tissue Culture Plate)</td>
			<td>SARSTEDT</td>
			<td>831,836</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For cement preparation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Application Brush</td>
			<td>parkell</td>
			<td>S286</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For cement mixing and application.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pharmaceutics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Xylazin (ANASEDAN 2%)</td>
			<td>Ceva Pharmaceutical (Brazil)</td>
			<td>P10160</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For anesthesia induction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ketamine (DOPALEN 10%)</td>
			<td>Ceva Pharmaceutical (Brazil)</td>
			<td>P30101</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For anesthesia induction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane (100%)</td>
			<td>Crist&#225;lia (Brazil)</td>
			<td>100ML</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For anesthesia maintenance.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lidocaine (XYLESTESIN 5%)</td>
			<td>Cristal Pharma</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For post-surgical care.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ketoprofen (PROFENID 100 mg)</td>
			<td>Sanofi Aventis</td>
			<td>20ML</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For post-surgical care.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ringer&#39;s Lactate Solution</td>
			<td>SANOBIOL LAB</td>
			<td>############</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For post-surgical care.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TobraDex (Dexamethasone 1 mg/g)</td>
			<td>Alcon</td>
			<td>631</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For eye lubrification and protection.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stimulation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Animal Transcranial Stimulator</td>
			<td>Soterix Medical</td>
			<td>2100</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For current generation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pin-type electrode Holder (Cylindrical Holder Base)</td>
			<td>Soterix Medical</td>
			<td>2100</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Electrode support (Implant).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pin-type electrode (Ag/AgCl)</td>
			<td>Soterix Medical</td>
			<td>2100</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For current delivery (electrode).&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;">Pin-type electrode cap</td>
			<td>Soterix Medical</td>
			<td>2100</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For implant protection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;">Body Electrode (Ag/AgCl Coated)</td>
			<td>Soterix Medical</td>
			<td>2100</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For current delivery (electrode).&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Saline Solution (0.9%)</td>
			<td>FarmaX</td>
			<td>############</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Conducting medium for current delivery.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Standard Tweezers or Forceps</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For tDCS setup.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">BioRad CFX96 Real Time System</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">C1000</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SsoAdvancedTM Universal SYBR Green Supermix (5 X 1mL)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">BioRad</td>
			<td>1725271</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hard Shell PCR Plates PCT COM 50 p/ CFX96</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>HSP9601</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microseal &#34;B&#34; seal pct c/ 100</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>MSB1001</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For qPCR</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transcranial direct current stimulation (tdcs) in mice

经颅直流电刺激 (tDCS) 是一种非侵入性调节技术, 作为一种替代或补充治疗几种神经精神疾病。tDCS 的生物学效应还没有完全理解, 这部分是由于难以获得人脑组织的原因。该协议描述了一个 tDCS 的小鼠模型, 使用长期植入电极允许研究 tDCS 的长期生物效应。在这个实验模型中, tDCS 改变皮质基因的表达, 并为理解其治疗使用的基本原理提供了显著的贡献。

该手术方案提出的长期种植稳定性至少一个月, 没有炎症信号在受刺激的地方, 也没有任何其他不想要的效果。所有的动物幸存的手术过程和 tDCS 疗程 (n = 8)。在本实验中, tDCS 植入物位于 M1 和 M2 皮质 (+ 1.0 毫米前后方和0.0 毫米侧向 bregma)。一周后, tDCS (n = 3-4) 和假 (n = 3) 小鼠在10分钟的 0.35 mA 中连续五天被刺激。接触质量 (重庆) 的价值被注册, 以评估种植体的生存能力, 并?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Mice at JoVE.com

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Mice

经颅直流电刺激 (tDCS) 是一种治疗精神疾病的方法。动物模型是了解 tDCS 诱发的特定生物学变化的必要条件。本协议描述使用长期植入电极的 tDCS 鼠标模型。

经颅直流电刺激 (tDCS) 在小鼠中的作用

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for ...

阿尔瓦尔高德程序是应用颅内直流刺激小鼠。这可以通过从直流发生器产生低强电流，并通过电极直接发送到动物来达到目的。tDCS已被调查为一种非药物治疗替代人类主要精神疾病，如抑郁症，精神分裂症，阿尔茨海默病，AHDH和自闭症。此外，tDCS 是一种独特的技术，因为它成本低、易用性和非侵入性型材。然而，tDCS的生物效应并不完全了解，对于刺激参数，如大脑区域的当前强度、持续时间和瓷砖，没有共识。因此，使用最低订单对于彻底研究这种机制至关重要，通过获取和分析行为细胞和分子数据，可以更好地了解tDCS的临床疗效。目前有两个电极设置的tDCS，称为阴极刺激。在阳极刺激中，电流直接传递到动物的头部，通过动物的身体，并进入位于动物胸部的阴极。在阴极刺激中，电流通过动物的胸向进入，一次次进入其头部并进入阴极。在这两种情况下，电流发生器控制电流强度和刺激持续时间。同时产生接触质量和推断反馈。有许多不同的设置用于主动定位。因此，应考虑所有三维轴。在该协议中，头部电极被植入根状的胸腔中一毫米，植入头骨的一侧到中线，身体电极被定位到动物的胸前。由于短期模拟，建议使用快速动作和短期麻醉，如蒸发异氟。此过程由两个关键步骤组成。电极放置和颅直电流刺激。手术器械在440摄氏度的预维护下进行消毒。棉签在121摄氏度下以每平方英寸20磅的速度自动下，20分钟。将热平台控制器温度降至 37 摄氏度。称量动物，并计算麻醉诱导的适当剂量。使用氯胺酮和锡胺的混合物，剂量为每公斤氯胺酮100毫克，每公斤氯胺酮8毫克。针号 31G。动物应在2至3分钟内入睡。使用电动剃须刀或剃须刀剃光手术现场。将动物放在预热加热板上的立体技术装置上。握住动物的头，将尖耳杆插入动物的耳朵，将其固定到类固醇平台上。验证没有横向头部移动，通过缓慢移动动物的头部来几乎没有垂直移动。轻轻将麻醉面罩滑过鼠标的鼻子，通过拧紧螺钉固定到位。在动物的眼部涂抹眼药膏，防止手术期间角膜干燥。使用棉签准备手术现场与三个交替磨砂的波维酮碘，或2%氯和西丁和70%乙酸。使用一对钳子通过轻轻挤压动物脚趾来验证麻醉，并验证动物皮多-戒断一般捏反射的规律。在动物的耳线后部约三毫米的切口，并停止在眼线。切口部位的长度必须大约为一厘米，才能接受植入物。用骨刮刀轻轻刮擦颅骨，以改善胶水和水泥的粘附性。这必须轻手进行，意图创造微划痕。小心地将手术钩定位到松弛的皮肤上，以保持一个开放的手术场，并释放障碍物，如皮毛。使用无菌棉签轻轻干燥动物的头皮。使用解剖显微镜可视化动物颅骨的顶部。将针头连接到类固醇支架上，并找到呼吸器。将针头放在动物头部正上方，轻轻触摸啤酒。使用啤酒作为参考来调整感兴趣区域的坐标。将植入物固定到立体税支架上。将植入物放在动物的头上，然后慢慢降低到感兴趣的区域。使用针头将一滴大约35微升的超级胶水扩散到植入空间。缓慢地向下移动支架，直到它触及头骨。确保植入物空间与表面完全接触。根据制造商的说明准备手术水泥。精确定位后，在颅骨上涂抹三层薄薄的、均匀的水泥，并涂抹在植入物的下部。使用应用程序画笔应用每滴丢弃。层必须形成U形结构，以进一步结构支撑植入物。保持植入物的螺钉螺纹清洁水泥，以便保持平稳、畅通无阻的连接。让每层干燥约四分钟。干燥后，小心地取出支架，直到支架与植入物完全分离。处理植入物时，请格外小心，因为植入物可能会意外从动物的头骨上被破坏。用盐水浸泡棉签水合动物的皮肤和切口部位。切开植入物底部的皮肤。使用一对钳子将组织放在一起，并关闭切口与一滴组织手术胶水每点2厘米的组织。在切口部位和底层组织中渗透 1 至 2% 利多卡因。同时用500微升的乳酸环环器水合动物。将鼠标放入预热的 37 摄氏度清洁的单屋笼中。在笼子里建一小盘湿食物颗粒，以便于以下时间获得食物。登记动物手术后的体重。动物必须用酮保芬管理。手术后和接下来的两天，每公斤同时5毫克。确保 tDCS 刺激器已充满电。将阳极和阴极电缆连接到 tDCS 刺激器，并在仿真站点附近提供。将引脚型电极连接到类固醇支架上。将热平台设置为 37 摄氏度。将吸入麻醉系统上的氧气流量计打开至每分钟 1 升。将鼠标放入麻醉诱导室。将异氟化蒸发器打开至3%，让动物在四分钟内接受异氟作用。当动物在感应室时，使用无菌注射器向身体电极填充0.9%盐水溶液。将动物从感应室中取下，并将其胸部放在身体电极上。轻轻将麻醉面罩滑过鼠标的鼻子并固定到位。将异氟素输出降低至1.5%，用盐水填充植入物和引脚型电极。小心地将它们连接在一起。根据您的协议调整刺激时间和当前强度。稍后验证 tDCS 系统上的触点质量。开始刺激。观察电流向上 20 秒以选择的值。并保持自己在既定时间。然后，在部分结束时再次向下斜坡。激活小腿按钮进行控制。观察电流向上 20 秒以选择的值。然后在刺激期的其余部分向下一个，最后一个渐变到所选值，在结束时，连续向下。一个刺激部分完成，小心地将动物转移到预热的37摄氏度的笼子里10分钟。该协议使用tDCS刺激小鼠的大脑皮层一毫米前，以布雷格玛。此图显示了tDCS刺激方案后的统计化和基因表达。每天使用 0.35 毫安的电流强度 10 分钟。tCDS植入物从第一天到第五天呈现自我可行，接触质量无显著差异。模型大脑中有各种各样的tCDS刺激方案。协议必须根据实验本身的特殊性来选择。刺激区域、电流强度、会话持续时间和电极定位。在这个特殊的协议中，我们的目的是通过我们已知的tDCS调节运动皮层，电流为350微米，10分钟。观看此视频后，您将能够在鼠标中执行 tDCS。当某人做手术时，每个动物最多可能需要四分钟。在手术过程中利用小鼠和手术后对动物进行护理时，必须考虑到动物护理指南，以便动物在研究期间保持健康。我们还建议在植入放置后等待五到七天进行实验，因为动物对创伤的生理反应可能会干扰生物结果。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Mice

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

经颅直接电流刺激电极定位和蒙太奇

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

科研

神经科学

Direct-current Stimulation and Multi-electrode Array Recording of Seizure-like Activity in Mice Brain Slice Preparation

小鼠脑切片准备扣押样活性的直接电流刺激和多电极阵列记录

Cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) induces suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. To perform effective actions, the ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

经颅磁刺激在线联合方法对经颅交流电刺激对原发性运动皮层的影响

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Remotely Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: An Update on Safety and Tolerability

远程监督的经颅直流电刺激: 安全性和耐受的最新进展

The remotely supervised tDCS (RS-tDCS) protocol enables participation from home through guided and monitored self-administration of tDCS treatment while ...

Transcranial Electrical Brain Stimulation in Alert Rodents

警惕啮齿动物的经颅电脑刺激

Transcranial electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical excitability and plasticity in humans and rodents. The most common form of stimulation in ...

Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats

大鼠慢性经颅电刺激及 Intracortical 记录

Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is a powerful and relatively simple approach to diffusely influence brain activity either randomly or in a ...

The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb

经颅直流电刺激与上肢机器人治疗的联合应用

Neurologic disorders such as stroke and cerebral palsy are leading causes of long-term disability and can lead to severe incapacity and restriction of ...

Stimulation Location Determination using a 3D Digitizer with High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

使用具有高清晰度颅内直接电流刺激的 3D 数字化仪确定刺激位置

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, ...