Name: in vitro method to control concentrations of halogenated gases in cultured alveolar epithelial cells
Uploaded: 2018-10-23T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge the Auvergne Regional Council (&#34;Programme Nouveau Chercheur de la R&#233;gion Auvergne&#34; 2013) and the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche and the Direction G&#233;n&#233;rale de L&#39;Offre de Soins (&#34;Programme de Recherche Translationnelle en Sant&#233;&#34; ANR-13-PRTS-0010) for the grants. The funders had no influence in the study design, conduct, and analysis or in the preparation of this article.

1. Culture of Alveolar Epithelial Cells (hAELVi)
<ol>
	<li>Thawing
	<ol>
		<li>Pipette 4 mL of cultivation ready-to-use human alveolar epithelial (huAEC) medium in a 15 mL plastic tube and quickly thaw the vial in a preheated water bath (37 &#176;C).</li>
		<li>Transfer the thawed cell suspension to a 15 mL plastic tube containing 4 mL of the medium before centrifuging the tube at 200 x g for 5 min.</li>
		<li>Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet with 5 mL of the cultivation medium. Then, transfer the...

<ol>
	<li>Bellani, G., Laffey, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology,+Patterns+of+Care,+and+Mortality+for+Patients+With+Acute+Respiratory+Distress+Syndrome+in+Intensive+Care+Units+in+50+Countries.">Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries.</a> JAMA:T Journal of the American Medical Association. 315 (8), 788-800 (2016).</li><li>Thompson, B. T., Chambers, R. C., Liu, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+Respiratory+Distress+Syndrome.">Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 377 (6), 562-572 (2017).</li><li>Weiser, T. G., Regenbogen, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+estimation+of+the+global+volume+of+surgery:+a+modelling+strategy+based+on+available+data.">An estimation of the global volume of surgery: a modelling strategy based on available data.</a> The Lancet. (9633), 139-144 (2008).</li><li>Khuri, S. F., Henderson, W. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determinants+of+long-term+survival+after+major+surgery+and+the+adverse+effect+of+postoperative+complications.">Determinants of long-term survival after major surgery and the adverse effect of postoperative complications.</a> Annals of Surgery. 242 (3), 341-343 (2005).</li><li>De Conno, E., Steurer, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anesthetic-induced+improvement+of+the+inflammatory+response+to+one-lung+ventilation.">Anesthetic-induced improvement of the inflammatory response to one-lung ventilation.</a> Anesthesiology. 110 (6), 1316-1326 (2009).</li><li>Fu, H., Sun, M., Miao, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+different+concentrations+of+isoflurane+pretreatment+on+respiratory+mechanics,+oxygenation+and+hemodynamics+in+LPS-induced+acute+respiratory+distress+syndrome+model+of+juvenile+piglets.">Effects of different concentrations of isoflurane pretreatment on respiratory mechanics, oxygenation and hemodynamics in LPS-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome model of juvenile piglets.</a> Experimental Lung Research. 41 (8), 415-421 (2015).</li><li>Reutershan, J., Chang, D., Hayes, J. K., Ley, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+effects+of+isoflurane+pretreatment+in+endotoxin-induced+lung+injury.">Protective effects of isoflurane pretreatment in endotoxin-induced lung injury.</a> Anesthesiology. (3), 511-517 (2006).</li><li>Uhlig, C., Bluth, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Volatile+Anesthetics+on+Mortality+and+Postoperative+Pulmonary+and+Other+Complications+in+Patients+Undergoing+Surgery:+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-analysis.">Effects of Volatile Anesthetics on Mortality and Postoperative Pulmonary and Other Complications in Patients Undergoing Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.</a> Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 124 (6), 1230-1245 (2016).</li><li>Li, Q. F., Zhu, Y. S., Jiang, H., Xu, H., Sun, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+preconditioning+ameliorates+endotoxin-induced+acute+lung+injury+and+mortality+in+rats.">Isoflurane preconditioning ameliorates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury and mortality in rats.</a> Anesthesia and Analgesia. (5), 1591-1597 (2009).</li><li>Voigtsberger, S., Lachmann, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sevoflurane+ameliorates+gas+exchange+and+attenuates+lung+damage+in+experimental+lipopolysaccharide-induced+lung+injury.">Sevoflurane ameliorates gas exchange and attenuates lung damage in experimental lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury.</a> Anesthesiology. (6), 1238-1248 (2009).</li><li>Englert, J. A., Macias, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+Ameliorates+Acute+Lung+Injury+by+Preserving+Epithelial+Tight+Junction+Integrity.">Isoflurane Ameliorates Acute Lung Injury by Preserving Epithelial Tight Junction Integrity.</a> Anesthesiology. (2), 377-388 (2015).</li><li>Jabaudon, M., Boucher, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sevoflurane+for+Sedation+in+ARDS:+A+Randomized+Controlled+Pilot+Study.">Sevoflurane for Sedation in ARDS: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical. , (2016).</li><li>Blondonnet, R., Audard, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RAGE+inhibition+reduces+acute+lung+injury+in+mice.">RAGE inhibition reduces acute lung injury in mice.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), (2017).</li><li>Jabaudon, M., Blondonnet, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soluble+Receptor+for+Advanced+Glycation+End-Products+Predicts+Impaired+Alveolar+Fluid+Clearance+in+Acute+Respiratory+Distress+Syndrome.">Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products Predicts Impaired Alveolar Fluid Clearance in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 192 (2), 191-199 (2015).</li><li>Jabaudon, M., Blondonnet, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soluble+Forms+and+Ligands+of+the+Receptor+for+Advanced+Glycation+End-Products+in+Patients+with+Acute+Respiratory+Distress+Syndrome:+An+Observational+Prospective+Study.">Soluble Forms and Ligands of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: An Observational Prospective Study.</a> PloS One. 10 (8), e0135857 (2015).</li><li>Kuehn, A., Kletting, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+alveolar+epithelial+cells+expressing+tight+junctions+to+model+the+air-blood+barrier.">Human alveolar epithelial cells expressing tight junctions to model the air-blood barrier.</a> ALTEX. 33 (3), 251-260 (2016).</li><li>Yue, T., Roth Z'graggen, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postconditioning+with+a+volatile+anaesthetic+in+alveolar+epithelial+cells+in+vitro.">Postconditioning with a volatile anaesthetic in alveolar epithelial cells in vitro.</a> The European Respiratory Journal: Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 31 (1), 118-125 (2008).</li><li>Suter, D., Spahn, D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+immunomodulatory+effect+of+sevoflurane+in+endotoxin-injured+alveolar+epithelial+cells.">The immunomodulatory effect of sevoflurane in endotoxin-injured alveolar epithelial cells.</a> Anesthesia and Analgesia. (3), 638-645 (2007).</li><li>Schl&#228;pfer, M., Leutert, A. C., Voigtsberger, S., Lachmann, R. A., Booy, C., Beck-Schimmer, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sevoflurane+reduces+severity+of+acute+lung+injury+possibly+by+impairing+formation+of+alveolar+oedema.">Sevoflurane reduces severity of acute lung injury possibly by impairing formation of alveolar oedema.</a> Clinical and Experimental Immunology. (1), 125-134 (2012).</li><li>Nickalls, R. W. D., Mapleson, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+iso-MAC+charts+for+isoflurane,+sevoflurane+and+desflurane+in+man.">Age-related iso-MAC charts for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane in man.</a> British Journal of Anaesthesia. 91 (2), 170-174 (2003).</li><li>Bourdeaux, D., Sautou-Miranda, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+assay+of+plasma+sevoflurane+and+its+metabolite+hexafluoroisopropanol+by+headspace+GC-MS.">Simple assay of plasma sevoflurane and its metabolite hexafluoroisopropanol by headspace GC-MS.</a> Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 878 (1), 45-50 (2010).</li><li>Eger, E. I., Saidman, L. J., Brandstater, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimum+alveolar+anesthetic+concentration.">Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration.</a> Anesthesiology. 26 (6), 756-763 (1965).</li><li>Perbet, S., Fernandez-Canal, C., Pereira, B., Cardot, J. M., Bazin, J. E., Constantin, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+Richmond+Agitation+Sedation+Scale+According+To+Alveolar+Concentration+of+Sevoflurane+During+a+Sedation+With+Sevoflurane+in+Icu+Patients.">Evaluation of Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale According To Alveolar Concentration of Sevoflurane During a Sedation With Sevoflurane in Icu Patients.</a> Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. 3 (Suppl 1), (2015).</li><li>Goolaerts, A., Pellan-Randrianarison, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditioned+media+from+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+restore+sodium+transport+and+preserve+epithelial+permeability+in+an+in+vitro+model+of+acute+alveolar+injury.">Conditioned media from mesenchymal stromal cells restore sodium transport and preserve epithelial permeability in an in vitro model of acute alveolar injury.</a> American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 306 (11), L975-L985 (2014).</li></ol>

Our protocol describes an easy method to expose cells to a precise fraction of a halogenated anesthetic agent, such as sevoflurane or isoflurane. Furthermore, we report here&#8212;for the first time&#8212;a rigorous correlation between both the gas fraction and the concentration of sevoflurane and isoflurane inside the culture medium itself. This fundamental step now allows us to safely use our air-tight chamber to study the effects of these halogenated agents in a cultured monolayer of human alveolar epithelial cells.</...

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by diffuse alveolar injury, lung edema, and hypoxemic respiratory failure. Although ARDS represents more than 10% of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and nearly 25% of ICU patients requiring mechanical ventilation, it is still an under-recognized challenge for clinicians, with a hospital mortality rate of 35-45%1. Despite intense research, the identification of an effective ARDS pharmacologic therapy or prevention has failed to date. Two major features contribute to mortality in ARDS: impaired alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) (i.e., the altered resorption of alveolar edema fluid from distal lung airspaces) and severe inflammation2. Since ARDS mortality remains high, current initiatives should also include primary prevention; however, a key challenge is to identify at-risk patients in whom ARDS is likely to develop and who would benefit if ARDS were prevented.
Volatile halogenated anesthetics, such as sevoflurane and isoflurane, are widely used to provide general anesthesia in the operating room. Worldwide, more than 230 million patients undergoing major surgery each year require general anesthesia and mechanical ventilation3, and postoperative pulmonary complications adversely affect clinical outcomes and healthcare utilization4. The use of sevoflurane instead of propofol was associated with improved lung inflammation in patients undergoing thoracic surgery and significant decreases in adverse events, such as ARDS and postoperative pulmonary complications5. Similarly, pretreatment with isoflurane had protective effects on respiratory mechanics, oxygenation, and hemodynamics in experimental animal models of ARDS6,7. Although further studies are warranted to address the impact of inhaled agents on outcomes in noncardiac surgery, a similar decrease in pulmonary complications has been recently observed in a meta-analysis, demonstrating that inhaled anesthetic agents&#8212;as opposed to intravenous anesthesia&#8212;are significantly associated with a reduction in mortality for cardiac surgery8.
Specific prospective data about the use of volatile agents for the sedation of ICU patients to prevent or treat lung damage is lacking. However, several trials now support the efficacy and safety of inhaled sevoflurane for the sedation of ICU patients, and preclinical studies have shown that inhaled sevoflurane and isoflurane7,9 improve gas exchange, reduce alveolar edema, and attenuate inflammation in experimental models of ARDS. Additionally, sevoflurane mitigates type II epithelial cell damage10, whereas isoflurane maintains the integrity of the alveolar-capillary barrier through modulation of tight junction protein11. However, further studies are needed to verify to what extent the experimental evidence of organ protection from inhaled sevoflurane and isoflurane could be translated to humans. A first single-center randomized controlled-trial (RCT) from our group found that early use of inhaled sevoflurane in patients with ARDS was associated with improved oxygenation, reduced levels of some pro-inflammatory markers, and reduced lung epithelial damage, as assessed by the levels of the soluble form of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) in plasma and alveolar fluid12.
Taken together, the beneficial effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane on lung injury could point to multiple biological pathways or functional processes that are dependent on the RAGE pathway, namely alveolar fluid clearance (AFC), epithelial injury, translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-&#954;B, and macrophage activation. In addition, sevoflurane may influence the expression of the RAGE protein itself. Since previous research by our research team and others supports pivotal roles for RAGE in alveolar inflammation and lung epithelial injury/repair during ARDS, we designed an experimental model to provide a translational understanding of the mechanisms of sevoflurane in lung injury and repair13,14,15. The in vitro effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane were investigated in a novel human alveolar epithelial primary cell line specifically designed to study the air-blood barrier of the peripheral lung, hAELVi (human Alveolar Epithelial LentiVirus immortalized), with alveolar type I-like characteristics including functional tight junctions16.
While preparing the design of our in vitro investigations (e.g., cultures of alveolar epithelial cells at the air-liquid interface with exposure to &#34;inhaled&#34; sevoflurane or isoflurane, we understood from previously published studies that fractions of sevoflurane have only been assessed in the &#34;air&#34; interface17,18,19 using standard monitors (similar to those used in a clinical setting). Halogenated agent concentrations were usually chosen according to the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) values (e.g., in humans, for sevoflurane, 0.5, 1.1, and 2.2 vol%, representing 0.25, 0.5, and 1 MAC, respectively; for isoflurane, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.3 vol% representing 0.25, 0.5, and 1 MAC, respectively)20. Indeed, sevoflurane and isoflurane concentrations have never been investigated in the culture medium itself, thus limiting the validity of previous experimental models/instruments. Furthermore, most experiments used an anaerobic jar that was sealed after the air mix containing sevoflurane had been flushed inside. As our goal was to study alveolar epithelial cells under &#34;physiologic&#34; conditions, we believed that such an anaerobic state may not be optimal and would not be compatible with long experimental durations. Therefore, we developed our own system to culture cells at the air-liquid interface and expose them to halogenated agents (sevoflurane and isoflurane) with the aim of providing precise controlled &#34;air&#34; fractions and &#34;medium&#34; concentrations for these agents. In our opinion, this experimental step, which has not been reported to date in the literature, is mandatory prior to any further in vitro investigations of sevoflurane and isoflurane.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sevoflurane</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Performing experiments using sevoflurane or isoflurane while being pregnant should be strongly discouraged</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Virbac</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Performing experiments using sevoflurane or isoflurane while being pregnant should be strongly discouraged</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Alveolar Epithelial cells</td>
			<td>InScreenex</td>
			<td>INS-CI-1015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>huAEC Medium (ready-to-use)</td>
			<td>InScreenex</td>
			<td>INS-ME-1013-500ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthetic machine circuit</td>
			<td>Drager</td>
			<td>Fabius</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas analyzer</td>
			<td>Drageer</td>
			<td>Vamos Plus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthetic gas filter</td>
			<td>SedanaMedical</td>
			<td>FlurAbsord</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heated Humifier</td>
			<td>Fisher&#38;Paykel</td>
			<td>MR850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chamber</td>
			<td>Curver</td>
			<td>00012-416-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas chromatography coupled with mass detection</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA</td>
			<td>Trace 1310 with TSQ 8000evo</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fused-silica column (30 m x 1.4 &#181;m, 0.25 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Restek, Lisses, France</td>
			<td>Rxi-624Sil MS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro method to control concentrations of halogenated gases in cultured alveolar epithelial cells

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome of diffuse alveolar injury with impaired alveolar fluid clearance and severe inflammation. The use of halogenated agents, such as sevoflurane or isoflurane, for the sedation of intensive care unit (ICU) patients can improve gas exchange, reduce alveolar edema, and attenuate inflammation during ARDS. However, data on the use of inhaled agents for continuous sedation in the ICU to treat or prevent lung damage is lacking. To study the effects of halogenated agents on alveolar epithelial cells under "physiologic" conditions, we describe an easy system to culture cells at the air-liquid interface and expose them to halogenated agents to provide precise controlled "air" fractions and "medium" concentrations for these agents. We developed a sealed air-tight chamber in which plates with human alveolar epithelial immortalized cells could be exposed to a precise, controlled fraction of sevoflurane or isoflurane using a continuous gas flow provided by an anesthetic machine circuit. Cells were exposed to 4% of sevoflurane and 1% of isoflurane for 24 hours. Gas mass spectrometry was performed to determine the concentration of halogenated agents dissolved in the medium. After the first hour, the concentrations of sevoflurane and isoflurane in the medium were 251 mg/L and 25 mg/L, respectively. The curves representing the concentrations of both sevoflurane and isoflurane dissolved in the medium showed similar courses over time, with a plateau reached at one hour after exposure. 
This protocol was specifically designed to reach precise and controlled concentrations of sevoflurane or isoflurane in vitro to improve our understanding of mechanisms involved in epithelial lung injury during ARDS and to test novel therapies for the syndrome.

The concentrations of the sevoflurane and isoflurane, which dissolved in the medium over time, are reported in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.
The courses of the sevoflurane and isoflurane concentrations in the medium were similar over time. Immediately after the required concentration of halogenated agent was set, concentrations rose over the first hour. A plateau was then reached, which per...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells

We describe an easy protocol specifically designed to reach precise and controlled concentrations of sevoflurane or isoflurane in vitro in order to improve our understanding of mechanisms involved in the epithelial lung injury and to test novel therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome.

In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome of diffuse alveolar injury with impaired alveolar fluid clearance and severe inflammation. The ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia

There are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo mutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, ...

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Cytotoxic Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro

Cytotoxic Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro

In recent years, there has been the difficulty in finding more effective therapies against cancer with less systemic side effects. Therefore Photodynamic ...

In vitro Method to Observe E-selectin-mediated Interactions Between Prostate Circulating Tumor Cells Derived From Patients and Human Endothelial Cells

In vitro Method to Observe E-selectin-mediated Interactions Between Prostate Circulating Tumor Cells Derived From Patients and Human Endothelial Cells

Metastasis is a process in which tumor cells shed from the primary tumor intravasate blood vascular and lymphatic system, thereby, gaining access to ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

Depletion of Mouse Cells from Human Tumor Xenografts Significantly Improves Downstream Analysis of Target Cells

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic ...

Studying the Role of Alveolar Macrophages in Breast Cancer Metastasis

This paper describes the application of the syngeneic model of breast cancer (4T1) to the studies on a role of pulmonary alveolar macrophages in cancer ...

Forskolin-induced Swelling in Intestinal Organoids: An In Vitro Assay for Assessing Drug Response in Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Forskolin-induced Swelling in Intestinal Organoids: An In Vitro Assay for Assessing Drug Response in Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Recently-developed cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-modulating drugs correct surface expression and/or function of the mutant ...

A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers

A key reason for referral to rehabilitation services after stroke and other neurological conditions is to improve one's ability to function in daily life. ...

Microscopy Based Methods for the Assessment of Epithelial Cell Migration During In Vitro Wound Healing

Microscopy Based Methods for the Assessment of Epithelial Cell Migration During  In Vitro Wound Healing

Cell migration is a mandatory aspect for wound healing. Creating artificial wounds on research animal models often results in costly and complicated ...