Name: estimation of nephron number in whole kidney using the acid maceration method
Uploaded: 2019-05-22T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Estimation of Nephron Number in Whole Kidney using the Acid Maceration Method at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了国家卫生研究院、国家心脏、肺和血液研究所 (R01HL107632) 的部分支持。

下面列出的用品和试剂是用来测定一只老鼠的整个肾肾号码, 即两个肾脏。用星号表示了对大鼠使用酸浸渍法的改进。所有实验规程都符合国家实验室动物护理和使用健康研究所的规定, 并得到了密西西比大学医学中心动物护理和使用机构委员会的批准。
1. 肾隔离程序
<ol><li>称重小鼠 (或其他物种) 并使用异氟醚对其进行安乐死 (5%-8%)过量或戊巴比妥 (150 mg/kg 腹腔内注射)。</li...

<ol>
	<li>Hall, J. E., Guyton, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. , (2016).</li><li>Wang, X., Garrett, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nephron+number,+hypertension,+and+CKD:+physiological+and+genetic+insight+from+humans+and+animal+models.">Nephron number, hypertension, and CKD: physiological and genetic insight from humans and animal models.</a> Physiological Genomics. 49 (3), 180-192 (2017).</li><li>Didion, S. 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D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypertension,+glomerular+hypertrophy+and+nephrosclerosis:+the+effect+of+race.">Hypertension, glomerular hypertrophy and nephrosclerosis: the effect of race.</a> Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 29 (7), 1399-1409 (2014).</li><li>Puelles, V. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glomerular+number+and+size+variability+and+risk+for+kidney+disease.">Glomerular number and size variability and risk for kidney disease.</a> Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 20 (1), 7-15 (2010).</li><li>Brenner, B. M., Garcia, D. L., Anderson, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glomeruli+and+blood+pressure.+Less+of+one,+more+of+the+other?.">Glomeruli and blood pressure. Less of one, more of the other?.</a> American Journal of Hypertension. 1 (4 Pt 1), 335-347 (1988).</li><li>Clark, A. T., Bertram, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+regulation+of+nephron+endowment.">Molecular regulation of nephron endowment.</a> American Journal of Physiology. 276 (4 Pt 2), F485-F497 (1999).</li><li>Benz, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+glomerular+alterations+in+genetically+determined+low+nephron+number.">Early glomerular alterations in genetically determined low nephron number.</a> American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology. 300 (2), F521-F530 (2011).</li><li>Zhao, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+fibroblast+growth+factor+receptors+1+and+2+in+the+ureteric+bud.">Role of fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 and 2 in the ureteric bud.</a> Developmental Biology. 276 (2), 403-415 (2004).</li><li>Sims-Lucas, S., Caruana, G., Dowling, J., Kett, M. M., Bertram, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Augmented+and+accelerated+nephrogenesis+in+TGF-beta2+heterozygous+mutant+mice.">Augmented and accelerated nephrogenesis in TGF-beta2 heterozygous mutant mice.</a> Pediatric Research. 63 (6), 607-612 (2008).</li><li>Cullen-McEwen, L. A., Kett, M. M., Dowling, J., Anderson, W. P., Bertram, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nephron+number,+renal+function,+and+arterial+pressure+in+aged+GDNF+heterozygous+mice.">Nephron number, renal function, and arterial pressure in aged GDNF heterozygous mice.</a> Hypertension. 41 (2), 335-340 (2003).</li><li>Stelloh, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prematurity+in+mice+leads+to+reduction+in+nephron+number,+hypertension+and+proteinuria.">Prematurity in mice leads to reduction in nephron number, hypertension and proteinuria.</a> Translational Research. 159 (2), 80-89 (2012).</li><li>Galinsky, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+intra-amniotic+lipopolysaccharide+on+nephron+number+in+preterm+fetal+sheep.">Effect of intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide on nephron number in preterm fetal sheep.</a> American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology. 301 (2), F280-F285 (2011).</li><li>Bertam, J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Why+and+how+we+determine+nephron+number.">Why and how we determine nephron number.</a> Pediatric Nephrology. 29 (4), 575-580 (2014).</li><li>Nyengaard, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereologic+methods+and+their+application+in+kidney+research.">Stereologic methods and their application in kidney research.</a> Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 10 (5), 1100-1123 (1999).</li><li>Beeman, S. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+method+for+the+isolation+of+mouse+glomeruli.">Improved method for the isolation of mouse glomeruli.</a> Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2 (4), 944-946 (1991).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nephron+deficiency+and+predisposition+to+renal+injury+in+a+novel+one-kidney+genetic+model.">Nephron deficiency and predisposition to renal injury in a novel one-kidney genetic model.</a> Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 26 (7), 1634-1646 (2015).</li><li>Lodrup, A. B., Karstoft, K., Dissing, T. H., Pedersen, M., Nyengaard, J. 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酸浸渍法具有良好的实验技术, 是评价全肾肾数目的理想方法。虽然肾脏溶解在酸中, 肾小球在很大程度上保持完整, 很容易识别, 使单个肾小球的计数相对容易和直接。酸浸渍技术特别有利, 原因有几个。首先, 酸浸渍法是一种快速方便的方法, 在费用和体力方面所需的工作量相对较小。执行酸浸渍方法所需的所有试剂和消耗品在大多数基本实验室都很容易获得, 唯一的主要要求是获得倒置显微镜进...

肾既是肾脏的基本结构单位, 也是肾1的功能单位。在结构上, 肾由位于鲍曼胶囊内的肾小球 (毛细血管和足细胞) 和肾小管组成, 由近端小管、亨勒的环状和终止到收集管道中的远端小管组成。在功能上, 肾的作用是过滤和再吸收水和电解质以及废物的分泌。一般来说, 肾生成是在人类怀孕36周时完成的, 在出生后不久就在老鼠和老鼠2等几个物种中完成.肾禀赋是指一个人出生时的肾总数, 而肾数是出生后任何时候测量的肾的总数 3.肾素数和肾小球数这一术语经常互换使用。由于每个肾只有一个肾小球, 肾小球数的评估是估计肾数目的重要替代因素。
对肾育和肾数的评估具有临床意义, 因为研究表明, 肾原禀赋与心血管疾病发病率增加的肾数减少之间存在联系 , 6,7,8,9,10, 11, 12,13,14,15. 根据尸体解剖时的肾脏调查结果, brenner 观察到, 高血压个体的肾总数低于正常人16。因此, 布伦纳假设, 肾数与以后患高血压的风险之间存在反比关系。布伦纳还推测, 肾数的减少是由剩下的肾补偿的。为了保持肾脏的正常过滤速率, 残留的肾通过增加肾小球表面积 (肾小球肥大) 来补偿, 从而减轻肾功能丧失的 任何不利影响4,16。
虽然在短期的保护, 肾小球肥大, 在长期, 导致钠和液体的保留增加, 细胞外液体体积增加, 并增加动脉血压, 导致恶性循环的进一步增加肾小球毛细血管压力、肾小球超滤、肾小球疤痕 (硬化症) 和损伤4,16。
获取肾数的估计或计数提供了几个实验优势: 1) 它提供了有关肾生成过程的信息, 然后可以与胚胎或母婴环境中的特定基因或因素联系在一起; 2)有一个与心血管疾病的联系, 因此, 有可能是肾数的估计可以用来预测未来的心血管风险2,17, 18,19,20,21,22. 除了母婴环境外, 还有几种疾病直接影响肾数目和肾功能, 包括动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病、高血压, 甚至正常衰老2, 9, 10、11、12、22、23。因此, 对整个肾肾肾数的评估对于了解影响肾生成 (即肾后代禀赋) 的遗传和环境因素以及一个人一生中的肾数及其产生的影响都很重要对肾功能和心血管健康的影响。
目前, 有几种方法可用于确定和量化肾数, 每种方法都有其各自的优点和局限性 24、25、26、27、28 ,29,30。确定整个肾肾肾数的复杂方法包括立体方法, 如分解分门器方法和磁共振成像25,26。通常被认为是确定整个肾肾数的黄金标准, 分解器法既昂贵又耗时。最近在磁共振成像和处理方面的进展和改进为单独计算每一个肾提供了工具。然而, 磁共振成像不仅耗时, 而且极其昂贵。此外, 部门分动仪方法和磁共振成像都需要先进的技术专长, 从而限制了大多数研究实验室使用这种方法。
大多数确定肾素数量的方法都是根据肾小球的识别来计算或估计的, 因为它们在结构上很容易被识别。本文介绍并论证了测定全肾肾数目的酸浸渍方法.酸浸渍法快速、可靠, 比其他方法、分解分馏塔法、磁共振成像法、方法便宜得多。此外, 酸浸渍法提供了高度可重复的估计肾数, 据报告, 这些肾数在使用磁共振成像26确定的范围内。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:873px;" width="872">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Isoflurane anesthesia</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Abbott Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">05260-05</td>
			<td style="width:91px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane vaporizor system &#38; flow gauge</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>VP I</td>
			<td>Include medical grade oxygen supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica Inverted Microscope DMIL LED</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td>DMIL LED</td>
			<td>Any make also suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Digital water bath</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">2239</td>
			<td>Any make also suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ToughCut Fine surgical scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14058-11</td>
			<td>25 mm cutting edge, 11.5 cm length; Tips: sharp-sharp; Tip shape: straight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro dissecting forceps 4 1/4 in.</td>
			<td>Biomed Res Instruments, Inc</td>
			<td>10-1760</td>
			<td>Curved tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plexiglass board 5 in. x 7 in.</td>
			<td>any source suitable</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Any make also suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hexagonal polystyrene weighing dish</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-2002-100</td>
			<td>Any make also suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Razor blades</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td>Single edge carbon steel 0.009</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gauze sponges 4 x 4 in. 8 ply</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MSD-1400250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10x concentrate phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5493-4L</td>
			<td>Dilute to 1x&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 N Hydrocholric acid solution</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>3750-32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 mL conical centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-959-70C</td>
			<td>Any make also suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50 mL conical centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-959-49A</td>
			<td>Any make also suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Disposable 5 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Cole Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-07944-06</td>
			<td>Any make also suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">18G1.5 disposable needle</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-826-5D</td>
			<td>Any make also suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">21G1.5 disposable needle</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-826-5B</td>
			<td>Any make also suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">12-well multiple-well cell culture plates with lid</td>
			<td>Cole Palmer</td>
			<td>#FW-01959-06</td>
			<td>Any make also suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polypropylene modular test tube rack</td>
			<td>Cole Palmer</td>
			<td>#EW-06733-00</td>
			<td>Capable of accommodating 15 and 50 mL conical tubes; any make also suitable</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

estimation of nephron number in whole kidney using the acid maceration method

肾禀赋是指一个人出生时的肾总数, 因为人类的肾生成在怀孕36周后完成, 出生后没有形成新的肾。肾数是指出生后任何时间测量的肾总数。遗传和环境因素都影响肾的禀赋和数量。了解特定的基因或因素如何影响肾生成和肾功能丧失或死亡的过程很重要, 因为肾天赋或数量较低的个体被认为患肾脏或心血管疾病的风险较高。了解一个人一生中的环境接触如何影响肾数, 对于确定未来的疾病风险也至关重要。因此, 快速可靠地评估整个肾肾数目的能力是一个基本的实验要求, 以更好地了解有助于或促进肾生成或肾肾丢失的机制。在这里, 我们描述了酸浸渍方法的整个肾肾数的估计基础上的程序描述的达马迪安, 沙韦里和布里克, 稍作修改。酸浸渍方法提供了快速和可靠的估计肾数 (评估计数肾小球), 是5% 的那些确定使用更先进的, 虽然昂贵的方法, 如磁共振成像。此外, 酸浸渍法是一种很好的高通量方法, 用于评估大量样品或实验条件下的肾数。

以下是来自高血压的既定小鼠模型和与年龄有关的慢性肾病的遗传大鼠模型的全肾肾数的代表性估计。肾小球的关键识别特征, 如有或没有附着在动脉前或动脉后或管状结构的球形结构, 突出显示了那些新的酸浸渍方法 (图 1)。
在第一个实验例子中, 在注入车辆 (盐水) 或血管紧张素 II 的小鼠 (雄性 c57bl6, 6?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Estimation of Nephron Number in Whole Kidney using the Acid Maceration Method at JoVE.com

Estimation of Nephron Number in Whole Kidney using the Acid Maceration Method

酸化浸渍法评价全肾肾素数

对整个肾肾的估计在临床和实验上都很重要, 因为肾周数与肾脏和心血管疾病的风险增加之间存在反比关系。在此, 说明了酸浸渍法的应用, 该方法为整个肾肾数目提供了快速可靠的估计。

Nephron endowment refers to the total number of nephrons an individual is born with, as nephrogenesis in humans is completed by 36 weeks of gestation and ...

酸化方法可以帮助回答有关肾脏的关键问题，特定基因如何促进或影响肾隆的发展，以及特定条件，如糖尿病或高血压，如何影响肾隆数。这一点很重要，因为出生者在胎儿发育期间确定肾上腺的总数，肾隆的丧失与肾脏病理学有关。酸洗法的主要优点是，它比磁共振成像等其它肾素计数方法更快、更可重复、更廉价、更耗时。该技术有助于肾上号对肾功能的影响相关性，这对于进一步理解特定基因如何影响肾隆功能和发育非常重要。研究影响整体肾毒药物数量的基因或因素将有助于开发旨在限制疾病相关肾毒损失的药理学或遗传方法。有了良好的实验技术和实践，新进入这种方法的个体应很容易掌握酸性 maceration 方法，从而能够可靠且可重复地估计整个肾肾素数。首先使用精细的手术剪刀沿中线打开小鼠腹腔。小心地将肠道和生殖脂肪转移到动物的右侧。使用粗解剖，分离左肾，切断左肾动脉和静脉，小心地取出肾脏，将器官放入贴有适当标签的PBS称重船中。以相同的方式收集右肾脏，将两个肾脏放在与 PBS 预湿润的手术纱布上。快速去除任何粘附的非肾脏组织和肾胶囊。然后分别对每个肾脏进行重量调整，分别记录左右器官的重量。称重后，将每个肾脏放回一个没有PBS的适当标记称重的船上，并使用干净的剃刀刀片将每个器官切成两半。将每个肾脏半切侧向下，将每半切成两毫米或更小的碎片。使用相同的剃须刀刀片，小心地将切碎的肾片转移到适当标记的 15 毫升锥形管中。在通风良好的烟气罩中，在每个管中加入五毫升六摩尔盐酸。接下来，轻轻搅拌肾酸混合物，然后将管子放入37摄氏度的水浴90分钟。在酸洗结束时，将一根 18 量针连接到每个肾脏一个五毫升注射器上，并小心地取出注射器柱塞。将注射器放入单独的 50 毫升锥形管中，放入烟罩中，将肾脏溶液倒入每个注射器的开端，将空管放在试管架上。然后小心地更换柱塞，使每个溶液通过针头缓慢挤出到 50 毫升管中。用每管5毫升PBS溶液清洗15毫升锥形管，使任何剩余的肾脏组织溶解。如刚刚演示的，将洗涤内容物挤出到适当的 50 毫升管中。挤出第三次洗涤后，为每个注射器配备 21 量针。通过较小的孔针洗将 50 毫升管的内容物挤出到第二组 50 毫升管中，然后用新鲜 PBS 将前 50 毫升管内装物挤出三次。第三次洗涤和挤出后，将每个管的总体积与额外的 PBS 一起带到 50 毫升，并在四摄氏度的摇板上放置管架，在四摄氏度下过夜。在加工的五天内，将包含 16 个独立部分的网格放在 12 孔板的 6 口井底部。轻轻反转肾脏溶液的管几次，以重新暂停颗粒组织。小心地将每个肾脏的三个 500 微升等同液添加到 12 孔板的三口井中。用等量的PBS稀释每一个井的含量。将板放在倒置显微镜的舞台上。通过球形结构、红色色调以及附着在个体球状体上前或后动脉来识别球状。计算每个网格部分的 glomeruli 数，以求和每个网格的计数，以计算每个井的 glomeruli 总数。然后乘以每个井的球状数乘以 100，以获得每个肾脏的球状菌数。在这个具有代表性的实验中，在注入车辆14天的小鼠中，肾上每只肾的肾上总数量约为12，500个肾。然而，血管紧张素两次输液，使心房压力增加了约40毫米汞，并显著减少了近26%的肾素总数。在这个大鼠肾发生基因模型中，与两个肾脏出生的动物被计算为在酸洗后每个肾脏含有大约27，500个肾，而出生时有单独肾脏的老鼠的肾总数量明显减少。这两项实验的估计值与以前在大鼠身上报告的范围一致。酸洗法是估计整个肾脏中肾精的的理想之选，特别是在没有配备更多劳动密集型和成本高的技术来计算肾精的实验室中，例如分离分馏器方法或磁共振成像。此方法允许对整个肾肾素数进行高吞吐量、高效且可重复的估计，该估计值在磁共振成像确定的数数的 5% 以内。对肾上科数的评估具有临床意义，因为肾隆数的减少与心血管疾病（如慢性肾脏疾病）的风险增加有关。不要忘记，使用盐酸可能非常危险，应采取预防措施，例如戴上手套、防护眼镜和实验室外套。

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation

小鼠胰岛的分离和包膜下肾移植的方法

Since the early pioneering work of Ballinger and Reckard demonstrating that transplantation of islets of Langerhans into diabetic rodents could normalize ...

科研

医学

Method for Novel Anti-Cancer Drug Development using Tumor Explants of Surgical Specimens

新型抗癌药物使用手术标本肿瘤植的发展方法


The current therapies for malignant glioma have only palliative effect. For therapeutic development, one hurdle is the discrepancy of efficacy determined ...

The &alpha;-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva

The ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â±-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva

测试：α-细胞快速免费的CD4计数，使用全唾液

There is an urgent need for affordable CD4 enumeration to monitor HIV disease. CD4 enumeration is out of reach in resource-limited regions due to the time ...

Mouse Kidney Transplantation: Models of Allograft Rejection

鼠肾移植：移植排斥反应模型

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely ...

Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion for the Preservation of Kidney Grafts prior to Transplantation

Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion for the Preservation of Kidney Grafts prior to Transplantation

常温<em&gt;离体</em&gt;肾脏的灌注肾的移植保护移植前

Kidney transplantation has become a well-established treatment option for patients with end-stage renal failure. The persisting organ shortage remains a ...

Intravascular Delivery of Biologics to the Rat Kidney

生物血管内送货到大鼠肾脏

The renal microvascular compartment plays an important role in the progression of kidney disease and hypertension, leading to the development of End Stage ...

A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers

一种使用加速度计量化上肢表现在日常生活的方法

A key reason for referral to rehabilitation services after stroke and other neurological conditions is to improve one's ability to function in daily life. ...

Whole Body and Regional Quantification of Active Human Brown Adipose Tissue Using 18F-FDG PET/CT

Whole Body and Regional Quantification of Active Human Brown Adipose Tissue Using 18F-FDG PET/CT

18F-fdg Petct 对活性人棕色脂肪组织的全身和区域定量

In endothermic animals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated to produce heat for defending body temperature in response to cold. BAT&#39;s ability to ...

Platelet-based Detection of Nitric Oxide in Blood by Measuring VASP Phosphorylation

板基检测血液中一氧化氮的 vasp 磷酸化

Platelets are the blood components responsible for proper blood clotting. Their function is highly regulated by various pathways. One of the most potent ...

A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice

小鼠肝细胞核球状估计的高通量原位方法

When the liver is injured, hepatocyte numbers decrease, while cell size, nuclear size and ploidy increase. The expansion of non-parenchymal cells such as ...