Name: platelet-based detection of nitric oxide in blood by measuring vasp phosphorylation
Uploaded: 2019-01-07T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Platelet-based Detection of Nitric Oxide in Blood by Measuring VASP Phosphorylation at JoVE.com

这项工作是由国家卫生研究院向艾伦·施切特博士提供的校内赠款资助的。

请注意:血液样本来自国家卫生研究院血库 (irb 批准的协议:99-cc-0168)。
1. 血液样品制备
请注意:为了避免血小板活化, 慢慢抽血, 并通过多次倒置管与柠檬酸盐轻轻混合。
<ol><li>
富含血小板的血浆 (prp) 制备
	<ol>
<li>用 20 g 或更大直径的针头绘制30-50 毫升的血液, 并以1:9 的比例或柠檬酸葡萄糖 (acd) (85 ...

<ol>
	<li>Huang, K. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+reaction+between+nitrite+and+deoxyhemoglobin.+Reassessment+of+reaction+kinetics+and+stoichiometry.">The reaction between nitrite and deoxyhemoglobin. Reassessment of reaction kinetics and stoichiometry.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (35), 31126-31131 (2005).</li><li>Cosby, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitrite+reduction+to+nitric+oxide+by+deoxyhemoglobin+vasodilates+the+human+circulation.">Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation.</a> Nature Medicine. 9 (12), 1498-1505 (2003).</li><li>Mo, E., Amin, H., Bianco, I. H., Garthwaite, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetics+of+a+cellular+nitric+oxide/cGMP/phosphodiesterase-5+pathway.">Kinetics of a cellular nitric oxide/cGMP/phosphodiesterase-5 pathway.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (5), 26149-26158 (2004).</li><li>Park, J. W., Piknova, B., Nghiem, K., Lozier, J. N., Schechter, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitory+effect+of+nitrite+on+coagulation+processes+demonstrated+by+thromboelastography.">Inhibitory effect of nitrite on coagulation processes demonstrated by thromboelastography.</a> Nitric oxide. 40, 45-51 (2014).</li><li>Wajih, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+red+blood+cell+S-nitrosation+in+nitrite+bioactivation+and+its+modulation+by+leucine+and+glycose.">The role of red blood cell S-nitrosation in nitrite bioactivation and its modulation by leucine and glycose.</a> Redox Biology. 8, 415-421 (2016).</li><li>Akrawinthawong, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+flow+cytometric+analysis+of+the+inhibition+of+platelet+reactivity+due+to+nitrite+reduction+by+deoxygenated+erythrocytes.">A flow cytometric analysis of the inhibition of platelet reactivity due to nitrite reduction by deoxygenated erythrocytes.</a> PLoS One. 9 (3), e92435 (2014).</li><li>Friebe, A., Koesling, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+nitric+oxide-sensitive+guanylyl+cyclase.">Regulation of nitric oxide-sensitive guanylyl cyclase.</a> Circulation Research. 93 (2), 96-105 (2003).</li><li>Srihirun, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelet+inhibition+by+nitrite+is+dependent+on+erythrocytes+and+deoxygenation.">Platelet inhibition by nitrite is dependent on erythrocytes and deoxygenation.</a> PLoS One. 7 (1), e30380 (2012).</li><li>Smolenski, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+and+regulation+of+vasodilator-stimulated+phosphoprotein+serine+239+phosphorylation+in+vitro+and+in+intact+cells+using+a+phosphospecific+monoclonal+antibody.">Analysis and regulation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein serine 239 phosphorylation in vitro and in intact cells using a phosphospecific monoclonal antibody.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (32), 20029-20035 (1998).</li><li>Burkhart, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+first+comprehensive+and+quantitative+analysis+of+human+platelet+protein+composition+allows+the+comparative+analysis+of+structural+and+functional+pathways.">The first comprehensive and quantitative analysis of human platelet protein composition allows the comparative analysis of structural and functional pathways.</a> Blood. 120 (15), e73-e82 (2012).</li><li>Parakaw, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelet+inhibition+and+increased+phosphorylated+vasodilator-stimulated+phosphoprotein+following+sodium+nitrite+inhalation.">Platelet inhibition and increased phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein following sodium nitrite inhalation.</a> Nitric oxide. 66, 10-16 (2017).</li><li>Srihirun, S., Piknova, B., Sibmooh, N., Schechter, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorylated+vasodilator-stimulated+phosphoprotein+(P-VASPSer239)+in+platelets+is+increased+by+nitrite+and+partially+deoxygenated+erythrocytes.">Phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (P-VASPSer239) in platelets is increased by nitrite and partially deoxygenated erythrocytes.</a> PLoS One. 13 (3), e0193747 (2018).</li><li>Mal Cortese-Krott, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+soluble+guanylate+cyclase+in+RBCs:+preserved+activity+in+patients+with+coronary+artery+disease.">Identification of a soluble guanylate cyclase in RBCs: preserved activity in patients with coronary artery disease.</a> Redox Biology. 14, 328-337 (2018).</li><li>Abel, K., Mieskes, G., Walter, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dephosphorylation+of+the+focal+adhesion+protein+VASP+in+vitro+and+in+intact+human+platelets.">Dephosphorylation of the focal adhesion protein VASP in vitro and in intact human platelets.</a> FEBS letter. 370 (3), 184-188 (1995).</li></ol>

由于血小板很容易被激活, 因此需要温和地处理含有血小板的样品。应避免快速移液和剧烈晃动。血小板抑制剂如前列腺素 (pgi2) 可用于防止血小板活化;然而, 这可能会影响血小板内的一些信号通路。在血小板悬浮液中加入 acd, 采用低速离心法制备血小板颗粒。
prp 中新鲜配制的血小板的寿命有限, 最长可达2小时。为了实现高重现性, 所有实验应只在新鲜血小板和血液?...

血小板是从巨核细胞中提取的小圆盘状细胞碎片, 对凝血至关重要。凝血级联是由各种生物活性分子 (如胶原蛋白或 adp), 释放后的血管壁损伤。一氧化氮 (no) 在各种效应之间可以改变凝血过程。no 是由哺乳动物细胞自然产生的, 是最通用的生理信号之一。它作为一个强大的血管扩张剂, 神经递质和免疫调节剂, 仅举几例。在血液中, no 还有助于通过抑制血小板聚集来调节血液凝集的程度。在血液中 no 最可能的来源之一是亚硝酸盐, 这是一种无机离子, 已被证明是 no 的前体。与红细胞反应时, 亚硝酸盐还原为 no, 脱氧 hb 氧化为高铁血红蛋白 (methb)1。从红细胞释放的 no 是血管活性的, 并导致血管兴奋性 2。这种亚硝酸盐还原途径是一种交替的 no 生成途径, 在缺氧条件下, 通过内皮型一氧化氮合酶与经典 no 生成途径一起作用并补充该途径。
血小板本身不能将亚硝酸盐还原为 no, 但对其存在非常敏感。在完整的血小板中, 纳米摩尔范围内的 no 增加了 vasp (ec50 = 0.5 nm) 3 的 cgmp (ec50 = 10 nm)和磷酸化。因此, 血小板可以作为一个很好的传感器, 亚硝酸盐还原由 rbc 和 no 释放到血液中。有几种方法可以直接测量血小板活化的程度-如聚合和血栓弹性成像 (teg)4,5。然而, 这些方法需要昂贵的专门仪器和相当大量的材料。在从 rbc 释放 no 后, 也可以利用血小板表面蛋白表达的变化--如 p-选择素 6--来监测下游的事件.no 也被认为会增加血小板7中的 cgmp 量。以前, 我们使用 cgmp监测脱氧红细胞8还原亚硝酸盐后一氧化氮释放到血液中。这被证明是一个非常敏感的方法;然而, cgmp 是一种短命的分子, 它的检测涉及大量的劳动。另一种可能性, 在提交的协议中描述, 使用磷酸化的血管刺激荧光粉 (vasp)-蛋白检测 no 在血液中的存在。vasp 是蛋白激酶 g 活化的基础, 通过 sgccgmp 途径9与 no 相互作用时进行磷酸化。可检测的 vasp 磷酸化发生在非常低的 no 浓度下, 这可能使血小板成为血液中 no 存在的非常敏感的检测器。vasp 在血小板中表达很高, 但在其他血细胞中没有, 这使得有选择地跟踪涉及血小板10的事件。
该方案的主要目的是通过监测 vasp 磷酸化11,12, 详细描述利用其与血小板的相互作用检测全血一氧化氮释放的方法。该方法允许早期检测低 no 浓度-理论上在纳米摩尔范围内, 这使得目前的协议比 cgmp 的测定更敏感, 因为使用的标准西方印迹技术可以在大多数实验室实现设置。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Tri-sodium citrate</td>
			<td>Supply by NIH blood bank</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Citric acid</td>
			<td>Supply by NIH blood bank</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G7528-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl; sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S-7653 1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4; sodium phosphate monobasic, monohydrate</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt Chemical</td>
			<td>7892-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl; potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt Chemical</td>
			<td>6858</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3; sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt Chemical</td>
			<td>7412-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES; N-[2-Hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N&#39;-[-ethanesulfonic acid]</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3375-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2 (1 M); magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Quality Biology</td>
			<td>351-033-721</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2; calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C5080-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nalgene Narrow-mouth HDPE Economy bottles</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>2089-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red septum stopper NO.29</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>FB57877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaNO2-; sodium nitrite</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S2252-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIZMA Base; Tris[hydroxymethyl]aminomethane</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8524-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NP-40; 4-Nonylphenyl-polyethylene glycol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>74385-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail set III</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>539134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phospho-VASP (Ser239) antibody</td>
			<td>Cell signaling technology</td>
			<td>3114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VASP antibody</td>
			<td>Cell signaling technology</td>
			<td>3112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GAPDH (14C10) Rabbit mAb</td>
			<td>Cell signaling technology</td>
			<td>2118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M-6250-10ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peroxidase AffiniPure Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories</td>
			<td>111-035-003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clarity Western ECL Substrate</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>1705060-200ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO-oximeter (ABL 90 flex)</td>
			<td>Radiometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

platelet-based detection of nitric oxide in blood by measuring vasp phosphorylation

血小板是负责适当血液凝集的血液成分。它们的功能受到各种途径的高度调节。其中最有效的血管活性物质, 一氧化氮 (no), 也可以作为血小板聚集的强大抑制剂。血液中的直接 no 检测是非常具有挑战性的, 因为它具有高反应性与无细胞血红蛋白, 限制 no 的半衰期到毫秒的范围。目前, 干预后的 no 变化仅根据亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐 (亚硝酸盐-一氧化氮代谢途径的成员) 的测量变化进行估计。无论多么精确, 这些测量相对于实际 no 变化的情况很难解释, 因为自然基线亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐水平比 no 本身的预期变化高几个数量级。因此, 早就应该开发直接和简单的方法, 使人们能够直接检测到 no。该协议解决了血小板作为血液中高度敏感的 no 传感器的潜在用途。它描述了最初的血小板富糖血浆 (prp) 和洗血小板制剂, 以及亚硝酸盐和脱氧红细胞作为 no 发生器的使用。采用丝氨酸 239 (p-vaspserine) 法对 vasp 进行磷酸化检测。事实上, vasp 蛋白是高度表达在血小板, 它是快速磷酸化时, no 存在导致一个独特的机会, 使用这一途径直接检测血液中的 no 存在。

静脉血液样本的 no-2值在50-80 毫米汞柱之间。氦的脱氧在10分钟内迅速降低到 2 , 2到25毫米汞柱. 脱氧时间的增加会进一步进一步降低到 o2。然而, 脱氧时间的增加也会导致无细胞血红蛋白水平的显著增加 (由 co-oxometer 确定, 在图 2中可以看到血浆的颜色越来越变红) (图 2a-b)。增加溶血与搅拌无...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Platelet-based Detection of Nitric Oxide in Blood by Measuring VASP Phosphorylation at JoVE.com

Platelet-based Detection of Nitric Oxide in Blood by Measuring VASP Phosphorylation

在这里, 我们提出了一个协议, 以解决潜在的使用血小板作为一个高度敏感的一氧化氮传感器在血液中。它描述了最初的血小板制备和使用亚硝酸盐和脱氧红细胞作为一氧化氮发生器。

板基检测血液中一氧化氮的 vasp 磷酸化

Platelets are the blood components responsible for proper blood clotting. Their function is highly regulated by various pathways. One of the most potent ...

该协议解决了血小板在体外和体内作为高度敏感的一氧化氮传感器的潜在用途。增加磷酸化硫化物-刺激磷蛋白或P-VASP丝氨酸239在血小板一氧化氮有一些优点，包括能够检测一氧化氮在纳米摩尔血统的存在。在从健康献血者那里收集30至50毫升全血的两个小时内，将血液中的5毫升等同加入适当数量的15毫升锥形管中进行离心。使用塑料转移移液器从超钠的上部仔细收集富含血小板的血浆。用第二个离心进行洗涤，将富含血浆的血小板切开，并在五毫升的 CGS 缓冲液中轻轻清洗颗粒。在室温下以400克离心10分钟。在离心结束时，将颗粒重新用三毫升的改性泰洛德缓冲液中重新填充。使用血细胞计计算血小板悬浮液的密度，并在新鲜泰洛德缓冲液中将每毫升的血小板悬浮液密度调整为每毫升的 8 个细胞。然后在37摄氏度下孵育血小板悬浮液一小时。同时，通过离心从整个血液样本的无板血浆层中收集红血球，然后每次洗涤用五毫升PBS进行四次洗涤。最后一次洗涤后，丢弃超级天然液，将红血球与富含血浆的血小板混合在用橡胶塞闭合的聚丙烯瓶中适当的实验性造血球中。将连接到氦气罐的针头插入每个隔膜，并插入 26 个测量针以制造气体出口。然后在室温下缓慢旋转瓶子，并使用血氧计测量部分氧气压力，以监测脱氧过程。氧减少速率取决于氦流速和搅拌速度。因此，在开始实验之前，应优化氧合时间，因为这与实验设置的几何形状高度相关。为减少红血球亚硝酸盐，使用微西林格通过隔膜将亚硝酸盐注射到PRP和RBC的脱氧样品中，以便达到10微摩尔最终浓度。在37摄氏度下孵育样品至少10分钟，将每个样品的1毫升转移到微离心管中进行离心。将300微升血小板悬浮液从超盐液的上部转移到新的微离心管中，并在每管中以1比9的比例加入柠檬酸葡萄糖。再次离心血小板，将含有蛋白酶抑制剂鸡尾酒的80微升冰粒重新装给每管。接下来，将每个样品中15微克的蛋白质加载到两个独立的10%SDS-PAGE凝胶中。以 120 伏电压运行凝胶 1.3 小时。在运行结束时，将凝胶转移到单个亚硝基纤维素膜中，并用适当体积的 5% 脱脂干牛奶阻断任何非特异性结合。在4摄氏度下用适当的原抗体孵育膜过夜，然后用适当的二级马萝卜过氧化物酶抗体在室温下孵育45分钟。然后用成像器曝光膜，使用适当的图像分析程序量化波段密度。健康的静脉血样具有50至80毫米汞的部分氧压值。氦气的脱氧在10分钟内迅速将氧气的部分压力降低至25毫米汞。随着脱氧时间的增加，可以进一步降低部分氧压。脱氧率的增加导致血解水平增加，日益红颜色的血浆表明这一点。这是脱氧效果，不是由搅拌本身引起的，如在没有氦气搅拌的样品中缺乏血解所示。如西方印迹所检测到的脱氧样品中，Vasodilator-刺激磷蛋白或VASP和磷酸化-VASP表达水平均随着脱氧样品中血红素的增加而降低。使用短寿命一氧化氮供体进行治疗，在治疗后10秒内增加血小板中的磷酸化血管扩张剂刺激磷蛋白表达。此外，磷酸化-VASP或P-VASP水平在NO供体孵育后10分钟内保持稳定，其血小板丰富的血浆表明，有足够的时间将RBC与血小板分离，而不影响现有的P-VASP水平。在脱氧性 RBC 的情况下，亚硝酸盐还可提高血小板的 P-VASP 水平。在这里，P-VASP与总VASP的比率取决于血红蛋白水平。VASP在血小板中表达强烈，在存在一氧化氮时迅速磷酸化。因此，本方案为研究各种生理刺激对一氧化氮的诱导提供了一种方法。通过这种方法，我们成功地在血小板中使用增加的P-VASP作为体内吸入亚硝酸盐刺激的标记。不要忘记，使用带生物标本的血小板应始终使用适当的个人防护设备进行。

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

为含量测定一氧化氮生物活性分析技术

Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic free radical that is extremely short lived in biological systems (less than 1 second in circulating blood)1. NO may be ...

科研

医学

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR)

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR qPCR

实时定量PCR（qPCR的microRNA检测在前列腺肿瘤）

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 18&#x2013;24 nucleotide long, non-coding RNA molecules. They are involved in virtually every cellular process ...

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) for Cancer Therapy Monitoring

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging CLI for Cancer Therapy Monitoring

癌症治疗监测的切伦科夫发光成像（CLI）

In  molecular imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) and optical imaging (OI)  are two of the most important and thus most widely used modalities1-3. ...

5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat

5/6th联合切除术，高盐饮食和一氧化氮合酶抑制剂诱导Lewis大鼠慢性肾脏病

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem. Slowing CKD progression is a major health priority. Since CKD is characterized by complex derangements ...

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

磷31磁共振波谱分析：一种测量工具<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;线粒体氧化磷酸化能力人骨骼肌

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, which is critically important in health and disease, can be measured in vivo ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

体外和体内检测人类细胞中的 Mitophagy,线虫和小鼠

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a ...

Routine Screening Method for Microparticles in Platelet Transfusions

血小板输血中微粒的常规筛选方法

Platelet inventory management based on screening microparticle content in platelet concentrates is a new quality improvement initiative for hospital blood ...

Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoprobes for Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Detection

超超磁氧化铁纳米探针在肺外结核检测的合成、表征及应用

A molecular imaging probe comprising superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and Mycobacterium tuberculosis surface antibody (MtbsAb) was ...

Endotoxin Activity Assay for the Detection of Whole Blood Endotoxemia in Critically Ill Patients

危重病人全血内毒素血症检测的内毒素活性测定

Lipopolysaccharide, also known as endotoxin, is a fundamental component of gram-negative bacteria and plays a crucial role in the development of sepsis ...

A Novel Inhalation Mask System to Deliver High Concentrations of Nitric Oxide Gas in Spontaneously Breathing Subjects

一种新型吸入面膜系统，可在自发呼吸受试者中提供高浓度的一氧化氮气体

Nitric Oxide (NO) is administered as gas for inhalation to induce selective pulmonary vasodilation. It is a safe therapy, with few potential risks even if ...