Name: high throughput in vitro assessment of latency reversing agents on hiv transcription and splicing
Uploaded: 2019-01-22T14:10:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af project grant APP1129320 og programmet grant APP1052979 fra NHMRC i Australien. Vi takke Dr. Adam Wheatley, Dr. Marina Alexander, Dr. Jenny L. Anderson og Michelle Y. Lee for at give væsentlige konstruktioner og rådgivning til den vellykkede afslutning af dette arbejde. Vi takker også DMI Flow facilitet personale for deres rådgivning og generøse assistance opretholde strømmen Flowcytometret anvendes i denne undersøgelse.

Bemærk: Procedurer for kloning, transformation og sekventering er diskuteret andetsteds18,19. Protokoller heri begynder fra Transfektion af pattedyr udtryk vektorer (figur 3).
1. Transfektion af HEK293T celler med dobbelt farve journalist konstruere
<ol><li>Dyrke HEK293T celler i Dulbeccos modificerede Eagle medium (DMEM) suppleret med 10% (v/v) føtal bovint serum (FBS), (100 U/mL) pen...

<ol>
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D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+follow-up+studies+confirm+the+stability+of+the+latent+reservoir+for+HIV-1+in+resting+CD4++T+cells.">Long-term follow-up studies confirm the stability of the latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells.</a> Nature Medicine. 9 (6), 727-728 (2003).</li><li>Khoury, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+8.">Ch. 8.</a> HIV vaccine and cure - The Path Towards Finding an Effective Cure and Vaccine. 1075, (2018).</li><li>Van Lint, C., Bouchat, S., Marcello, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+transcription+and+latency:+an+update.">HIV-1 transcription and latency: an update.</a> Retrovirology. 10, 67 (2013).</li><li>Archin, N. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+Expression+Within+Resting+CD4++T+Cells+After+Multiple+Doses+of+Vorinostat.">HIV-1 Expression Within Resting CD4+ T Cells After Multiple Doses of Vorinostat.</a> Journal of Infectious Diseases. 210, 728-735 (2014).</li><li>Elliott, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+HIV+Transcription+with+Short-Course+Vorinostat+in+HIV-Infected+Patients+on+Suppressive+Antiretroviral+Therapy.">Activation of HIV Transcription with Short-Course Vorinostat in HIV-Infected Patients on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 10, (2014).</li><li>Leth, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+effect+of+Vacc-4x,+recombinant+human+granulocyte+macrophage+colony-stimulating+factor+vaccination,+and+romidepsin+on+the+HIV-1+reservoir+(REDUC):+a+single-arm,+phase+1B/2A+trial.">Combined effect of Vacc-4x, recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor vaccination, and romidepsin on the HIV-1 reservoir (REDUC): a single-arm, phase 1B/2A trial.</a> The Lancet HIV. 3, e463-e472 (2016).</li><li>Rasmussen, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Panobinostat,+a+histone+deacetylase+inhibitor,+for+latent-virus+reactivation+in+HIV-infected+patients+on+suppressive+antiretroviral+therapy:+a+phase+1/2,+single+group,+clinical+trial.">Panobinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, for latent-virus reactivation in HIV-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy: a phase 1/2, single group, clinical trial.</a> The Lancet HIV. 1, e13-e21 (2014).</li><li>S&#248;gaard, O. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Depsipeptide+Romidepsin+Reverses+HIV-1+Latency+In+Vivo.">The Depsipeptide Romidepsin Reverses HIV-1 Latency In Vivo.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 11, (2015).</li><li>Bartholomeeusen, K., Xiang, Y., Fujinaga, K., Peterlin, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bromodomain+and+extra-terminal+(BET)+bromodomain+inhibition+activate+transcription+via+transient+release+of+Positive+Transcription+Elongation+Factor+b+(P-TEFb)+from+7SK+small+nuclear+ribonucleoprotein.">Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) bromodomain inhibition activate transcription via transient release of Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) from 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287, 36609-36616 (2012).</li><li>Boehm, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BET+bromodomain-targeting+compounds+reactivate+HIV+from+latency+via+a+Tat-independent+mechanism.">BET bromodomain-targeting compounds reactivate HIV from latency via a Tat-independent mechanism.</a> Cell Cycle. 12, 452-462 (2013).</li><li>Contreras, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suberoylanilide+hydroxamic+acid+reactivates+HIV+from+latently+infected+cells.">Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid reactivates HIV from latently infected cells.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (11), 6782-6789 (2009).</li><li>Rasmussen, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+HDAC+inhibitors+in+clinical+development:+effect+on+HIV+production+in+latently+infected+cells+and+T-cell+activation.">Comparison of HDAC inhibitors in clinical development: effect on HIV production in latently infected cells and T-cell activation.</a> Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics. 9 (5), 993-1001 (2013).</li><li>Wei, D. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+deacetylase+inhibitor+romidepsin+induces+HIV+expression+in+CD4+T+cells+from+patients+on+suppressive+antiretroviral+therapy+at+concentrations+achieved+by+clinical+dosing.">Histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin induces HIV expression in CD4 T cells from patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy at concentrations achieved by clinical dosing.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 10 (4), e1004071 (2014).</li><li>Blazkova, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+histone+deacetylase+inhibitors+on+HIV+production+in+latently+infected,+resting+CD4(+)+T+cells+from+infected+individuals+receiving+effective+antiretroviral+therapy.">Effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors on HIV production in latently infected, resting CD4(+) T cells from infected individuals receiving effective antiretroviral therapy.</a> Journal of Infectious Diseases. 206 (5), 765-769 (2012).</li><li>Bullen, C. K., Laird, G. M., Durand, C. M., Siliciano, J. D., Siliciano, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+ex+vivo+approaches+distinguish+effective+and+ineffective+single+agents+for+reversing+HIV-1+latency+in+vivo.">New ex vivo approaches distinguish effective and ineffective single agents for reversing HIV-1 latency in vivo.</a> Nature Medicine. 20 (4), 425-429 (2014).</li><li>Yukl, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV+latency+in+isolated+patient+CD4+T+cells+may+be+due+to+blocks+in+HIV+transcriptional+elongation,+completion,+and+splicing.">HIV latency in isolated patient CD4+T cells may be due to blocks in HIV transcriptional elongation, completion, and splicing.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 10, (2018).</li><li>Lassen, K. G., Ramyar, K. X., Bailey, J. R., Zhou, Y., Siliciano, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+retention+of+multiply+spliced+HIV-1+RNA+in+resting+CD4+T+cells.">Nuclear retention of multiply spliced HIV-1 RNA in resting CD4+T cells.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 2, 0650-0661 (2006).</li><li>Alexander, M. R., Wheatley, A. K., Center, R. J., Purcell, D. F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+transcription+through+an+intron+requires+the+binding+of+an+Sm-type+U1+snRNP+with+intact+stem+loop+II+to+the+splice+donor.">Efficient transcription through an intron requires the binding of an Sm-type U1 snRNP with intact stem loop II to the splice donor.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 38, 3041-3053 (2010).</li><li>Anderson, J. L., Johnson, A. T., Howard, J. L., Purcell, D. F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Both+Linear+and+Discontinuous+Ribosome+Scanning+Are+Used+for+Translation+Initiation+from+Bicistronic+Human+Immunodeficiency+Virus+Type+1+env+mRNAs.">Both Linear and Discontinuous Ribosome Scanning Are Used for Translation Initiation from Bicistronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env mRNAs.</a> Journal of Virology. 81, 4664-4676 (2007).</li><li>Nikfarjam, L., Farzaneh, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevention+and+detection+of+Mycoplasma+contamination+in+cell+culture.">Prevention and detection of Mycoplasma contamination in cell culture.</a> Cell J. 13 (4), 203-212 (2012).</li><li>Khoury, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV+latency+reversing+agents+act+through+Tat+post+translational+modifications.">HIV latency reversing agents act through Tat post translational modifications.</a> Retrovirology. 15 (1), 36 (2018).</li><li>Hakre, S., Chavez, L., Shirakawa, K., Verdin, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV+latency:+experimental+systems+and+molecular+models.">HIV latency: experimental systems and molecular models.</a> FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 36 (3), 706-716 (2012).</li><li>Dahabieh, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+non-productive+HIV-1+infection+in+a+T-cell+line+is+driven+by+cellular+activation+state+and+NFkappaB.">Direct non-productive HIV-1 infection in a T-cell line is driven by cellular activation state and NFkappaB.</a> Retrovirology. 11, 17 (2014).</li><li>Calvanese, V., Chavez, L., Laurent, T., Ding, S., Verdin, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual-color+HIV+reporters+trace+a+population+of+latently+infected+cells+and+enable+their+purification.">Dual-color HIV reporters trace a population of latently infected cells and enable their purification.</a> Virology. 446 (1-2), 283-292 (2013).</li><li>Chavez, L., Calvanese, V., Verdin, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV+Latency+Is+Established+Directly+and+Early+in+Both+Resting+and+Activated+Primary+CD4+T+Cells.">HIV Latency Is Established Directly and Early in Both Resting and Activated Primary CD4 T Cells.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 11 (6), e1004955 (2015).</li><li>Hunninghake, G. W., Monick, M. M., Liu, B., Stinski, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+promoter-regulatory+region+of+the+major+immediate-early+gene+of+human+cytomegalovirus+responds+to+T-lymphocyte+stimulation+and+contains+functional+cyclic+AMP-response+elements.">The promoter-regulatory region of the major immediate-early gene of human cytomegalovirus responds to T-lymphocyte stimulation and contains functional cyclic AMP-response elements.</a> Journal of Virology. 63 (7), 3026-3033 (1989).</li><li>Reeves, M., Sinclair, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aspects+of+human+cytomegalovirus+latency+and+reactivation.">Aspects of human cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation.</a> Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 325, 297-313 (2008).</li><li>Sambucetti, L. C., Cherrington, J. M., Wilkinson, G. W., Mocarski, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NF-kappa+B+activation+of+the+cytomegalovirus+enhancer+is+mediated+by+a+viral+transactivator+and+by+T+cell+stimulation.">NF-kappa B activation of the cytomegalovirus enhancer is mediated by a viral transactivator and by T cell stimulation.</a> EMBO Journal. 8 (13), 4251-4258 (1989).</li><li>Kula, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+HIV-1+RNA+associated+proteome+identifies+Matrin+3+as+a+nuclear+cofactor+of+Rev+function.">Characterization of the HIV-1 RNA associated proteome identifies Matrin 3 as a nuclear cofactor of Rev function.</a> Retrovirology. 8, 60 (2011).</li><li>Kula, A., Marcello, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+Post-Transcriptional+Regulation+of+HIV-1+Gene+Expression.">Dynamic Post-Transcriptional Regulation of HIV-1 Gene Expression.</a> Biology (Basel). 1 (2), 116-133 (2012).</li><li>Yedavalli, V. S., Jeang, K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rev-ing+up+post-transcriptional+HIV-1+RNA+expression.">Rev-ing up post-transcriptional HIV-1 RNA expression.</a> RNA Biology. 8 (2), 195-199 (2011).</li><li>Zolotukhin, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PSF+acts+through+the+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+mRNA+instability+elements+to+regulate+virus+expression.">PSF acts through the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNA instability elements to regulate virus expression.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 (18), 6618-6630 (2003).</li><li>Laird, G. M., Rosenbloom, D. I., Lai, J., Siliciano, R. F., Siliciano, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+the+Frequency+of+Latent+HIV-1+in+Resting+CD4(+)+T+Cells+Using+a+Limiting+Dilution+Coculture+Assay.">Measuring the Frequency of Latent HIV-1 in Resting CD4(+) T Cells Using a Limiting Dilution Coculture Assay.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1354, 239-253 (2016).</li><li>Cary, D. C., Peterlin, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+the+latent+reservoir+to+achieve+functional+HIV+cure.">Targeting the latent reservoir to achieve functional HIV cure.</a> F1000Res. 5, (2016).</li><li>Han, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resting+CD4++T+cells+from+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+(HIV-1)-infected+individuals+carry+integrated+HIV-1+genomes+within+actively+transcribed+host+genes.">Resting CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals carry integrated HIV-1 genomes within actively transcribed host genes.</a> Journal of Virology. 78 (12), 6122-6133 (2004).</li><li>Laird, G. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+analysis+identifies+effective+HIV-1+latency+-+reversing+drug+combinations.">Ex vivo analysis identifies effective HIV-1 latency - reversing drug combinations.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 125, 1901-1912 (2015).</li><li>Lenasi, T., Contreras, X., Peterlin, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+interference+antagonizes+proviral+gene+expression+to+promote+HIV+latency.">Transcriptional interference antagonizes proviral gene expression to promote HIV latency.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 4 (2), 123-133 (2008).</li></ol>

Da er vanskeligheden at måle virus reaktivering ex vivo, inficerede en bred vifte af in vitro-modeller blev udviklet over tid for at studere HIV latency herunder latent T-celle-linjer (J-Lats, ACH2, U1), primære modeller af latent infektion i hvile) O'Doherty, Lewin, Greene og Spina modeller) eller pre-aktiveret CD4 + T-celler (Sahu, Marini, Planelles, Siliciano, Kjeld modeller) med enkelt runde eller replikering kompetente reporter virus22. Til model de fysiologiske tilstande af HIV ventetid i ...

Trods effektive langsigtede antiretroviral behandling fortsætter HIV i en latent tilstand som en integreret provirus i memory CD4 + T celler1. Kromatin struktur af HIV-1-5 "lang terminal repeat (LTR) promotor og epigenetiske ændringer såsom Histon methylering og deacetylation af DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) og Histon deacetyltransferase (HDAC) er vigtige mekanismer fører til transkriptionel undertrykkelse og dermed efter integration ventetid2,3. En lang række latency baglænskørsel agenter (lokale) er blevet undersøgt for deres effektivitet til at fremkalde virus produktion in vitro- og in vivo fra inficerede latent hvilende CD4 + T celler4,5,6,7 ,8. Blandt de lokale og regionale testet, dahldorte (HDAC-hæmmere) og BET bromodomain hæmmere (BETis) inducerer kromatin decondensation og udgivelse af positive transskription brudforlængelse factor b (P-TEFb) henholdsvis, fører til efterfølgende lindre af det transkriptionel undertrykkelse på 5' LTR og aktivering af HIV udtryk9,10,11,12,13. Omfanget af reaktivering opnåede af disse lokale og regionale myndigheders var imidlertid begrænset, som kun en beskeden stigning i celle-associerede unspliced HIV mRNA (os RNA), vejledende af viral transskription, blev observeret ex vivo14,15. Vigtigere, at disse lokale og regionale myndigheder heller ikke fremkalde en reduktion i hyppigheden af latent inficerede celler.
HIV udtryk kan være yderligere begrænset af ineffektive splejsning16 samt defekter i nuklear eksport af formere splejset HIV RNA (MS RNA)17. Således, identificere nye klasser af lokale og regionale myndigheder, der er mere potent og kan påvirke forskellige aspekter af virus produktion efter integration er nødvendig. Desuden er udviklingen af roman assays, der hjælpe med at definere de optimale forbindelser for at effektivt vende latency påkrævet.
Her præsenteres en protokol, der benytter en høj overførselshastighed tilgang til funktionel vurdering af effekten af interventioner på HIV LTR-drevet transskription og splicing. Kort sagt, en ny LTR-drevne dobbelt farve reporter system pLTR.gp140/EGFP. RevΔ38/DsRed (figur 1) bruges til at vurdere HIV reaktivering ved flowcytometri. I denne fluorescerende reporter fører udtryk for unspliced HIV mRNA (4 kb) til øget grøn fluorescerende proteiner (EGFP) udtryk, mens udtryk for splejset mRNA (2 kb) ville føre til Discosoma sp. rød (DsRed) fluorescerende proteiner udtryk. Kort, vi brugte en fluorescerende Env-EGFP fusion protein, gp140unc. EGFP, hvor den kodende sekvens af EGFP blev placeret i rammen med en un-kløvet og afkortede form af kuvert (Env). Ændringer blev indført til ablate kavalergang websted at undgå dissociation af Env gp120 og gp41-EGFP og afkorte gp160 protein før domænet transmembrane skaber en opløselig Env analog, som letter den korrekte foldning og udtryk for EGFP. Efter udtrykket i en celle, Rev lokaliserer til kernen hvor det medierer den nukleare-cytoplasmatisk eksport af 4 kb env mRNA via interaktion med rev lydhør element (RRE). Afkortning af Env kompromitterer ikke RRE, der ligger mellem gp120 og gp41 og A7 3' splejsning websted. I dette system, splejsning HIV-1 splejse donor 4 (SD4) og splejsning acceptor 7 (SA7) resulterer i produktionen af en 2 kb mRNA kodning en ikke-funktionel Rev protein afkortes efter aminosyre 38 sammenvokset til DsRed fluorescerende proteiner, RevΔ38-DsRed. Kort, DsRed var indsat 2nd exon af Rev på aminosyre 38 af overlapning udvidelse18. For at lette den nukleare eksport af unspliced mRNA, var et pattedyr udtryk vektor kodning Rev (pCMV-RevNL4.3) Co transfekteret med fluorescerende reporter konstruktion (figur 2). Denne unikke reporter konstruktion beskrevet her er nyttige i høj overførselshastighed vurdering af HIV transskription og splejsning, uden at skulle bruge virale vektorer.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK293T cells (Human Embryonic Kidney cells)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-3216</td>
			<td>Replicates vectors carrying the SV40 region of replication.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium (DMEM 1x + GlutaMAX-I)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10569-010</td>
			<td>+ 4.5 g/L D-Glucose + 110 mg/L Sodium Pyruvate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10099-141</td>
			<td>Origin Australia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4458</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS), no calcium, no magnesium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue Stain, 0.4%</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25300054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668-019</td>
			<td>Lipid transfection reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM I (1x) reduced serum medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31985-070</td>
			<td>Serum free medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NucleoBond Xtra Maxi</td>
			<td>Marcherey-Nagel</td>
			<td>740414.50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pEGFP-N1 plasmid</td>
			<td>Clontech (TaKaRa)</td>
			<td>6085-1</td>
			<td>Expression of EGFP in mammalian cells, CMVIE promoter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pDsRed-Express-N1</td>
			<td>Clontech (TaKaRa)</td>
			<td>632429</td>
			<td>Expression of DsRed-Express in mammalian cells, CMVIE promoter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pLTR.gp140/EGFP.RevD38/DsRed</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>115775</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCMV-RevNL4.3</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>115776</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCMV-Tat101AD8-Flag</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>115777</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>67-68-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JQ1(+)</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td>11187</td>
			<td>Stock at 10 mM in DMSO; working concentration 1 &#956;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JQ1(-)</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td>11232</td>
			<td>Stock at 10 mM in DMSO; working concentration 1 &#956;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>16561-29-8</td>
			<td>Stock at 100 &#956;g/mL in DMSO; working concentration 10 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)</td>
			<td>Remel</td>
			<td>HA15/R30852701</td>
			<td>Stock at 1 &#956;g/&#956;L in PBS; working concentration 10 &#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vorinostat (VOR)</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td>10009929</td>
			<td>Stock at 10 mM in DMSO; working concentration 0.5 &#956;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Panobinostat (PAN)</td>
			<td>TRC</td>
			<td>P180500</td>
			<td>Stock at 10 mM in DMSO; working concentration 30 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>63581</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Venor GeM Classic</td>
			<td>Minerva Biolabs</td>
			<td>11-1100</td>
			<td>Mycoplasma Detection Kit, PCR-based</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometry reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LSR Fortessa</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Flow cytometer (4 lasers-blue, red, violet and yellow)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LSR II</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Flow cytometer (3 lasers-blue, red and violet)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIVE/DEAD Fixable Near-IR Dead Cell Stain Kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>L34976</td>
			<td>Viability dye: for 633 or 635 nm excitation, 400 assays. Component A and B are both provided in the kit.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA 0.5M pH8</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15575-038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde Solution 37/10 (37%)</td>
			<td>Chem-Supply</td>
			<td>FA010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD FACS Diva CS&#38;T Research Beads</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>655050</td>
			<td>Calibration beads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sphero Rainbow Calibration Particles (8 peaks)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>559123</td>
			<td>3.0 - 3.4 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sheath solution</td>
			<td>Chem-Supply</td>
			<td>SA046</td>
			<td>90 g NaCl in 10 L water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HAZ-Tabs</td>
			<td>Guest Medical</td>
			<td>H8801</td>
			<td>Chlorine release tablets for disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Decon 90</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories Limited</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Concentrated cleaning agents of flow cytometer. Working solution Decon 90 5%.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hypochlorite (12-13% Solution)</td>
			<td>Labco</td>
			<td>SODHYPO-5L</td>
			<td>Concentrated cleaning agents of flow cytometer. Working solution bleach 1%.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7x</td>
			<td>MPBio</td>
			<td>IM76670</td>
			<td>Concentrated cleaning agents of flow cytometer. Working solution 7x 1%.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture flasks (75 cm2, canted neck, cap vented)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430641U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture plates (96 well flat bottom with lid)</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3599</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture plates (96 well V-bottom without lid)</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3896</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tubes (10 mL)</td>
			<td>SARSTEDT</td>
			<td>62.9924.284</td>
			<td>100x16 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tubes (50 mL)</td>
			<td>CellStar</td>
			<td>227261</td>
			<td>30x115 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge tubes (1.5 mL)</td>
			<td>Corning Axygen</td>
			<td>MCT-150-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological Pipette (25 mL), sterile</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS4489-200EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological Pipette (10 mL), sterile</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS4488-200EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological Pipette (5 mL), sterile</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS4487-200EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagent reservoirs (50 mL), sterile</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS4470-200EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Round-Bottom polystyrene test tube, with cell-strainer cap</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td>12 x 75 mm style, 70 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon Mesh</td>
			<td>SEFAR</td>
			<td>03-100/32</td>
			<td>100 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titertube Micro test tubes, bulk</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>2239391</td>
			<td>microfacs tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Round-Bottom polystyrene test tube, without cap</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352008</td>
			<td>12x75 mm style</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Snap Caps for 12x75 mm Test Tubes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Counting chamber, Neubauer improved double net ruling, bright-line (Haemocytometer, LO-Laboroptik)</td>
			<td>ProSciTech</td>
			<td>SVZ4NIOU</td>
			<td>3x3 large squares of 1 mm2; Depth 0.100 mm; volume 0.1 mL; area minimum 0.0025 mm2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips (Menzel-Gl&#228;ser)</td>
			<td>Grale Scientific</td>
			<td>HCS2026</td>
			<td>20 x 26 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon TMS</td>
			<td>310528</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5810R refrigerated</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5811000487</td>
			<td>with rotor A-4-81 including adapters for 15/50 mL conical tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FLUOstar Omega microplate reader</td>
			<td>BMG Labtech</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Plate reader for cell proliferation assay. Filter 490 nm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Softwares</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS Diva</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Flow cytometer data acquisition and analysis program, version 8.0.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo</td>
			<td>FlowJo</td>
			<td>FlowJo 10.4.2</td>
			<td>Flow cytometer data analysis program, FlowJo Engine v3.05481</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>BMG Labtech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FLUOstar multi-user reader control, version 5.11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omega - Data Analysis</td>
			<td>BMG Labtech</td>
			<td>MARS</td>
			<td>FLUOstar data analysis, version 3.20R2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td>Excel:mac 2011</td>
			<td>version 14.0.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism</td>
			<td>GraphPad</td>
			<td>Prism 7</td>
			<td>version 7.0c</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high throughput in vitro assessment of latency reversing agents on hiv transcription and splicing

HIV forbliver uhelbredelig på grund af eksistensen af et reservoir af celler, der havne stabil og latent form for virus, som forbliver usynlige for immunsystemet og er ikke ramt af den aktuelle antiretroviral behandling (vogn). Transskription og splejsning har vist at styrke HIV-1 ventetid i hvile CD4 + T-celler. Tilbageførsel af ventetid ved brug af latency tilbageførsel agenter (lokale) i den "chok og dræbe" tilgang er blevet undersøgt udførligt i et forsøg på at rense dette reservoir men har hidtil ikke vist nogen succes i kliniske forsøg på grund af manglende udvikling af passende små molekyler, der effektivt kan forurolige denne reservoir. Protokollen præsenteres her indeholder en metode til pålideligt og effektivt vurdere latency tilbageførsel agenter (lokale) på HIV transskription og splicing. Denne tilgang er baseret på brugen af en LTR-drevne dobbelt farve reporter, der samtidig kan måle effekten af en LRA på transskription og splejsning ved flowcytometri. Protokollen beskrevet her er tilstrækkelig for vedhængende celler og celler i suspension. Det er nyttige til at teste et stort antal stoffer i en høj overførselshastighed system. Metoden er teknisk simpelt at gennemføre og omkostningseffektive. Desuden brug af flowcytometri giver mulighed for vurdering af cellernes levedygtighed og således narkotika toksicitet på samme tid.

Repræsentative resultater er vist i figur 5 for udtryk af HIV-1 unspliced (EGFP) og splejset (DsRed) produkterne efter behandling med bromodomain hæmmer JQ1. Både JQ1(+) og Tat betydeligt øget andelen af celler, der udtrykker EGFP (2.18 og 4.13 FC over DMSO henholdsvis; n = 3) vejledende af unspliced udskrifter. Desuden JQ1(+) markant øget andelen af celler, der udtrykker DsRed (46,6 FC over DMSO) samt andelen af splejset produkt (7.37 FC over DMSO) til ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing at JoVE.com

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

Høj overførselshastighed i in vitro-vurdering af Latency vende agenter på HIV transskription og splejsning

En høj overførselshastighed protokol for funktionel vurdering af HIV effektiv reaktivering og clearance af latent provirus er beskrevet og anvendt af teste effekten af interventioner på HIV transskription og splicing. Repræsentative resultater af effekt latenstid vende agenter på LTR-drevet transskription og splejsning leveres.

HIV remains incurable due to the existence of a reservoir of cells that harbors stable and latent form of the virus, which stays invisible to the immune ...

Det overordnede mål med denne procedure er at vurdere in vitro, virkningen af latenstidsvendende midler på hiv mRNA-behandling. Protokollen giver en enkel effektiv og pålidelig metode til vurdering, samtidig effekten af LRA på HIV transskription og splejsning. Denne teknik gav et indblik i LRA'ernes evne til at fremkalde reaktivering af virus og clearance af det latente reservoir.Efter dyrkning af celler, sted 20,000 af dem i 100 mikroliter af DMEM medium, suppleret med 10% FBS, og uden antibiotika i brøndene af en 96-godt flad bundplade i 24 timer. Den næste dag fortynde dobbelt farve reporter konstruere. Tat og Rev DNA i 50 mikroliter af serumfrit medium, og bland forsigtigt.Bland forsigtigt lipid reagens, og derefter fortyndes 0,65 mikroliter af det pr reaktion i 50 mikroliter af serumfrit medium. Bland forsigtigt, og inkuberes ved stuetemperatur i fem minutter. Kombiner det fortyndede lipid reagens med det fortyndede DNA og bland forsigtigt.Inkuber ved stuetemperatur i 20 minutter. Derefter dispensere 100 mikroliter af denne lipid reagens DNA kompleks dråbe klogt, på toppen af cellerne i hver brønd. Rock pladen forsigtigt frem og tilbage for at blande.Og inkuber pladen i en befugtet inkubator, ved 37 grader celsius med 5% kuldioxid i fem timer. Derefter overføres yderligere brønde med 100 nanogram CMV-drevet EGFP og DsRed express DNA plasmid til kompensationsformål. Til at begynde, fortyndes hver latenstid vendemiddel til den relevante arbejdstilstand med vækstmedium.Ved hjælp af et multikanalsrørhoved skal transfektionsmediet med flere kanaler forsigtigt aspirere og erstatte det med 100 mikroliter af medium, der indeholder det relevante latenstidsrædermiddel. Inkuberes i en befugtet inkubator ved 37% celsius med 5% kuldioxid i 48 timer. For at begynde farvning cellerne, skal du bruge en multi-kanal rør hoved til at tilføje 100 mikroliter af PBS til hver brønd.Rør forsigtigt hovedet op og ned ca. fem gange. Sørg samtidig med at undgå skumning for at løsne cellerne i mediet. Dernæst overføre cellerne i brøndene af en 96-godt V-bund plade.Centrifuge ved 500 gange tyngdekraften og ved fire grader celsius i fem minutter. Aspirere mediet og PBS uden at røre ved cellerne. Cellerne vaskes mindst én gang med 200 mikroliter protein og serumfri PBS.Centrifuge ved 500 gange tyngdekraften og ved fire grader celsius i fem minutter. Vip pladen for at kassere supernatanten og fjern vaskebufferen uden at røre ved cellerne. Efter denne fortyndes den faste levedygtighed farvestof i protein og serum fri PBS i et forhold på 1 til 1000, at forberede en arbejdsopløsning.Tilføj 50 mikroliter af det fortyndede farvestof til hver brønd, og rør hovedet op og ned for at blande. Inkubere ved fire grader celsius. Mens beskyttet mod lys ved hjælp af folie i 10 til 15 minutter.Derefter vaskes cellerne en eller to gange med 150 mikroliter af vaskebuffer. Efter dette, centrifuge ved 500 gange tyngdekraften, og fire grader celsius i fem minutter, og kassér supernatant. For at fastsætte cellerne, tilsættes 100 mikroliter frisklavet 1% formaldehyd og vask buffer.Og inkuberes ved fire grader celsius, mens beskyttet mod lys i 10 til 15 minutter. Herefter vaskes cellerne en eller to gange med 100 mikroliter vaskebuffer. Centrifuge ved 500 gange tyngdekraften og ved fire grader celsius i fem minutter.Kassér supernatanten, og opsplit cellepellet i 70 mikroliter af vaskebuffer. Efter kontrol af cytometerindstillingerne ydeevne og følsomhed ved at køre kalibreringsperler, justeres frem- og side scatter spændingerne med uopgroede prøve, så den største population er på skærmen og tydeligt mærkbar. Udfør manuel eller automatisk kompensation ved hjælp af enkeltfarvede prøver, der sikrer minimal spild af EGFP-positiv population i den DsRed-detektor og omvendt.Brug fluorescens minus en kontrol, oprette parceller og indstille portene. Juster derefter frem- og side scatter spændinger med uhæmmet prøve, så den største befolkning er på skærmen og tydeligt mærkbar. Ansk af og optag mindst 10.000 levedygtige cellehændelser pr. prøve.Derefter skal du bruge flowcytometridataanalysesoftware til at analysere dataene som beskrevet i tekstprotokollen. Repræsentative resultater for ekspressionen af HIV-1, ikke-splejsede og splejsede produkter, efter behandling med bromodomainhæmmeren JQ1, viser, at både JQ1 positive og Tat øger procentdelen af celler, der udtrykker EGFP. Hvilket er tegn på ikke-splejsede udskrifter.JQ1 positiv ses også at øge procentdelen af celler, der udtrykker DsRed. Og øge andelen af splejset produkt til samme niveau som Tat. Dette bekræfter muligheden for JQ1 positiv at tænde HIV transskription og splejsning.Men, behandling med en stereoisomer kontrol JQ1 negativ, afskaffer JQ1 positiv effekt på HIV transskription og splejsning. Når mestrer, denne metode kan udføres ved hjælp af narkotika individuelt eller i kombination. Test for deres evne til at synergize effektivt.Hvilket ville føre til en lavere dosis af lægemidlet og toksicitet. Efter hver udvikling banede denne teknik vejen for test af effektive lægemiddelkombinationer i primære modeller for latenstid i ex vivo-patientprøver.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her ...

Determination of Molecular Structures of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Automated Sub-tomogram Averaging

Bestemmelse af molekylære strukturer af HIV Konvolut glycoproteiner med Cryo-Electron Tomography og Automatiseret Sub-tomogram Gennemsnitsberegnings

Since its discovery nearly 30 years ago, more than 60 million people have been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (www.usaid.gov). The ...

In vitro Uncoating of HIV-1 Cores

In vitro Uncoating of HIV-1 Cores

In vitro Uncoating af HIV-1 kerner

The genome of the retroviruses is encased in a capsid surrounded by a lipid envelope. For lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, the conical capsid shell is ...

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Scanning af HIV-1 Envelope-induceret Virologisk Synapse og signaler på syntetiske lipiddobbeltlagenes

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between ...

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

In vitro assay at evaluere virkningen af immunoregulerende Pathways på HIV-specifikke CD4 T-celle effektorfunktion

T cell exhaustion is a major factor in failed pathogen clearance during chronic viral infections. Immunoregulatory pathways, such as PD-1 and IL-10, are ...

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Hurtig screening af HIV revers transkriptase og Integrase hæmmere

Although a number of anti HIV drugs have been approved, there are still problems with toxicity and drug resistance. This demonstrates a need to identify ...

High Throughput Fluorometric Technique for Assessment of Macrophage Phagocytosis and Actin Polymerization

High Throughput Fluorometrisk Teknik for Vurdering af makrofag Fagocytose og actinpolymerisation

The goal of fluorometric analysis is to serve as an efficient, cost effective, high throughput method of analyzing phagocytosis and other cellular ...

High Throughput Measurement of Extracellular DNA Release and Quantitative NET Formation in Human Neutrophils In Vitro

High Throughput Measurement of Extracellular DNA Release and Quantitative NET Formation in Human Neutrophils In Vitro

High Throughput Måling af ekstracellulær DNA udledning og kvantitativ NET Formation i humane neutrofiler<em&gt; In vitro</em

Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant leukocytes in the human blood. Neutrophils are the first to arrive at the site of infection. Neutrophils ...

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

High-throughput Gene Tagging i<em&gt; Trypanosoma brucei</em

Improvements in mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics have generated large datasets of potentially interesting genes. Tagging these proteins ...

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

måling af<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Integration aktivitet af HIV-1 Preintegration komplekser

HIV-1 envelope proteins engage cognate receptors on the target cell surface, which leads to viral-cell membrane fusion followed by the release of the ...