Name: conducting hyperscanning experiments with functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Uploaded: 2019-01-19T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy at JoVE.com

This work was funded by the Excellence Initiative of the German federal state and governments (ERS Seed Fund, OPSF449). The Hitachi NIRS system was supported by a funding of the German Research Foundation DFG (INST 948/18-1 FUGG).

Prior to participation, all parents / children provided informed consent / assent. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University.
1. Preparation before the Participant Arrives
<ol>
	<li>Prepare NIRS caps.
	<ol>
		<li>Choose the cap sizes the same size or slightly larger than the participant&#8217;s head circumference.</li>
		<li>Cut 15 holes with a diameter of approximately 15 mm each, arranged in a horizontal 3x5 grid, into the forehead area...

<ol>
	<li>Babiloni, F., Astolfi, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+neuroscience+and+hyperscanning+techniques:+past,+present+and+future.">Social neuroscience and hyperscanning techniques: past, present and future.</a> Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews. 44, 76-93 (2014).</li><li>Hari, R., Henriksson, L., Malinen, S., Parkkonen, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Centrality+of+social+interaction+in+human+brain+function.">Centrality of social interaction in human brain function.</a> Neuron. 88 (1), 181-193 (2015).</li><li>Funane, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synchronous+activity+of+two+people's+prefrontal+cortices+during+a+cooperative+task+measured+by+simultaneous+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">Synchronous activity of two people's prefrontal cortices during a cooperative task measured by simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Journal of Biomedical Optics. 16 (7), 077011 (2011).</li><li>Lindenberger, U., Li, S. -. C., Gruber, W., M&#252;ller, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brains+swinging+in+concert:+cortical+phase+synchronization+while+playing+guitar.">Brains swinging in concert: cortical phase synchronization while playing guitar.</a> BMC Neuroscience. 10, 22 (2009).</li><li>Jiang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+synchronization+during+face-to-face+communication.">Neural synchronization during face-to-face communication.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (45), 16064-16069 (2012).</li><li>Dikker, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain-to-brain+synchrony+tracks+real-world+dynamic+group+interactions+in+the+classroom.">Brain-to-brain synchrony tracks real-world dynamic group interactions in the classroom.</a> Current Biology. 27 (9), 1375-1380 (2017).</li><li>Liu, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIRS-based+hyperscanning+reveals+inter-brain+neural+synchronization+during+cooperative+Jenga+game+with+face-to-face+communication.">NIRS-based hyperscanning reveals inter-brain neural synchronization during cooperative Jenga game with face-to-face communication.</a> Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 10, 82 (2016).</li><li>Hoshi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy:+current+status+and+future+prospects.">Functional near-infrared spectroscopy: current status and future prospects.</a> Journal of Biomedical Optics. 12 (6), 062106 (2007).</li><li>Lloyd-Fox, S., Blasi, A., Elwell, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Illuminating+the+developing+brain:+the+past,+present+and+future+of+functional+near+infrared+spectroscopy.">Illuminating the developing brain: the past, present and future of functional near infrared spectroscopy.</a> Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews. 34 (3), 269-284 (2010).</li><li>Huppert, T. J., Hoge, R. D., Diamond, S. G., Franceschini, M. A., Boas, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+temporal+comparison+of+BOLD,+ASL,+and+NIRS+hemodynamic+responses+to+motor+stimuli+in+adult+humans.">A temporal comparison of BOLD, ASL, and NIRS hemodynamic responses to motor stimuli in adult humans.</a> NeuroImage. 29 (2), 368-382 (2006).</li><li>Reindl, V., Gerloff, C., Scharke, W., Konrad, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain-to-brain+synchrony+in+parent-child+dyads+and+the+relationship+with+emotion+regulation+revealed+by+fNIRS-based+hyperscanning.">Brain-to-brain synchrony in parent-child dyads and the relationship with emotion regulation revealed by fNIRS-based hyperscanning.</a> NeuroImage. 178, 493-502 (2018).</li><li>Cui, X., Bryant, D. M., Reiss, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIRS-based+hyperscanning+reveals+increased+interpersonal+coherence+in+superior+frontal+cortex+during+cooperation.">NIRS-based hyperscanning reveals increased interpersonal coherence in superior frontal cortex during cooperation.</a> NeuroImage. 59 (3), 2430-2437 (2012).</li><li>Baker, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+differences+in+neural+and+behavioral+signatures+of+cooperation+revealed+by+fNIRS+hyperscanning.">Sex differences in neural and behavioral signatures of cooperation revealed by fNIRS hyperscanning.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 26492 (2016).</li><li>Cheng, X., Li, X., Hu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synchronous+brain+activity+during+cooperative+exchange+depends+on+gender+of+partner:+a+fNIRS-based+hyperscanning+study.">Synchronous brain activity during cooperative exchange depends on gender of partner: a fNIRS-based hyperscanning study.</a> Human Brain Mapping. 36 (6), 2039-2048 (2015).</li><li>Pan, Y., Cheng, X., Zhang, Z., Li, X., Hu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cooperation+in+lovers:+an+fNIRS-based+hyperscanning+study.">Cooperation in lovers: an fNIRS-based hyperscanning study.</a> Human Brain Mapping. 38 (2), 831-841 (2017).</li><li>Kleiner, M., Brainard, D., Pelli, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What's+new+in+Psychtoolbox-3?.">What's new in Psychtoolbox-3?.</a> Perception. 36, (2007).</li><li>Huppert, T. J., Diamond, S. G., Franceschini, M. A., Boas, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HomER:+a+review+of+time-series+analysis+methods+for+near-infrared+spectroscopy+of+the+brain.">HomER: a review of time-series analysis methods for near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain.</a> Applied Optics. 48 (10), D280-D298 (2009).</li><li>Santosa, H., Zhai, X., Fishburn, F., Huppert, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+NIRS+Brain+AnalyzIR+Toolbox.">The NIRS Brain AnalyzIR Toolbox.</a> Algorithms. 11 (5), 73 (2018).</li><li>Tak, S., Uga, M., Flandin, G., Dan, I., Penny, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensor+space+group+analysis+for+fNIRS+data.">Sensor space group analysis for fNIRS data.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 264, 103-112 (2016).</li><li>Scholkmann, F., Spichtig, S., Muehlemann, T., Wolf, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+detect+and+reduce+movement+artifacts+in+near-infrared+imaging+using+moving+standard+deviation+and+spline+interpolation.">How to detect and reduce movement artifacts in near-infrared imaging using moving standard deviation and spline interpolation.</a> Physiological Measurement. 31 (5), 649-662 (2010).</li><li>van der Kant, A., Biro, S., Levelt, C., Huijbregts, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+affect+is+related+to+reduced+differential+neural+responses+to+social+and+non-social+stimuli+in+5-to-8-month-old+infants:+a+functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy-study.">Negative affect is related to reduced differential neural responses to social and non-social stimuli in 5-to-8-month-old infants: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy-study.</a> Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 30, 23-30 (2018).</li><li>Bastos, A. M., Schoffelen, J. -. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+tutorial+review+of+functional+connectivity+analysis+methods+and+their+interpretational+pitfalls.">A tutorial review of functional connectivity analysis methods and their interpretational pitfalls.</a> Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 9, 175 (2016).</li><li>Grinsted, A., Moore, J. C., Jevrejeva, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+the+cross+wavelet+transform+and+wavelet+coherence+to+geophysical+time+series.">Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series.</a> Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics. 11, 561-566 (2004).</li><li>Aguiar-Conraria, L., Soares, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+continuous+wavelet+transform:+moving+beyond+uni-and+bivariate+analysis.">The continuous wavelet transform: moving beyond uni-and bivariate analysis.</a> Journal of Economic Surveys. 28 (2), 344-375 (2014).</li><li>Nozawa, T., Sasaki, Y., Sakaki, K., Yokoyama, R., Kawashima, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interpersonal+frontopolar+neural+synchronization+in+group+communication:+an+exploration+toward+fNIRS+hyperscanning+of+natural+interactions.">Interpersonal frontopolar neural synchronization in group communication: an exploration toward fNIRS hyperscanning of natural interactions.</a> NeuroImage. 133, 484-497 (2016).</li><li>Burgess, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+interpretation+of+synchronization+in+EEG+hyperscanning+studies:+a+cautionary+note.">On the interpretation of synchronization in EEG hyperscanning studies: a cautionary note.</a> Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 7, 881 (2013).</li><li>Tsuzuki, D., Dan, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+registration+for+functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy:+from+channel+position+on+the+scalp+to+cortical+location+in+individual+and+group+analyses.">Spatial registration for functional near-infrared spectroscopy: from channel position on the scalp to cortical location in individual and group analyses.</a> NeuroImage. 85, 92-103 (2014).</li><li>Tachtsidis, I., Scholkmann, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=False+positives+and+false+negatives+in+functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy:+issues,+challenges,+and+the+way+forward.">False positives and false negatives in functional near-infrared spectroscopy: issues, challenges, and the way forward.</a> Neurophotonics. 3 (3), 031405 (2016).</li><li>Palumbo, R. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interpersonal+autonomic+physiology:+a+systematic+review+of+the+literature.">Interpersonal autonomic physiology: a systematic review of the literature.</a> Personality and Social Psychology Review. 21 (2), 99-141 (2016).</li><li>Pinti, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+present+and+future+use+of+functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy+(fNIRS)+for+cognitive+neuroscience.">The present and future use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for cognitive neuroscience.</a> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. , (2018).</li><li>Brigadoi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motion+artifacts+in+functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy:+a+comparison+of+motion+correction+techniques+applied+to+real+cognitive+data.">Motion artifacts in functional near-infrared spectroscopy: a comparison of motion correction techniques applied to real cognitive data.</a> NeuroImage. 85 (1), 181-191 (2014).</li><li>Cooper, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+comparison+of+motion+artifact+correction+techniques+for+functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">A systematic comparison of motion artifact correction techniques for functional near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 6, 147 (2012).</li><li>Hirsch, J., Zhang, X., Noah, J. A., Ono, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frontal+temporal+and+parietal+systems+synchronize+within+and+across+brains+during+live+eye-to-eye+contact.">Frontal temporal and parietal systems synchronize within and across brains during live eye-to-eye contact.</a> NeuroImage. 157, 314-330 (2017).</li><li>Scholkmann, F., Holper, L., Wolf, U., Wolf, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+methodical+approach+in+neuroscience:+assessing+inter-personal+brain+coupling+using+functional+near-infrared+imaging+(fNIRI)+hyperscanning.">A new methodical approach in neuroscience: assessing inter-personal brain coupling using functional near-infrared imaging (fNIRI) hyperscanning.</a> Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 7, 813 (2013).</li></ol>

In this protocol, we show how to conduct fNIRS hyperscanning experiments and one possible way to analyze brain-to-brain synchrony, measuring concentration changes of oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb at frontal brain regions of two subjects simultaneously. FNIRS hyperscanning is relatively easy to apply: a single NIRS device is sufficient to measure brain activities of both subjects by splitting the optodes between them. Thus, no synchronization between different devices is necessary1. Moreover, since fNIRS doe...

In recent years, neuroscientists have started to study social interactions by recording the brain activities of two or more persons simultaneously, an approach termed hyperscanning1. This technique opens new opportunities to elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these interactions. To fully understand social interactions, it may not be sufficient to study single brains in isolation but rather the joint activities of brains of interacting persons2. Using different neuroimaging techniques, hyperscanning studies have shown that brain activities of interacting persons or groups synchronize, e.g., while they coordinate their actions3, make music4, communicate5, engage in classroom activities6 or cooperate7.
The article presents a protocol for conducting simultaneous recordings with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Similar to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), fNIRS measures the hemodynamic response to brain activation. Changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb) are calculated based on the amount of diffusively transmitted near-infrared light through tissue8. fNIRS is well suited for conducting hyperscanning experiments, especially with children, because it can be applied in less constrained and more natural settings than fMRI. Moreover, it is less prone to movement artifacts than both, fMRI and EEG9. In addition, fNIRS data can be acquired at high sampling frequencies (e.g., 10 Hz), thus it highly oversamples the relatively slow hemodynamic response and thereby potentially provides a more complete temporal picture of the brain hemodynamics10.
This protocol was developed within the study of Reindl et al.11 and has been slightly modified (in particular with respect to the channel placement and bad channel identification) more recently. The aim of the study was to examine synchronized brain activity of parent-child dyads. Using fNIRS hyperscanning, we assessed brain-to-brain synchrony in prefrontal brain areas of children (aged five to nine years) and their parents, mostly mothers, during a cooperative and a competitive computer task. Prefrontal brain regions were targeted as they had been identified as important regions for social interactive processes in previous hyperscanning studies1. The cooperative and competitive task were originally developed by Cui et al.12&#160;and recently employed by several previous studies13,14,15. For the study of Reindl et al.11, the tasks were modified to be suitable for children. Participants were instructed to either respond jointly via button presses in response to a target (cooperation) or to respond faster than the other player (competition). Each child performed each task once with the parent and once with an adult stranger of the same sex as the parent. Within each child-adult dyad, wavelet coherence was calculated for the oxy-Hb signals of corresponding channels as a measure of brain-to-brain synchrony.
This protocol describes the procedures to collect fNIRS hyperscanning data of parent and child during the cooperative and competitive game. The overall procedure, however, is not specific to this research design but is appropriate for different populations (e.g., adult strangers, romantic partners, siblings, etc.) and can be adapted for a number of different experimental tasks. This protocol also outlines one possible analytical procedure, which covers necessary and optional data analysis steps, including fNIRS data preprocessing, bad channel detection, wavelet coherence analysis and validation by random pair analysis.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:872px;" width="873">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:222px;">NIRS measurement system with probe sets and probe holder grids</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Hitachi Medical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">ETG-4000 Optical Topography System&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">The current study protocol requires an optional second adult probe set for 52 channels of measurement in total as well as two 3x5 probe holder grids.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">raw EEG caps</td>
			<td>EASYCAP GmbH, Herrsching, Germany</td>
			<td>C-SCMS-56; C-SCMS-58</td>
			<td>Caps must be provided with holes for NIRS probes by the experimenter. Choose cap size the same size or slightly larger than participant&#39;s head circumference.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Technical computing software</td>
			<td>The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA</td>
			<td>MATLAB R2014a (or later versions)</td>
			<td>Serves as base for Psychophysics Toolbox extensions (stimulus presentation), SPM for fNIRS toolbox&#160; (fNIRS data analysis), and ASToolbox (WTC computation).</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

conducting hyperscanning experiments with functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of social interactions, and possibly interpersonal relationships. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is well suited for conducting hyperscanning experiments because it measures local hemodynamic effects with a high sampling rate and, importantly, it can be applied in natural settings, not requiring strict motion restrictions. In this article, we present a protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments with parent-child dyads and for analyzing brain-to-brain synchrony. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and future directions, regarding the experimental design, spatial registration of the fNIRS channels, physiological influences and data analysis methods. The described protocol is not specific to parent-child dyads, but can be applied to a variety of different dyadic constellations, such as adult strangers, romantic partners or siblings. To conclude, fNIRS hyperscanning has the potential to yield new insights into the dynamics of the ongoing social interaction, which possibly go beyond what can be studied by examining the activities of individual brains.

Representative data of one parent-child dyad during the cooperative condition are shown in Figure 1. The cooperative task consists of three 30 s rest blocks and two task blocks, with 20 trials each, presented in alternating order. In each trial, participants have to react as simultaneously as possible to a signal to earn a point11.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/fi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy at JoVE.com

Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

The present protocol describes how to conduct fNIRS hyperscanning experiments and analyze brain-to-brain synchrony. Further, we discuss challenges and possible solutions.

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Functional Mapping with Simultaneous MEG and EEG

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the ...

Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking

Experimental paradigms are valuable insofar as the timing and other parameters of their stimuli are well specified and controlled, and insofar as they ...

Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments1. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted ...

Micron-scale Resolution Optical Tomography of Entire Mouse Brains with Confocal Light Sheet Microscopy

Understanding the architecture of mammalian  brain at single-cell resolution is one of the key issues of neuroscience.  However, mapping neuronal soma and ...

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral ...

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in ...

Lipid Bilayer Experiments with Contact Bubble Bilayers for Patch-Clampers

Lipid bilayers provide a unique experimental platform for functional studies of ion channels, allowing the examination of channel-membrane interactions ...

Functional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at 7 T in the Rat Barrel Cortex During Whisker Activation

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy offers the opportunity to measure cerebral metabolite contents in vivo and noninvasively. Thanks to ...

Using Near-infrared Fluorescence and High-resolution Scanning to Measure Protein Expression in the Rodent Brain

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study ...