Name: cardiac magnetic resonance for the evaluation of suspected cardiac thrombus: conventional and emerging techniques
Uploaded: 2019-06-11T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques at JoVE.com

作者承认H.LeeMoffitt癌症中心和研究所的诊断成像部门的支持。

以下协议遵循部门临床指南,并遵循该机构的人类研究伦理准则。
1. 准备MRI数据采集
<ol><li>
进行安全检查。
	<ol>
<li>评估肾损伤8.<ol>
<li>避免在有第4或5期慢性肾病(估计肾小球过滤率<30 mL/min/1.71 m2)的患者中避免与慢性透析、慢性透析的终末期肾病患者以及已知或由于NSF的担心,怀疑是急性肾损伤。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>确定镇化的必要性<sup...

<ol>
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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+magnetic+resonance+imaging+in+oncology.">Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in oncology.</a> Cancer Control. 24 (2), 147-160 (2017).</li><li>Goyal, P., Weinsaft, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiovascular+magnetic+resonance+imaging+for+assessment+of+cardiac+thrombus.">Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of cardiac thrombus.</a> Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal. 9 (3), 132 (2013).</li><li>Jeong, D., Gage, K. L., Berman, C. G., Montilla-Soler, J. 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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-contrast+T1-mapping+detects+acute+myocardial+edema+with+high+diagnostic+accuracy:+a+comparison+to+T2-weighted+cardiovascular+magnetic+resonance.">Non-contrast T1-mapping detects acute myocardial edema with high diagnostic accuracy: a comparison to T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance.</a> Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 14 (42), (2012).</li><li>Srichai, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical,+imaging,+and+pathological+characteristics+of+left+ventricular+thrombus:+a+comparison+of+contrast-enhanced+magnetic+resonance+imaging,+transthoracic+echocardiography,+and+transesophageal+echocardiography+with+surgical+or+pathological+validation.">Clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics of left ventricular thrombus: a comparison of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, transthoracic echocardiography, and transesophageal echocardiography with surgical or pathological validation.</a> American Heart Journal. 152 (1), 75-84 (2006).</li><li>. ACR committee on drugs and contrast media. Version 10.3 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Clinical-Resources/Contrast_Media.pdf">https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Clinical-Resources/Contrast_Media.pdf</a> (2018)</li><li>. ACR-NASCI-SPR practice parameter for the performance and interpretation of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (Resolution 5) Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Practice-Parameters/MR-Cardiac.pdf">https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Practice-Parameters/MR-Cardiac.pdf</a> (2016)</li><li>Bogaert, J., Dymarkowski, S., Taylor, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Clinical cardiac MRI. , (2005).</li><li>Kramer, C. M., Barkhausen, J., Flamm, S. D., Kim, R. J., Nagel, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardized+cardiovascular+magnetic+resonance+(CMR)+protocols+2013+update.">Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) protocols 2013 update.</a> Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 15 (91), 1-10 (2013).</li><li>Fratz, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+and+protocols+for+cardiovascular+magnetic+resonance+in+children+and+adults+with+congenital+heart+disease:+SCMR+expert+consensus+group+on+congenital+heart+disease.">Guidelines and protocols for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in children and adults with congenital heart disease: SCMR expert consensus group on congenital heart disease.</a> Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 15 (51), 1-26 (2013).</li><li>Al-Wakeel-Marquard, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+T1+mapping+in+congenital+heart+disease:+bolus+vs.+infusion+protocols+for+measurements+of+myocardial+extracellular+volume+fraction.">Cardiac T1 mapping in congenital heart disease: bolus vs. infusion protocols for measurements of myocardial extracellular volume fraction.</a> International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging. 33 (12), 1961-1968 (2017).</li><li>Messroghli, D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+Look-Locker+inversion+recovery+(MOLLI)+for+high+resolution+T1+mapping+of+the+heart.">Modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) for high resolution T1 mapping of the heart.</a> Magnetic Resonance Medicine. 52 (1), 141-146 (2004).</li><li>Messroghli, D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+recommendations+for+cardiovascular+magnetic+resonance+mapping+of+T1,+T2,+T2*+and+extracellular+volume:+A+consensus+statement+by+the+Society+for+Cardiovascular+Magnetic+Resonance+(SCMR)+endorsed+by+the+European+Association+for+Cardiovascular+Imaging+(EACVI).">Clinical recommendations for cardiovascular magnetic resonance mapping of T1, T2, T2* and extracellular volume: A consensus statement by the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) endorsed by the European Association for Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI).</a> Journal of Cardovascular Magnetic Resonance. 19 (1), 75 (2017).</li><li>Foltz, W. D., Al-Kwifi, O., Sussman, M. S., Stainsby, J. A., Wright, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+spiral+imaging+for+measurement+of+myocardial+T2+relaxation.">Optimized spiral imaging for measurement of myocardial T2 relaxation.</a> Magnetic Resonance Medicine. 49 (6), 1089-1097 (2003).</li><li>Kvernby, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+three-dimensional+myocardial+T1+and+T2+mapping+in+one+breath+hold+with+3D-QALAS.">Simultaneous three-dimensional myocardial T1 and T2 mapping in one breath hold with 3D-QALAS.</a> Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 20 (16), 102 (2014).</li><li>Kvernby, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+feasibility+of+3D-QALAS+&#8211;+single+breath-hold.">Clinical feasibility of 3D-QALAS &#8211; single breath-hold.</a> 3D myocardial T1 and T2-mapping. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 38, 13-20 (2017).</li><li>Schulz-Menger, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardized+image+interpretation+and+post+processing+in+cardiovascular+magnetic+resonance:+Society+for+cardiovascular+magnetic+resonance+(SCMR)+Board+of+Trustees+task+force+on+standardized+post+processing.">Standardized image interpretation and post processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (SCMR) Board of Trustees task force on standardized post processing.</a> Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 15 (35), 1-19 (2013).</li><li>Hundley, W. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Society+for+cardiovascular+magnetic+resonance+guidelines+for+reporting+cardiovascular+magnetic+resonance+examinations.">Society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance guidelines for reporting cardiovascular magnetic resonance examinations.</a> Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 11 (5), 1-11 (2009).</li><li>Pazos-Lopez, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Value+of+CMR+for+the+differential+diagnosis+of+cardiac+masses.">Value of CMR for the differential diagnosis of cardiac masses.</a> Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Imaging. 7 (9), 896-905 (2014).</li><li>Kubler, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T1+and+T2+mapping+for+tissue+characterization+of+cardiac+myxoma.">T1 and T2 mapping for tissue characterization of cardiac myxoma.</a> International Journal of Cardiology. 169 (1), e17-e20 (2013).</li></ol>

随着诊断成像的质量和频率的不断提高,在为不相关的适应症进行成像时,发现偶然的心脏质量并不罕见。心脏肿大的患者通常是无症状的,如果存在,症状通常是非特异性的。
心脏血栓的诊断不仅对区分血栓与良性或恶性心脏肿瘤很重要,而且对于确定抗凝和预防栓塞事件1的必要性也具有重要意义。在疑似心脏血栓患者中,使用特定方案的单一成像模式选项可以?...

心脏磁共振(CMR)成像是评价心血管功能和病理学的重要诊断方式。技术进步可缩短采集时间,提高空间和时间分辨率,以及更高质量的组织表征。这些进展在心脏质量评估中特别有用。
回声心动图仍然是心脏质量初始评估的第一线成像模式,特别是关于质量位置、形态和生理影响。然而,超声心动图受到组织特性差、视野受限和操作员依赖图像质量的限制。心脏计算机断层扫描 (CT) 通常用作评估心脏质量的二线成像模式。与其他方式不同,心脏CT的优点包括出色的空间分辨率和卓越的钙化检测能力。心脏CT的主要缺点是患者暴露于电离辐射。其他限制包括时间分辨率降低和软组织对比度分辨率降低。CMR正在成为表征在超声心动图或CT上检测到的心脏质量的宝贵工具。与CT相比,CMR不会使患者暴露在电离辐射下。此外,CMR可用于治疗和手术规划1,2。
血栓是最常见的心脏质量。心脏血栓最常见的位置是左心房和左心房附属,特别是在心房颤动或功能失调的左心室1,3。血栓的诊断对于预防栓塞事件以及确定抗凝的需要非常重要。CMR 可以协助确定血栓的敏锐度。急性血栓通常表现出中间T1和T2加权信号强度相对于心肌,由于大量的含氧血红蛋白。亚急性血栓中的美血红蛋白含量增加,导致T1加权信号强度降低,而T2加权信号强度增加。与慢性血栓,血红蛋白和水被纤维组织取代,导致降低T1和T2加权信号强度1,2,3。
血管组成给出了心脏血栓的内在组织特征,可以通过对比增强的CMR来利用,从而辅助血栓与其他心脏肿瘤的分化4。有组织的血栓不会增强,而真正的心脏病变增强后对比成像由于存在肿瘤内血管3。动脉灌注成像允许实时评估质量内的血管性,并且对于区分血栓和肿瘤至关重要。质量内的灌注也可用于从肿瘤血栓中划定平淡的血栓。与可能受运动伪影约束的其他模式不同,Cine 成像具有优势,实时门控灌注成像提供的时间分辨率提高了检测增强功能 5的灵敏度。
T1 映射是一种 MR 技术,它允许预对比度原生 T1 放松时间和后对比度细胞外体积计算,以检测组织中的病理变化。通过向 CMR 添加定量维度,T1 映射可以帮助区分各种疾病过程和正常心肌。一个新兴的应用是心脏质量的表征和从心脏血栓中描述质量。先前在1.5 T Aera XQ扫描仪上进行的研究已经报告本地T1放松时间最近血栓(911 × 177 ms)和慢性血栓(1,169 × 107 ms)6。其他相关的原生T1放松时间包括脂肪瘤(278 × 29毫秒)、钙化(621 × 218 ms)、黑色素瘤(736 ms)和正常心肌(950 × 21 ms)。这些数据表明,T1映射可以添加定量信息到非对比检查,在设置禁忌到IV高岭土可能是非常有用的6,7。
对比度增强型CMR在检测左心室血栓方面得到了很好的验证。与直胸(分别为23%和96%)和直食管(分别为40%和96%)的超声心动图相比,它为左心室血栓的检测提供了最高的灵敏度和特异性(分别为88%和99%)8.目前,没有大型研究验证CMR在评估心脏其他腔室血栓的效用。
尽管 CMR 与评估心脏质量的其他成像模式具有许多优点,但也存在局限性。CMR 与心脏 CT 一样,依赖于心电图门控。这可能导致严重心律失常患者的伪影和图像退化。当扫描难以遵守呼吸保持要求的患者时,图像质量也会降低。然而,更快的采集时间和呼吸门控技术允许在自由呼吸期间获得高质量的图像。某些植入设备的存在是CMR的禁忌,并作为一个主要缺点,虽然MR兼容植入设备的数量正在增加1,2。
总之,特定的CMR序列可用于开发用于评估疑似心脏血栓的专用MR成像方案。此处介绍的方法将提供用于评估疑似血栓的 CMR 数据的说明。将讨论程序前筛选、序列选择、故障排除、后处理、体积分析和报告生成。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1335px;" width="1334">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">MRI Scanner</td>
			<td style="width:272px;">Siemens Healthcare 
			Erlangen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">Magnetom Aera 1.5 Tesla&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:503px;">MRI scanner that will be used for the demonstration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Post processing software&#160;</td>
			<td>Medis 
			The Netherlands</td>
			<td>Qmass software</td>
			<td>post processing software for ventricular volumetric and T1 mapping analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Scanner processing software</td>
			<td>Siemens Healthcare 
			Erlangen, Germany</td>
			<td>Myomaps&#160;</td>
			<td>Scanner sequence package and post processing software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cardiac magnetic resonance for the evaluation of suspected cardiac thrombus: conventional and emerging techniques

我们提出了传统的心脏磁共振(CMR)协议,用于评估疑似血栓,并突出新兴技术。某些磁共振 (MR) 序列上出现质量有助于区分血栓和肿瘤等相互竞争的诊断。血栓的T1和T2信号特性与血红蛋白特性的演变有关。血栓通常不增强后对比管理,这也有助于从肿瘤分化。我们还强调了 T1 映射在血栓评估中新出现的作用,它可以在诊断方面增加另一级别的支持。在任何 CMR 检查之前,患者筛查和面谈对于确保安全性和优化患者舒适度至关重要。技师和患者在检查期间进行有效的沟通,可促进适当的呼吸保持技术和更高质量的图像。量次处理和结构化报告有助于确保放射科医生回答订购服务的问题并有效地传达这些结果。最佳 MR 前安全评估、CMR 检查执行以及检查后处理和报告,允许在评估疑似心脏血栓时提供高质量的放射服务。

专为评估和诊断心脏血栓而设计的 CMR 协议包括患者筛查和制备、利用特定序列采集数据、数据后处理和报告生成。给定序列的特定信号特性可以高精度地推断出心脏血栓的诊断,并将其与心脏肿瘤的相互竞争诊断区分开来。表 1重点介绍了通常用于评估心脏血栓的常规和新兴 CMR 序列。
心脏血栓信号低,缺乏内部灌?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques at JoVE.com

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

本文的目的是描述如何使用心脏磁共振来评估和诊断疑似心脏血栓。该方法将描述数据采集以及过程前和过程后协议。

心脏磁共振评估疑似心脏血栓:常规和新兴技术

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

心脏磁共振或CMR在潜在血栓评估中非常重要，因为CMR可以提供心脏质量病因的明确诊断。CMR 具有与其他模式（如超声心动图）的优势，因为 CMR 可以提供软组织质量的多序列详细表征，其中回声主要提供可视化和尺寸测量。在MRI之前，对患者进行金属或植入设备筛查，这些设备可能禁忌。如果要给予加丁林，则对它们进行过敏和肾功能筛查，以确保足够的安全。心脏核磁共振成像面临几个挑战。为了获得最佳成像效果，患者需要屏住呼吸。有时呼吸急促的患者很难完成这项任务。EKG也用于成像，心律失常患者可能会中断门控。需要调整参数才能实现这一目标。与我一起演示心脏核磁共振检查的将是 Deb Brannon，我们的首席 MRI 技师，以及心脏 MRI 技师查德·伍德豪斯。在开始采集之前，请向患者提供连接到技师麦克风的耳机，以便有效地传达命令，并在左胸的最佳位置放置心电图引线。确认足够的 EKG 信号后，患者的位置在扫描台上得到确认，并在心脏上放置一个适当大小的表面线圈，以最大限度地提高信噪比。在成像过程中，在检查结束时屏住呼吸，通知患者在成像过程中呼吸。与吸气呼吸保持相比，这种呼吸保持的成像可重复性更高。当病人准备好，获得侦察图像，明亮的血液平衡电影稳定状态自由轴向堆栈与全心脏覆盖。然后获得近似的2和4个腔室序列，这将有助于进一步扫描处方。对于组织表征，获取黑血三重反转恢复序列。获取本机 T1 映射扫描。要执行第一个通动脉灌注模块，以 3 到 4 毫升/秒的给盘率，每克对比剂提供 0.05 至 0.1 毫摩尔。然后沿轴向平面或平面获取动态第一通灌注图像，这些图像最好地突出显示质量，直到对比度通过在对比度注入期间成像的左心室心肌。10分钟后，在gadolinium注射，运行T1侦察序列，这将有助于定义扫描时间反转，这将是约200至450毫秒在1.5特斯拉和300至500毫秒在3特斯拉。然后获得六到八毫米相位敏感反转恢复切片与反转时间设置。需要注意的是，正确的反转时间设置会随着对比度注入后每分钟的增加而增加。还建议在 600 毫秒左右获取高 TI 图像，因为血栓在此设置时应具有旧的黑色外观，而心肌和肿瘤可能有中间信号。评估 cine bSSFP 图像的质量。轴向平面通常有助于成像心脏质量。对于心脏血栓评估，血栓可以证明在亚急性周期中增加的T2加权信号强度，因为这种横向右心房质量在慢性周期中显示或低T2加权信号强度，如此右心房质量在不同患者中所示。在心脏血栓评估中，对有关质量进行仔细分析，以进行任何内部灌注，这些灌注会建议对抗血栓，并表示血管肿瘤的存在。评估可疑质量内的晚期高光增强成像。在血栓中，预计不会形成内部晚期高二的固体区域。这里显示通常用于评估心脏血栓的约定和新兴的CMR序列。心脏血栓在重要的CMR序列上显示。用箭头突出显示，右心室有一个质量。此质量在 bSSFP 和 T2 加权图像上信号较低，并且缺乏内部动脉灌注。相应的 CT 图像显示质量中的低度。延迟后对比度成像显示没有内部后期乳化增强。本机 T1 地图显示轻度提升的 T1 放松时间。这些发现与心脏血栓一致。与心脏血栓相比，也提出了一个肝细胞癌转移到右心房的患者。右侧洞穴体交汇点的质量在 bSSFP 上具有低信号，在 T2 加权图像上具有中间信号。质量内的原生 T1 放松时间减少，MRA 图像上可以看到温和的内部增强。这些发现与心内转移一致。获得高质量的图像，如果患者运动导致图像退化，则重复图像，以及调整扫描参数以使保持呼吸时间变得可控，这一点很重要。心脏 MR 通常通过提供出色的软组织表征和增强评估，对心脏血栓进行明确的诊断，从而增加回声结果。

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Remote Magnetic Navigation for Accurate, Real-time Catheter Positioning and Ablation in Cardiac Electrophysiology Procedures

遥控磁导航导管定位准确，实时和心脏电生理消融程序

New remote navigation systems have been developed to improve current limitations of conventional manually guided catheter ablation in complex cardiac ...

科研

医学

Direct Pressure Monitoring Accurately Predicts Pulmonary Vein Occlusion During Cryoballoon Ablation

直接压力监测准确预测在Cryoballoon消融肺静脉阻塞

Cryoballoon  ablation (CBA) is an established therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF).  Pulmonary vein (PV) occlusion is essential for achieving antral ...

Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Abnormalities in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Imaging in the Mouse

心脏异常的实验性自身免疫性心肌炎的无创性评估磁共振成像显微镜在鼠标

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, but only ~10% of those affected show clinical manifestations of the disease. To study the immune events ...

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

可视化<em&gt;肺炎链球菌</em&gt;在心脏Microlesions和随后的心脏重构

During bacteremia Streptococcus pneumoniae can translocate across the vascular endothelium into the myocardium and form discrete bacteria-filled ...

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Magnetized miR-modified Endothelial Cells

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Magnetized miR-modified Endothelial Cells

制备和<em&gt;体外</em&gt;磁化的表征的miR-改性内皮细胞

To date, the available surgical and pharmacological treatments for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are limited and often palliative. At the same time, gene ...

Echocardiographic and Histological Examination of Cardiac Morphology in the Mouse

超声心动图与小鼠心脏形态学的组织学检查

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla

7号特斯拉的心脏磁共振成像

CMR at an ultra-high field (magnetic field strength B0&#160;&#8805; 7 Tesla) benefits from the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) advantage inherent at higher ...

Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation

通过磁共振成像和运动补偿进行人胎儿血流定量

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for the clinical assessment of cardiovascular morphology and heart function. It is also the ...

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training

干预规划和培训的3D打印心血管幻影的开发与评估

Catheter-based interventions are standard treatment options for cardiovascular pathologies. Therefore, patient-specific models could help training ...

In vitro Assessment of Cardiac Reprogramming by Measuring Cardiac Specific Calcium Flux with a GCaMP3 Reporter

使用GCaMP3报告器测量心脏特异性钙通量，对心脏重编程进行体外评估

Cardiac reprogramming has become a potentially promising therapy to repair a damaged heart. By introducing multiple transcription factors, including ...