Name: low-cost protocol of footprint analysis and hanging box test for mice applied the chronic restraint stress
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这项工作得到了日本科学促进协会 (jsps) kakenhi (科学研究赠款 c)、18k07373 (h. s.) 赠款和私立大学补贴的支持。

所有动物实验都是以人道的方式进行的。吉吉医科大学机构动物实验委员会批准了这项研究。这项研究是根据《动物实验制度条例》和《日本 mext 管辖下的学术研究机构动物实验和相关活动的适当进行的基本准则》进行的。本协议中使用的老鼠已经在前面描述过21。
1. 吊箱测试
<ol><li>记录每个鼠标的重量。标记尾巴的笔的个人歧视 (例如,一条线, 双?...

<ol>
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R: A language and environment for statistical computing Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.R-project.org/">https://www.R-project.org/</a> (2014)</li><li>Wils, H., Kleinberger, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TDP-43+transgenic+mice+develop+spastic+paralysis+and+neuronal+inclusions+characteristic+of+ALS+and+frontotemporal+lobar+degeneration.">TDP-43 transgenic mice develop spastic paralysis and neuronal inclusions characteristic of ALS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (8), 3858-3863 (2010).</li><li>Eilam, R., Peter, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+loss+of+dopaminergic+nigro-striatal+neurons+in+brains+of+Atm-deficient+mice.">Selective loss of dopaminergic nigro-striatal neurons in brains of Atm-deficient mice.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (21), 12653-12656 (1998).</li><li>Lin, C. -. 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H., Zhao, Y., Roy, S., LeDoux, M. S., Reiter, L. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+cerebellar+function+in+Ube3a-deficient+mice+reveals+novel+genotype-specific+behaviors.">Analysis of cerebellar function in Ube3a-deficient mice reveals novel genotype-specific behaviors.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 17 (14), 2181-2189 (2008).</li><li>Kirshenbaum, G. S., Dawson, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternating+hemiplegia+of+childhood-related+neural+and+behavioural+phenotypes+in+Na+,K+-ATPase+&#945;3+missense+mutant+mice.">Alternating hemiplegia of childhood-related neural and behavioural phenotypes in Na+,K+-ATPase &#945;3 missense mutant mice.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (3), e60141 (2013).</li><li>Klein, A., Wessolleck, J., Papazoglou, A., Metz, G. A., Nikkhah, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Walking+pattern+analysis+after+unilateral+6-OHDA+lesion+and+transplantation+of+foetal+dopaminergic+progenitor+cells+in+rats.">Walking pattern analysis after unilateral 6-OHDA lesion and transplantation of foetal dopaminergic progenitor cells in rats.</a> Behavioral Brain Research. 199 (2), 317-325 (2009).</li><li>Geldenhuys, W. J., Guseman, T. L., Pienaar, I. S., Dluzen, D. E., Young, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+biomechanical+analysis+of+gait+changes+in+the+MPTP+mouse+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">A novel biomechanical analysis of gait changes in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease.</a> PeerJ. 3 (Pt 7), e1175 (2015).</li><li>Cecchi, M., Khoshbouei, H., Morilak, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulatory+effects+of+norepinephrine,+acting+on+alpha1+receptors+in+the+central+nucleus+of+the+amygdala,+on+behavioral+and+neuroendocrine+responses+to+acute+immobilization+stress.">Modulatory effects of norepinephrine, acting on alpha1 receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala, on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to acute immobilization stress.</a> Neuropharmacology. 43 (7), 1139-1147 (2002).</li><li>Chu, X., Zhou, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=24-hour-restraint+stress+induces+long-term+depressive-likephenotypes+in+mice.">24-hour-restraint stress induces long-term depressive-likephenotypes in mice.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 32935 (2016).</li><li>Freeman, M. L., Sheridan, B. S., Bonneau, R. H., Hendricks, R. 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足迹分析和吊箱测试是对小鼠运动功能的简单而廉价的行为测试。通过这些测试, 成功地检测出了几种小鼠模型中的神经行为表型。例如, 肌萎缩侧索硬化症24的步长缩短, 在华支扩张25中增加了不对称步幅的长度, 增加了亨廷顿病26和肌张力障碍27的重叠长度,通过足迹分析, 显示了共济失调 28、<sup class...

运动障碍被定义为神经系统的紊乱, 显示自愿或自动运动的过度或缺乏1。特别是, 在运动障碍2、3、4 的患者中, 步态障碍经常被记录在案。因此, 步态分析是一种适合运动障碍动物模型验证的行为测试。在小鼠中, 通过 6, 7级跑步机对以自然速度5 和可调速度行走进行了自动步态分析。这些分析自动提供步态的定量结果。另一种检测步态干扰的方法称为足迹分析。用墨水标记脚底后, 老鼠在纸上行走, 并对脚印进行分析。最初, 凡士林和粉状木炭被用来显示足迹8, 然后被测谎仪纸9上的墨水和摄影纸上的摄影开发商取代.与其他方法相比, 使用墨水和纸张的一种更便宜、毒性更小的方法至今仍是11。与自动分析5、6、7相比, 足迹分析的成本较低, 对于没有充足研究资金的研究人员评估小鼠模型中的运动障碍将是有用的.
吊箱试验是一种使用铁丝笼盖12和金属丝网13的四肢悬挂试验.盒子是一种在盒子顶部沿中心条旋转网盖的装置。除了步态分析外, 测试还可以低成本、轻松地进行。因此, 除了本协议中的占地面积分析外, 我们还进行了吊箱测试, 以评估抓地力和平衡。
压力会诱发运动障碍的症状14,15。即使在16、17、18的运动障碍小鼠模型中没有观察到自发运动表型, 也往往是由几个慢性应力引起的。约束是小鼠压力负荷的常用方法之一, 因为动物身体没有受到伤害, 与专用装置电击、使用跑步机强制运行等其他方法相比, 成本较低。通过将老鼠限制在一个洞50毫升锥形管中进行的控制, 比其他方法 (如丝网过滤器、带状肢体和用纱布包裹动物) 更容易.本文总结了管道约束后的占地面积分析和吊箱试验的方案。该协议将帮助我们使用没有自发运动表型的运动障碍的小鼠模型。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Hanging box</td>
			<td>O&#8217;hara &#38; Co.</td>
			<td>http://ohara-time.co.jp/products/wire-hanging-test/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Marking pen</td>
			<td>ZEBRA</td>
			<td>MO-120-MC-BK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goal box</td>
			<td>O&#8217;hara &#38; Co.</td>
			<td>http://ohara-time.co.jp/products/balanced-beam-test/</td>
			<td>Accessory for apparatus of balanced beam test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boxes</td>
			<td>O&#8217;hara &#38; Co.</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Side wall of runway</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black ink</td>
			<td>Shin-asahi</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red ink</td>
			<td>Maruyamakogyo</td>
			<td>BC-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>351008</td>
			<td>Petri dishe (35 mm in diameter)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Askul Multipaper Super White J Monochrome A3</td>
			<td>Askul</td>
			<td>701-712</td>
			<td>White paper (29.7 cm x 42 cm x 0.09mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Conical tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430829</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Square drill</td>
			<td>KAKURI Corporation</td>
			<td>DIY FACTORY (K32-0313)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

low-cost protocol of footprint analysis and hanging box test for mice applied the chronic restraint stress

在运动障碍患者中经常观察到步态障碍。在用于运动障碍的小鼠模型中, 步态分析是重要的行为测试, 以确定小鼠是否模仿患者的症状。当小鼠模型中没有观察到自发运动表型时, 压力往往会引起运动缺陷。因此, 步态分析, 其次是应力负荷将是一个敏感的方法来评价电机表型的小鼠模型。然而, 研究人员面临着昂贵的仪器的需求, 以自动获得定量结果的步态分析。对于应力, 不需要在触电和强制运行所需的昂贵设备的情况下, 采用简单的方法进行应力加载。因此, 我们引入了一种简单、低成本的协议, 包括用纸张和墨水进行足迹分析, 通过吊箱试验来评估电机的功能, 以及用锥形管约束定义的应力载荷。该方法成功地检测了小鼠的运动缺陷。

本方案采用了at1a3 (at1a3+/-)的杂合雄性小鼠模型, 作为快速发病肌张力障碍帕金森病和野生类型同学的模型。atp1a3+/--显示 前肢和后肢的步幅明显短于4周大的野生类型 (图 5a和图 5A, 开放圆和正方形)。"压力" atp1a3+/-显示两个肢体的步幅长度明显短于8周大的"无应力" atp1a3+/-...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Low-cost Protocol of Footprint Analysis and Hanging Box Test for Mice Applied the Chronic Restraint Stress at JoVE.com

Low-cost Protocol of Footprint Analysis and Hanging Box Test for Mice Applied the Chronic Restraint Stress

小鼠应用慢性约束应激的低成本足迹分析和吊箱试验协议

由约束应力后的足迹分析和吊箱测试组成的低成本协议可用于评价小鼠模型的运动障碍。

Gait disturbance is frequently observed in patients with movement disorders. In mouse models used for movement disorders, gait analysis is important ...

我们的协议使用步态分析是非常有用的，以确定小鼠运动障碍的电机是否模仿有步态障碍的患者的症状。因此，在压力负荷测试中，步态分析可以方便地进行，无需昂贵的设备，即可检测小鼠的某些运动表型，无自发效应。在开始行为测试之前，记录每只鼠标的重量，并使用标记笔标记每只尾巴。当所有动物都称重和标记后，将小鼠放在实验室至少30分钟，并在实验室的长椅上放置一个清晰、25比25至40厘米的吊盒，并配有可旋转的网盖。当鼠标适应后，将一只鼠标放入网盖的中心，并小心地将盖子倒置。然后，测量鼠标从网盖的坠落延迟，然后再将鼠标返回到其家庭保持架。测试完所有小鼠后，将一张 9.9 到 42 厘米的白纸放在实验室的长椅上，并在纸张的端端放置一个深色目标框。将其他箱子（与纸张长度大致相同）放在跑道两侧，以防止逃生。并添加黑色和红色的墨水，以分离35毫升的培养皿。要训练鼠标进行分析，请将鼠标放在纸张的近端，对着目标框，让鼠标从纸张的近端走到目标框。当鼠标到达盒子时，轻轻地擦伤动物，将后尾夹在拇指球和其他手指之间，以限制后肢的运动。将前肢的底部浸入红色墨水中，后肢底部浸入黑色墨水中。然后，立即将鼠标放回纸张的近端，面对目标框，让鼠标从近端走到目标框。风干脚印纸后，使用尺子测量爪印相同部分之间的距离，获得步长的三次测量。在前部基宽中，通过绘制一条连续的、相同的侧、前脚印之间的线，以及测量垂直线的长度，从前脚印的垫到脚印之间绘制的线。和后基宽度，通过绘制一条线之间的连续右后脚印，并测量垂直线的长度，从左后脚印垫，到其他右后脚印之间绘制的线。对于重叠，测量前部和后脚印的垫之间的距离。要准备约束管，请使用方形钻头，在 50 毫升管中沿刻度标记和每个刻度标记的背面打 16 个两毫米孔。切断管尖，做一个五毫米的孔，用于呼吸，并在管盖上做一个四毫米的孔，用于尾部。在压力加载测试中，先将鼠标擦去，然后将动物放入约束管头，用前肢轻轻封闭。在盖住管子之前，通过盖子上的孔穿过尾巴。在室温下将鼠标放在长椅上两小时。在压力加载期结束时，将鼠标从管子中取出，然后将动物返回到其家庭笼子。正如这些有代表性的数字所观察到的，异质性快速发作的肌张力障碍帕金森病模型小鼠，比四周大时野生类型的垃圾伴侣明显短前肢和后肢步幅长度。压力异质性快速发作肌张力障碍帕金森症模型小鼠，也表现出明显短的步幅长度的两肢比那些紧张的野生类型垃圾伴侣在八周大。在任何年龄的小鼠中，四肢步幅的不对称没有显著差异。两肢的前基和重叠在所有年龄段的各组也相似。这些有压力的异质性快速发作性肌张力障碍帕金森病模型小鼠的后基明显较在10周大时观察到的，表明压力导致杂端快速发作性肌张力障碍肌张力障碍模型小鼠的运动缺陷。在4至10周大的动物中，野生型动物和突变体在悬挂时间上没有显著差异。然而，在12周大时，压力野生型小鼠的悬挂时间明显长于其他动物，这表明，通过对较老动物进行约束试验，异质性快速发作性肌张力障碍模型小鼠的运动缺陷与野生型小鼠有区别。在鼠标将四肢底部挂在墨水中后立即将鼠标放在纸上，以避免在步行测试前墨水干燥。可以执行其他情绪特征测试，如开放场地、高架加迷宫和整个游泳测试，以回答步态异常是否仅由运动缺陷导致。我们的协议可用于探索应力的易感性，通过更改应力载荷的数量和持续时间，以及通过比较各种载荷条件之间的电机表型。我们的协议可用于通过更改应力载荷的数量和持续时间，以及通过比较各种载荷条件下的电机表型来探索应力的易感性。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

驻地入侵者范式：一种标准化考试的侵略，暴力和社会压力

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to ...

科研

行为学

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

背景和线索恐惧制约试验小鼠中使用视频分析系统

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment

在丰富环境的协议房屋小鼠

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

应力的社会问题：社会支持和社会认同的特里尔社会的实验操作压力测试

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

An Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Instigating Depressive Symptoms, Behavioral Changes and Negative Health Outcomes in Rodents

煽动抑郁症状，行为变化和不利健康结果鼠害一个不可预知的慢性轻度应激协议

Chronic, unresolved stress is a major risk factor for the development of clinical depression. While many preclinical models of stress-induced depression ...

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

协议进行数据采集和分析应用到自动人脸表情分析技术和时序分析感官评价

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）：一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

诱导小鼠快感缺失的不可预测慢性轻度应力协议

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by ...

A Chronic Immobilization Stress Protocol for Inducing Depression-Like Behavior in Mice

诱导小鼠抑郁行为的慢性固定性压力协议

Depression is not yet fully understood, but various causative factors have been reported. Recently, the prevalence of depression has increased. However, ...

Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings (PrAnCER): A Low-Cost, Open-Access Automated Gait Analysis System for Assessing Motor Deficits

Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings PrAnCER: A Low-Cost, Open-Access Automated Gait Analysis System for Assessing Motor Deficits

对比度增强记录 (PrAnCER) 的爪打印分析:用于评估电机缺陷的低成本、开放访问自动步态分析系统

Gait analysis is used to quantify changes in motor function in many rodent models of disease. Despite the importance of assessing gait and motor function ...