Name: diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging in chronic spinal cord compression
Uploaded: 2019-05-07T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Spinal Cord Compression at JoVE.com

本研究得到了中国广州科技项目 (201607010021 号) 和江西自然科学基金 (20142BAB205065 号) 的支持。

这项研究得到了中国广州第一人民医院当地医学伦理委员会的批准。在参加之前, 收到了健康志愿者和参与者签署的知情同意书。所有这些研究都是根据《赫尔辛基世界医学协会宣言》进行的。
1. 科目准备
<ol><li>确保每个参与者符合以下慢性脊髓压迫标准: a) 重要神经功能丧失的病史, b) 脊髓病阳性体检, c) 颈椎脊髓压迫的 MRI 证据。 请注意:排除标准是: (a) 无?...

<ol>
	<li>Sun, G. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+progressive+compression+model+of+thoracic+spinal+cord+injury+in+mice:+function+assessment+and+pathological+changes+in+spinal+cord.">A progressive compression model of thoracic spinal cord injury in mice: function assessment and pathological changes in spinal cord.</a> Neural Regeneration Research. 12 (8), 1365-1374 (2017).</li><li>Watanabe, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurological+Recovery+after+Posterior+Spinal+Surgery+in+Patients+with+Metastatic+Epidural+Spinal+Cord+Compression.">Neurological Recovery after Posterior Spinal Surgery in Patients with Metastatic Epidural Spinal Cord Compression.</a> Acta Medica Okayama. 70 (6), 449 (2016).</li><li>Tatsui, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+Laser+Interstitial+Thermal+Therapy:+A+Novel+Alternative+to+Surgery+for+Metastatic+Epidural+Spinal+Cord+Compression.">Spinal Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy: A Novel Alternative to Surgery for Metastatic Epidural Spinal Cord Compression.</a> Neurosurgery. 79 Suppl 1 (suppl_1), S73 (2016).</li><li>Zheng, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+Diffusion+Tensor+Imaging+Cutoff+Value+to+Evaluate+the+Severity+and+Postoperative+Neurologic+Recovery+of+Cervical+Spondylotic+Myelopathy.">Application of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Cutoff Value to Evaluate the Severity and Postoperative Neurologic Recovery of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy.</a> World Neurosurgery. 118, e849-e855 (2018).</li><li>Ellingson, B. M., Salamon, N., Holly, L. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+techniques+in+spinal+cord+injury.">Imaging techniques in spinal cord injury.</a> World Neurosurgery. 82 (6), 1351-1358 (2014).</li><li>Zhao, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+tensor+imaging+of+spinal+cord+parenchyma+lesion+in+rat+with+chronic+spinal+cord+injury.">Diffusion tensor imaging of spinal cord parenchyma lesion in rat with chronic spinal cord injury.</a> Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 47, 25-32 (2018).</li><li>Mohanty, C., Massicotte, E. M., Fehlings, M. G., Shamji, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Association+of+Preoperative+Cervical+Spine+Alignment+with+Spinal+Cord+Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging+Hyperintensity+and+Myelopathy+Severity:+Analysis+of+a+Series+of+124+Cases.">The Association of Preoperative Cervical Spine Alignment with Spinal Cord Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hyperintensity and Myelopathy Severity: Analysis of a Series of 124 Cases.</a> Spine. 40 (1), 11-16 (2015).</li><li>Tetreault, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+review+of+magnetic+resonance+imaging+characteristics+that+affect+treatment+decision+making+and+predict+clinical+outcome+in+patients+with+cervical+spondylotic+myelopathy.">Systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging characteristics that affect treatment decision making and predict clinical outcome in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy.</a> Spine. 38 (22 Suppl 1), S89 (2013).</li><li>Nouri, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Predicting Surgical Outcome in Patients with Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy. , (2015).</li><li>Chen, C. J., Lyu, R. K., Lee, S. T., Wong, Y. C., Wang, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intramedullary+high+signal+intensity+on+T2-weighted+MR+images+in+cervical+spondylotic+myelopathy:+prediction+of+prognosis+with+type+of+intensity.">Intramedullary high signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images in cervical spondylotic myelopathy: prediction of prognosis with type of intensity.</a> Radiology. 221 (3), 789-794 (2001).</li><li>Vedantam, A., Jonathan, A., Rajshekhar, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+of+magnetic+resonance+imaging+signal+changes+and+outcome+prediction+after+surgery+for+cervical+spondylotic+myelopathy.">Association of magnetic resonance imaging signal changes and outcome prediction after surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery Spine. 15 (6), 660 (2011).</li><li>Vedantam, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+tensor+imaging+of+the+spinal+cord:+insights+from+animal+and+human+studies.">Diffusion tensor imaging of the spinal cord: insights from animal and human studies.</a> Neurosurgery. 74 (1), 1-8 (2014).</li><li>Bazley, F. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DTI+for+assessing+axonal+integrity+after+contusive+spinal+cord+injury+and+transplantation+of+oligodendrocyte+progenitor+cells.">DTI for assessing axonal integrity after contusive spinal cord injury and transplantation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.</a> Conference Proceedings: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 2012 (4), 82-85 (2012).</li><li>Lewis, M., Yap, P. T., Mccullough, S., Olby, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+lesion+severity+characterized+by+diffusion+tensor+imaging+and+motor+function+in+chronic+canine+spinal+cord+injury.">The relationship between lesion severity characterized by diffusion tensor imaging and motor function in chronic canine spinal cord injury.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 35 (3), (2018).</li><li>Hagmann, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+diffusion+MR+imaging+techniques:+from+scalar+diffusion-weighted+imaging+to+diffusion+tensor+imaging+and+beyond.">Understanding diffusion MR imaging techniques: from scalar diffusion-weighted imaging to diffusion tensor imaging and beyond.</a> Radiographics. 26 Suppl 1 (suppl_1), S205 (2006).</li><li>Zheng, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time+course+of+diffusion+tensor+imaging+metrics+in+the+chronic+spinal+cord+compression+rat+model.">Time course of diffusion tensor imaging metrics in the chronic spinal cord compression rat model.</a> Acta Radiologica. , 284185118795335 (2018).</li><li>Jones, J. G., Cen, S. Y., Lebel, R. M., Hsieh, P. C., Law, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+Tensor+Imaging+Correlates+with+the+Clinical+Assessment+of+Disease+Severity+in+Cervical+Spondylotic+Myelopathy+and+Predicts+Outcome+following+Surgery.">Diffusion Tensor Imaging Correlates with the Clinical Assessment of Disease Severity in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy and Predicts Outcome following Surgery.</a> American Journal of Neuroradiology. 34 (2), 471-478 (2013).</li><li>Kerkovsk&#253;, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+resonance+diffusion+tensor+imaging+in+patients+with+cervical+spondylotic+spinal+cord+compression:+correlations+between+clinical+and+electrophysiological+findings.">Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging in patients with cervical spondylotic spinal cord compression: correlations between clinical and electrophysiological findings.</a> Spine. 37 (1), 48-56 (2012).</li><li>Zheng, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+Diffusion+Tensor+Imaging+Cutoff+Value+to+Evaluate+the+Severity+and+Postoperative+Neurologic+Recovery+of+Cervical+Spondylotic+Myelopathy.">Application of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Cutoff Value to Evaluate the Severity and Postoperative Neurologic Recovery of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy.</a> World Neurosurgery. 118, e849-e855 (2018).</li><li>Thurnher, M. M., Law, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion-weighted+imaging,+diffusion-tensor+imaging,+and+fiber+tractography+of+the+spinal+cord.">Diffusion-weighted imaging, diffusion-tensor imaging, and fiber tractography of the spinal cord.</a> Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America. 17 (2), 225-244 (2009).</li><li>Cadotte, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+Cord+Segmentation+by+One+Dimensional+Normalized+Template+Matching:+A+Novel,+Quantitative+Technique+to+Analyze+Advanced+Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging+Data.">Spinal Cord Segmentation by One Dimensional Normalized Template Matching: A Novel, Quantitative Technique to Analyze Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data.</a> PLOS ONE. 10 (10), e0139323 (2015).</li></ol>

常规 MRI 通常用于评估各种脊柱疾病患者的预后。然而, 这种成像方式提供宏观解剖细节, 而不是微观结构评估14, 这限制了神经功能的预测。此外, 传统的 MRI 可能低估了脊髓损伤的严重程度和程度。DTI 的出现可以通过提供有关水分子扩散的定量信息, 帮助外科医生更准确地评估脊髓功能。
在本研究中, 描述了一个方法框架, 以证明 DTI 参数在慢性脊髓压迫患者...

慢性脊髓压迫是脊髓损伤最常见的原因1。这种情况可能是由于后纵向韧带骨化, 血肿, 颈椎间盘突出, 椎体变性, 或椎管内肿瘤 2,3。慢性脊髓压迫可导致不同程度的功能缺陷;然而, 有严重脊髓压迫的临床病例, 没有任何神经症状和体征, 以及轻度脊髓压迫但严重神经缺陷的患者 4。在这种情况下, 敏感成像对于评估压缩严重程度和确定损伤范围至关重要。
传统的 MRI 在阐明脊髓解剖学中起着重要作用。这种技术通常被用来评估压缩程度, 因为它对软组织的敏感性5。许多参数可以通过 MRI 测量, 如 MR 信号强度、脊髓形态和椎管区域。然而, MRI 有一些局限性, 只提供定性信息, 而不是定量结果6。慢性脊髓压迫患者的 MRI 强度通常有异常信号变化。然而, 临床症状和 MRI 强度变化之间的差异使得很难诊断一个功能状况完全基于 MRI 特征7。以往的研究强调了这一争议, 即脊髓8中 MRI T2 超强的预后值。两组报告 T2 脊髓超强是慢性脊髓压迫术后预后不良的参数 8, 9。相反, 一些作者发现 t2 信号变化与预后8,9之间没有明显的联系。Chen 等人和 Vedantam 等人将 MRI T2 超强分为两类, 与不同的预后 10、11 相对应。1型表现为模糊、模糊、模糊的边界, 这一类别表现为可逆组织学变化。2型图像呈现强烈的、明确定义的边框, 对应于不可逆的病理损害。传统的 ttent2 MRI 技术没有提供足够的信息来识别这两类患者和评估患者的预后。相比之下, DTI, 一种更复杂的成像技术, 可以通过通过水分子扩散定量检测组织中的微观结构变化, 帮助获得更具体的预后信息。
近年来, DTI 由于能够描述脊髓微结构而受到越来越多的关注。DTI 可以测量水分子在组织中扩散的方向和大小。DTI 参数可以定量评估慢性脊髓压迫患者的神经损伤。FA 和 ADC 是脊髓评估中最常用的参数。Fa 值揭示了周围轴突纤维定向的各向异性程度, 并描述了解剖边界12,13。Adc 值提供了关于三维空间中分子运动在许多方向上的特征的信息, 并揭示了沿三个主轴6、12 的扩散系数。这些参数的变化与影响水分子扩散的微观结构变化有关。因此, 外科医生可以利用 DTI 参数来识别脊髓病理。本研究提供了 DTI 方法和过程, 为治疗慢性脊髓压迫患者提供了更详细的预后信息。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:849px;" width="849">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">3-Tesla MRI scanner</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Siemens</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:344px;">40708</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Software: NUMARIS/4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Syngo MR B17</td>
			<td>Siemens</td>
			<td align="right">40708</td>
			<td>Software: NUMARIS/4</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging in chronic spinal cord compression

慢性脊髓压迫是非创伤性脊髓损伤患者脊髓损伤的最常见原因。传统磁共振成像 (MRI) 在确认诊断和评估压缩程度方面发挥着重要作用。然而, 传统 MRI 提供的解剖细节不足以准确估计神经元损伤和/或评估慢性脊髓压迫患者神经元恢复的可能性。相反, 扩散张量成像 (DTI) 可以根据水分子在组织中扩散的检测提供定量结果。在本研究中, 我们开发了一个方法框架, 以说明 DTI 在慢性脊髓压迫疾病中的应用。DTI 分数各向异性 (FA)、表观扩散系数 (Adc) 和特征向量值可用于可视化脊髓的微观结构病理变化。与健康对照组相比, 慢性脊髓压迫患者的 FA 降低, Adc 和特征向量值增加。DTI 可以帮助外科医生了解脊髓损伤的严重程度, 并提供有关预后和神经功能恢复的重要信息。总之, 该协议提供了一个敏感的, 详细的, 非侵入性的工具来评估脊髓压迫。

这是一个总结的结果, 从健康的志愿者和患者的颈椎病。该协议使医生能够查看 DTI 地图。该技术可作为衡量骨髓病理学功能状况的客观指标。健康志愿者的 DTI 地图如图 3所示。健康志愿者的 DTI 参数如下: FA = 0.61;ADC = 1.006 x 10-3 mm 2/;E1 = 1.8 93 x 10-3毫米2/;E2 = 0.746 x 10-3 毫米2/;E3 = 0.377 x10-3 mm2/(图 3<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Spinal Cord Compression at JoVE.com

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Spinal Cord Compression

扩散张量磁共振成像在慢性脊髓压迫中的应用

在这里, 我们提出了一个协议, 应用扩散张量成像参数来评估脊髓受压。

Chronic spinal cord compression is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment in patients with nontraumatic spinal cord damage. Conventional magnetic ...

传统MRI提供的解剖脊髓微观结构细节不能准确估计慢性脊髓压缩患者的实际神经元损伤或神经元恢复潜力。扩散张量成像，或DTI，可以帮助我们获得更具体的预后信息，通过水分子的扩散检测组织的数量微结构变化。慢性脊髓压缩可导致脊柱脐带反复缺血性损伤，导致下游神经纤维组织病理学变化。此更改可以通过 DTI 可视化。DTI是一种敏感技术，可以提供组织内水分子的方向和扩散幅度的测量。在这里，我们演示了扩散张量成像参数在压缩脊髓评估中的应用，用于高性能临床 MRI 扫描仪操作 3.0T MR 系统。在开始成像程序之前，向学员提供耳塞，并帮助学员进入舒适的超前位置。将头部/颈部线圈放在颈椎区域上，并在甲状腺软骨水平放置一个地标。当参与者就位时，使用快速扰动梯度回声获取轴向、下垂和日冕位置图。找到 T2 加权下垂平面，并使用日冕位置图将 sagittal T1 加权定位线复制并粘贴到 T2 加权定位线，以确保定位基线与脊柱管平行。将 T1 和 T2 加权视场设置为 240 倍 240 毫米， 体膜大小为 1 x 0.8 x 3 毫米，切片间隙为 0.3 毫米，切片厚度为 3 毫米，激发数为 2 毫米，折叠方向为脚头，重复时间为 10 超过 700 毫秒的 T1 加权场，101 超过 2，500 表示 T2 加权字段。然后，获取覆盖整个颈椎的九个下垂图像，并在下垂 T2 W 图像上定位轴向定位线。接下来，将椎间盘从 C2-3 覆盖到 C6-7， 以椎间空间的后背直径为中心，将视场设置为 180 x 180 毫米，体美体大小设置为 0.7 x 0.6 x 3 毫米，切片厚度设置为 3 毫米，折叠方向到前后，激发次数设置为 2，回音时间重复时间为 120 超过 3，000 毫秒。然后，将轴向定位线定位在下垂 T2 加权图像上，以椎间空间的后向直径为中心，从 C1 到 C7 覆盖 45 片颈椎。要获得扩散张量成像，请使用具有 20 个正交方向和非平面扩散方向的单次自旋回波回波平面成像，b 值等于每毫米平方 800 秒， 将视场设置为230乘230毫米，采集矩阵设置为98乘98，重建分辨率为1.17乘1.17，切片厚度为3毫米，折叠方向至前后，激发到2个，回波平面成像因子为98，回波时间重复时间为74超过8，300毫秒。对于图像后处理，将图像导出到分析器，然后将椎间空间的 T2 加权 sagittal 和轴向图像加载到拍摄界面中。找到颈椎最压缩的部分，并在二对一观察界面中加载小数各向异性图像。单击"位置显示系列"，并确定从位置地图顶部到底部的最高压缩级别。单击"文件"以选择张量图像。选择神经 3D 磁共振可自动创建明显的扩散系数和小数各向异性颜色图。前进到最高压缩的一侧，并使用"开始评估模式"在脊髓内侧和周围创建感兴趣的球形六毫米立方体区域，以排除脑脊液的部分体积效应。分数各向异性和明显扩散系数值将自动计算。然后，单击"扩散"并选择 E1、E2 和 E3 以显示其值。在这里，显示了来自健康志愿者的代表性扩散张量成像图。这些来自慢性脊髓压缩患者的扩散张量成像图允许这些患者的压缩功能状态被测量，正如刚刚证明的。接受手术的慢性脊髓压缩患者的术后成像允许对压缩的缓解进行功能评估，以帮助跟踪患者的恢复。必须在内脊髓绘制感兴趣区域，以排除脑脊液的部分体积效应。DTI获得的定量数据能够准确判断病变损伤的程度，并为临床治疗提供及时准确的客观指示。在扫描之前，我们要求每位参与者填写并签署一份同意书，其中概述了成像协议和 MRI 安全指南。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

从胚胎脊髓​​连合神经的解剖和文化

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

科研

神经科学

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

多鼠神经解剖学磁共振成像

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

在体内脊髓的鼠标线使用双光子显微镜成像

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has ...

High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain

高分辨率人类中脑功能磁共振成像方法

Functional MRI (fMRI) is a widely used tool for non-invasively measuring correlates of human brain activity. However, its use has mostly been focused upon ...

Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish

在斑马鱼幼虫脊髓横断

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability ...

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

一个程序，植入脊柱商会纵<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;鼠标脊髓成像

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by ...

Diffusion Imaging in the Rat Cervical Spinal Cord

在大鼠颈脊髓弥散成像

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a ...

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

细胞动力学在小鼠脊髓双光子成像

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for ...

Experimental Strategies to Bridge Large Tissue Gaps in the Injured Spinal Cord after Acute and Chronic Lesion

实验策略急，慢性损伤后桥的损伤脊髓组织大差距

After a spinal cord injury (SCI) a scar forms in the lesion core which hinders axonal regeneration. Bridging the site of injury after an insult to the ...

Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography

在人类白化病的初级视途径弥散张量成像和测量束成像连通

In albinism, the number of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is significantly reduced. The retina and optic chiasm have been proposed ...