Name: effect of anti-c-fms antibody on osteoclast formation and proliferation of osteoclast precursor in vitro
Uploaded: 2019-03-18T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Effect of Anti-c-fms Antibody on Osteoclast Formation and Proliferation of Osteoclast Precursor In Vitro at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了日本科学促进会 JPS KAKENHI 赠款的部分支持 (编号). 16K11776 至 H. k., No. 17K17306 至 K. s., No. 16K11776 至 k., No. 16K11776 至 M. s., No. 18K09862 至 i. m.)。

所有动物程序和动物护理都是按照东北大学的规则和条例进行的。
1. 小鼠下肢解剖及处理
<ol><li>解剖前, 根据容器的大小, 在盘子中填充大约50毫升的Α-mL, 并将其放置在冰上。这将作为一个集合容器, 直到所有骨骼的解剖完成。在这一实验和随后的实验中, 使用α-mem, 其中含有10% 的胎牛血清 (FBS)、100 uuml 青霉素 g 和100μgml 链霉素。</li>
	<li>吸入过量5% 异氟醚对 C57blse-6j 小鼠进?...

<ol>
	<li>Crotti, T. N., Dharmapatni, A. A., Alias, E., Haynes, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoimmunology:+Major+and+Costimulatory+Pathway+Expression+Associated+with+Chronic+Inflammatory+Induced+Bone+Loss.">Osteoimmunology: Major and Costimulatory Pathway Expression Associated with Chronic Inflammatory Induced Bone Loss.</a> Journal of Immunology Research. 2015, 281287 (2015).</li><li>Teitelbaum, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+resorption+by+osteoclasts.">Bone resorption by osteoclasts.</a> Science. 289 (5484), 1504-1508 (2000).</li><li>Azuma, Y., Kaji, K., Katogi, R., Takeshita, S., Kudo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha+induces+differentiation+of+and+bone+resorption+by+osteoclasts.">Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces differentiation of and bone resorption by osteoclasts.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (7), 4858-4864 (2000).</li><li>Kobayashi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+necrosis+factor+alpha+stimulates+osteoclast+differentiation+by+a+mechanism+independent+of+the+ODF/RANKL-RANK+interaction.">Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation by a mechanism independent of the ODF/RANKL-RANK interaction.</a> Journal of Experimental Medicine. 191 (2), 275-286 (2000).</li><li>Kim, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoclast+differentiation+independent+of+the+TRANCE-RANK-TRAF6+axis.">Osteoclast differentiation independent of the TRANCE-RANK-TRAF6 axis.</a> Journal of Experimental Medicine. 202 (5), 589-595 (2005).</li><li>Redlich, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoclasts+are+essential+for+TNF-alpha-mediated+joint+destruction.">Osteoclasts are essential for TNF-alpha-mediated joint destruction.</a> Journal of Clinical Investestigation. 110 (10), 1419-1427 (2002).</li><li>Abu-Amer, Y., Ross, F. P., Edwards, J., Teitelbaum, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated+osteoclastogenesis+is+mediated+by+tumor+necrosis+factor+via+its+P55+receptor.">Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated osteoclastogenesis is mediated by tumor necrosis factor via its P55 receptor.</a> Journal of Clinical Investestigation. 100 (6), 1557-1565 (1997).</li><li>Zha, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TNF-alpha+contributes+to+postmenopausal+osteoporosis+by+synergistically+promoting+RANKL-induced+osteoclast+formation.">TNF-alpha contributes to postmenopausal osteoporosis by synergistically promoting RANKL-induced osteoclast formation.</a> Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy. 102, 369-374 (2018).</li><li>Kitaura, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=M-CSF+mediates+TNF-induced+inflammatory+osteolysis.">M-CSF mediates TNF-induced inflammatory osteolysis.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 115 (12), 3418-3427 (2005).</li><li>Kimura, K., Kitaura, H., Fujii, T., Hakami, Z. W., Takano-Yamamoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-c-Fms+antibody+inhibits+lipopolysaccharide-induced+osteoclastogenesis+in+vivo.">Anti-c-Fms antibody inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced osteoclastogenesis in vivo.</a> FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 64 (2), 219-227 (2012).</li><li>Kimura, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+anti-c-Fms+antibody+inhibits+osteoclastogenesis+in+a+mouse+periodontitis+model.">An anti-c-Fms antibody inhibits osteoclastogenesis in a mouse periodontitis model.</a> Oral Diseases. 20 (3), 319-324 (2014).</li><li>Kitaura, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+M-CSF+receptor+c-Fms+antibody+inhibits+mechanical+stress-induced+root+resorption+during+orthodontic+tooth+movement+in+mice.">An M-CSF receptor c-Fms antibody inhibits mechanical stress-induced root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement in mice.</a> Angle Orthodontist. 79 (5), 835-841 (2009).</li><li>Kitaura, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+anti-c-Fms+antibody+inhibits+orthodontic+tooth+movement.">An anti-c-Fms antibody inhibits orthodontic tooth movement.</a> Journal of Dental Research. 87 (4), 396-400 (2008).</li><li>Bettina, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=M-CSF+Mediates+Host+Defense+during+Bacterial+Pneumonia+by+Promoting+the+Survival+of+Lung+and+Liver+Mononuclear+Phagocytes.">M-CSF Mediates Host Defense during Bacterial Pneumonia by Promoting the Survival of Lung and Liver Mononuclear Phagocytes.</a> Journal of Immunology. 196 (12), 5047-5055 (2016).</li><li>Dougall, W. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RANK+is+essential+for+osteoclast+and+lymph+node+development.">RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development.</a> Genes &amp; Develpoment. 13 (18), 2412-2424 (1999).</li><li>Wiktor-Jedrzejczak, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Total+absence+of+colony-stimulating+factor+1+in+the+macrophage-deficient+osteopetrotic+(op/op)+mouse.">Total absence of colony-stimulating factor 1 in the macrophage-deficient osteopetrotic (op/op) mouse.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (12), 4828-4832 (1990).</li><li>Yang, P. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+expression+of+macrophage+colony-stimulating+factor+in+ankylosing+spondylitis+and+rheumatoid+arthritis.">Increased expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis.</a> Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 65 (12), 1671-1672 (2006).</li><li>Takei, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+macrophage-colony+stimulating+factor+levels+in+synovial+fluid+of+loose+artificial+hip+joints.">High macrophage-colony stimulating factor levels in synovial fluid of loose artificial hip joints.</a> The Journal of Rheumatology. 27 (4), 894-899 (2000).</li></ol>

在本研究中, 我们研究了抗 c-fms 抗体对 rankl 诱导的破骨细胞形成、tnf-α诱导的破骨细胞形成和 M-csf 诱导的破骨细胞前体增殖的影响。我们发现, 抗 c-fms 抗体的有效量抑制破骨细胞形成 rankl 诱导的破骨细胞形成, tnf-Α诱导的破骨细胞形成和 M-csf 诱导的破骨细胞前体增殖是不同的。
rankl 在 m-csf 存在的情况下进行体外的破骨细胞生成, 而 rank-空鼠由于破骨细胞发育失败而经历严?...

破骨细胞是高度专业化的细胞, 它们通过多种破骨细胞前体的融合与造血干细胞区分开来。他们是必不可少的健康骨重塑, 并有助于病理骨吸收相关的炎症性骨溶解性疾病, 如类风湿关节炎和牙周病1。
骨细胞形成和破骨细胞功能是由两个关键因素介导的;巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (M-CSF) 和核因子 kappa-B 配体 (RANKL) 受体激活剂。M-CSF 和 RANKL 对破骨细胞的分化都很重要.另一个已被证明能诱导骨髓巨噬细胞体外形成破骨细胞的因素是肿瘤坏死因子α (tnf-α)3,4,5。tnf-α介导的破骨细胞形成已被证明是破坏性骨溶解的关键, 如类风湿关节炎6, 牙周病 7, 绝经后骨质疏松症 8.
C-fms 是 M-CSF 的膜受体, 它的作用是介导的。c-fms 的作用在文献中得到了很好的记录, 因为它已经证明, 在关节炎模型中以及 tnf-α诱导的骨侵蚀中, 针对 C-fms (c-fms 抗体) 的抗体的给药完全阻止了骨细胞的发生。远离发炎关节的破骨形成仍然是稳健的 9。抗 c-fms 抗体的使用抑制了脂多糖 (LPS) 诱导的破骨细胞形成和骨吸收, 小鼠钙质10以及 lps 诱导的牙周炎模型11.此外, 抗 c-fms 抗体抑制机械应激诱导的牙根吸收在正畸牙齿运动12, 以及正畸牙齿运动和骨吸收与正畸牙齿运动13。
据报道, M-CSF 还具有对宿主免疫反应至关重要的其他功能。细菌性肺炎小鼠缺乏 M-CSF, 导致细菌负担增加, 细菌传播到肝脏, 并伴有14例肝坏死.因此, M-CSF 对免疫反应在预防感染中具有重要意义。
本研究表明了抗 c-fms 抗体对 M-CSF 和 RANKL 或 tnf-α诱导的破骨细胞体外形成和 M-csf 诱导的破骨细胞前体增殖的影响。该方案证明了小鼠骨髓细胞与长骨的分离, 以及生成骨髓巨噬细胞 (BMM) 的步骤, 这些巨噬细胞被认为是破骨细胞的前体, 并通过两个步骤诱导骨髓巨噬细胞分化为多核破骨细胞方法;要么是 RANKL 要么是 tnf α该协议还比较了这两种方法中使用抗 c-fms 抗体的骨细胞生成的抑制情况。
骨髓提取并随后用于产生破骨细胞前体的过程是可靠的, 可以生产大量的纯破骨细胞培养物, 可用于药物检测等多种下游应用。在本协议中, 使用 RANKL 或 tnf-Α诱导破骨细胞生成, 将作为生理过程 (RANKL) 的骨细胞生成与作为病理过程的破骨细胞生成 (tnf-Α) 区分开来, 这反过来又提供了两种替代程序来指导就下游应用中使用的试剂而言, 决定哪一种是优越的。该协议还提供了一种方法, 通过这种方法, 我们可以确定适当的抗 c-fms 抗体浓度, 可以安全地用于以后参与骨吸收和骨溶解疾病的研究。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-c-Fms antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>AFS98, a rat monoclonal, antimurine, c-Fms antibody (IgG2a)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TNF-&#945;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Recombinant murine TNF-&#945; prepared in our laboratory. TNF-&#945; cDNA fragment cloned by RT-PCR and cloned into a pGEX-6P-I (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ) to generate a GST-fusion protein. GST-TNF-&#945; was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). The cells were lysed under nondenaturing conditions and GST-TNF-&#945; was purified over a glutathione-Sepharose column. GST was cleaved off by PreScission Protease (Amersham Biosciences) by manufacturer&#8217;s directions and was removed by a glutathione-Sepharose column.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RANKL</td>
			<td>PEPROTECH</td>
			<td>315-11</td>
			<td>Recombinant Murine sRANK Ligand, Source: E.coli</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M-CSF</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Recombinant human M-CSF. 1/10 vol of CMG14&#8211;12 cell line culture supernatant at 5X106&#160;cells in a 10-cm suspension culture dish.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-MEM</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>with L-Glutamine and phenol red</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>s1820-500</td>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum French Origin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>100 mm x 20 mm style dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>Thermofischer Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Nun clon Delta surface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell counting kit-8</td>
			<td>Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate reader</td>
			<td>Sunrise REMOTE; Tekan Japan, Kawasaki, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>40 &#956;m Nylon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>50 mL CentriStar cap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Polyoxyethylene (10) Octyphenyl ether</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

effect of anti-c-fms antibody on osteoclast formation and proliferation of osteoclast precursor in vitro

骨重塑是一个复杂的过程, 它涉及到沉积和吸收的时期。骨吸收是一个过程, 通过破骨细胞分解骨, 以响应不同的刺激。破骨体前体分化为多核破骨细胞, 以响应巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (M-CSF) 和核因子 Kpaba-b 配体 (RANKL) 受体激活剂。在病理条件下, 细胞因子的轮廓是不同的, 涉及炎症细胞因子的混合物。肿瘤坏死因子α (tnf-Α) 是最重要的细胞因子之一, 因为它存在于大量涉及炎症性骨溶解的区域。该协议的目的是提供一种方法, 通过 M-CSF 和 rankl 或 tnf-α诱导, 分离小鼠骨髓产生破骨细胞, 从而通过增加剂量的抗 c-fms 抗体 (受体) 来抑制这种情况。为 M-CSF。本实验重点介绍了抗 c-fms 抗体在炎症性骨吸收疾病中的治疗价值。

本方案的目的是评估抗 c-fms 抗体在 RANKL 或 TNF-α存在的情况下对破骨细胞形成的影响, 并确定 M-CSF 对破骨细胞前体增殖的影响。在这个协议中, 我们提供了一个可靠的过程, 通过这个过程产生大量的纯破骨细胞培养物。我们还提供了一种方法, 测试抗 c-fms 抗体的合适浓度, 以抑制破骨细胞的形成在不同的培养条件下。
<strong class=...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Effect of Anti-c-fms Antibody on Osteoclast Formation and Proliferation of Osteoclast Precursor In Vitro at JoVE.com

Effect of Anti-c-fms Antibody on Osteoclast Formation and Proliferation of Osteoclast Precursor In Vitro

该方案包括解剖小鼠长骨和骨髓分离, 生成骨髓巨噬细胞, 并产生破骨细胞使用巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (M-CSF) 和受体激活剂的核因子 Kapa-b 配体 (RANKL) 或肿瘤坏死因子α (tnf-Α) 及其通过抗 c-fms 抗体、M-CSF 受体的抑制。

抗结核抗体对骨细胞形成和骨细胞前体增殖的影响

Bone remodeling is a complex process and it involves periods of deposition and resorption. Bone resorption is a process by which bone is broken down by ...

本实验突出了抗c-fms抗体在炎症性骨质破坏性疾病（如风湿性关节炎和肠炎）的治疗价值。提取骨髓并用于产生骨质前体的过程，产生大量的纯骨质，可用于多种下游应用。该协议提供了两种骨质生成的替代方法，要么使用 RANKL 配体或 TNF alpha。除此之外，该方法还提供了抗c-fms抗体对骨质生成的影响的洞察。这个程序的视觉演示使研究人员熟悉了大量解剖和获取骨髓细胞的过程。开始填充一个板，将作为一个收集容器与约50毫升的α MEM，根据容器的大小，并放在冰上。使用针刺刺穿安乐死小鼠的手掌和脚，以固定其在超碱位置，并彻底喷洒70%乙醇。使用无菌手术剪刀和钳子在臀部水平做皮肤切口，并延伸到脚，暴露肌肉。找到并切割附着四头肌的肌腱。剥去肌肉，在臀部水平切开。然后找到将腿筋肌肉附着在骨骼上肌腱。剥去露出骨头的肌肉，将腿筋从附件中释放，确保不要切入骨骼。将剪刀放在股骨头部和关节空间之间。切入它释放股骨，但保持骨骼完好无损，这将使骨骼分离，而不会暴露骨髓的风险。以类似的方式切掉附着在头骨上肌肉的肌肉。然后从脚踝关节的附件中切开头骨，同时保持骨骼完好无损，以避免污染。使用剪刀刀片和实验室湿巾从股骨和头骨中刮出剩余的软组织，并把它们放在准备好的盘子中，将α MEM放在冰上。应仔细进行解剖，以尽量减少污染。这就是为什么彻底的软组织去除和骨定位是至关重要的。用α MEM 填充 30 量针注射器。断开头骨和股骨从膝关节，并切断长骨的两侧使用剪刀。用钳子从轴上固定骨头。将针头插入骨髓空间到骨骼中，然后慢慢将骨髓的含量冲洗到六厘米的培养盘中，对所有骨骼进行重复。骨骼将变白，表示提取所有骨髓内容。使用 40 微米尼龙细胞过滤器将骨髓提取物应变到 50 毫升锥形离心管中。将管子在300次G下离心5分钟。丢弃上一杯。要清洗，在颗粒中加入五毫升α MEM。移液细胞分离，离心机，并重复洗涤共两次。计算这些分离细胞后，如手稿所述，在10厘米培养皿中每10毫升播种1000万个细胞，并将M-CSF添加到细胞中。在37摄氏度，5%的二氧化碳孵育三天。三天后取出培养液，用10毫升PBS大力清洗细胞，取出非吸维细胞。加入室温的5毫升0.02%的三辛-EDTA和PBS，并在37摄氏度下孵育，5%的二氧化碳孵育5分钟。彻底移液细胞以分离它们。在显微镜下观察培养物，确保细胞分离，在介质中出现圆形和浮动。当细胞分离时，通过加入五毫升的α MEM来灭活反应。将细胞收集到50毫升锥形管中，以300次G离心5分钟。丢弃上经剂后，用五毫升的α MEM洗涤，并在300次G下再次离心5分钟。将颗粒重新悬浮在10毫升的α MEM中。在10厘米培养皿中每10毫升播种100万个细胞，并加入M-CSF。在37摄氏度，5%的二氧化碳孵育三天。收获附着的细胞，这些细胞在三天后将BMS作为骨质前体，就像以前在BMM生成期间那样。每200微升α MEM每200微升在96个井板中播种5万个BMM。在每个井，添加所需的刺激。然后添加M-CSF，最终浓度为每毫升100毫微克。向每口井添加抗 c-fms 抗体。在37摄氏度下孵育，4天孵育5%的二氧化碳，同时每隔一天更换一次介质4天。然后继续进行染色和测定，如手稿中所述。用抗c-fms抗体在M-CSF和 RANKL治疗培养中形成骨质形成。与对照相比，每毫升抗c-fms抗体为101，000毫微克，观察到骨细胞数量显著减少。然而，每毫升抗c-fms抗体每10毫微克分之一，没有显著减少。然后，用抗c-fms抗体对M-CSF和TNFα治疗培养中的骨质原形成进行了评价。与对照组相比，每毫升抗c-fms抗体为10、100、1000毫微克，观察到骨细胞数量显著减少，每毫升1毫微克没有显著减少。与对照相比，M-CSF培养每毫升1、10、100毫微克的抗c-fms抗体，骨质原前体数量没有显著减少。然而，每毫升1000毫微克，骨细胞前体的数量显著减少，表明需要高达每毫升1000毫微克的浓度，以显著抑制骨细胞前体的增殖。确保释放骨骼，同时保持骨骼完好无损，这将最大限度地减少污染的机会。

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

在体外生物膜的形成以及8商会幻灯片

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. ...

科研

免疫与感染

Measurement of Antibody Effects on Cellular Function of Isolated Cardiomyocytes

测量抗体乳鼠心肌细胞对细胞功能的影响

Dilated cardiomyopathy  (DCM) is one of the main causes for heart failure in younger adults1.  Although genetic disposition and exposition to toxic ...

The Synergistic Effect of Visible Light and Gentamycin on Pseudomona aeruginosa Microorganisms

The Synergistic Effect of Visible Light and Gentamycin on Pseudomona aeruginosa Microorganisms

可见光和庆大霉素的协同作用<em&gt;假单胞菌假单胞菌</em&gt;微生物

Recently there were several publications on the  bactericidal effect of visible light, most of them claiming that blue part of  the spectrum (400 nm-500 ...

Investigating the Effects of Probiotics on Pneumococcal Colonization Using an In Vitro Adherence Assay

Investigating the Effects of Probiotics on Pneumococcal Colonization Using an In Vitro Adherence Assay

使用一个调查益生素对肺炎球菌定植的影响<em&gt;体外</em&gt;粘附试验

Adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) to the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx can result in colonization and is considered a ...

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

定量检测抗体诱导补体激活的方法对红血细胞

Antibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) can lead to complement activation resulting in an accelerated clearance via complement receptors in the liver ...

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

巨噬细胞胆固醇消耗及其对的吞噬作用<em&gt;新型隐球菌</em

Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening infection caused by pathogenic fungi of the genus Cryptococcus. Infection occurs upon inhalation of spores, which are ...

Generation of Lymphocytic Microparticles and Detection of their Proapoptotic Effect on Airway Epithelial Cells

淋巴细胞微粒和检测其促凋亡作用的气道上皮细胞产生

Interest in the biological roles of cell membrane&#8211;derived vesicles in cell&#8211;cell communication has increased in recent years. Microparticles ...

High Throughput Measurement of Extracellular DNA Release and Quantitative NET Formation in Human Neutrophils In Vitro

High Throughput Measurement of Extracellular DNA Release and Quantitative NET Formation in Human Neutrophils In Vitro

胞外DNA释放的高通量测量和人中性粒定量NET形成<em&gt;体外</em

Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant leukocytes in the human blood. Neutrophils are the first to arrive at the site of infection. Neutrophils ...

Deciphering and Imaging Pathogenesis and Cording of Mycobacterium abscessus in Zebrafish Embryos

Deciphering and Imaging Pathogenesis and Cording of Mycobacterium abscessus in Zebrafish Embryos

破译和成像发病机制与盘带<em&gt;脓肿分枝杆菌</em&gt;斑马鱼胚胎

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as an infection model to study the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen ...

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

兹卡病毒感染细胞培养系统和<em&gt;体外</em&gt;干扰素的预防作用

Zika Virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen that is linked to fetal developmental abnormalities such as microcephaly, eye defects, and impaired growth. ZIKV ...