Name: characterizing histone post-translational modification alterations in yeast neurodegenerative proteinopathy models
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我们感谢罗耶娜·塔纳兹、胡达·优素夫和萨迪卡·塔森的技术帮助。我们非常感谢詹姆斯·肖特教授在蔗糖调谐实验的设计方面慷慨提供试剂和智力援助。酵母浆浆体是 Aaron Gitler 教授的慷慨礼物 (包括 303Gal-FUS;添加基因质粒 # 29614)。布鲁克林学院和高级科学研究中心 (纽约市立大学) 以及国家卫生研究院 NINSS 高级博士后过渡奖 (K22NS09131401) 支持 m. p. t。

1. 用神经退行性蛋白质与病理相关的蛋白质结构转化酿酒酵母
<ol><li>在30°c 晃动 (200 转/分) 的酵母提取物肽葡萄糖 (YPD) 肉汤中生长野生型 (WT) 303 酵母。</li>
	<li>经过12-16小时的生长, 用 YPD 将酵母稀释到600纳米 (OD600) 的光学密度。由于每次转化都需要10毫升的酵母液体培养, 因此为5个转化制备50毫升的酵母液体培养, 这些转化与 FUS、TDP-43、a-synuclein 和向量仅 (ccdB) 结构相对应, 以及负...

<ol>
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这里描述的协议提供了一种简单、方便和具有成本效益的方法, 可对与神经退行性蛋白病变相关的全基因组蛋白组蛋白 PTM 变化进行分类。虽然 als 和 PD 还有其他模型, 如体外人类细胞系和小鼠模型32, 但由于其易用性,酿酒酵母仍然很有吸引力。例如, 酵母模型不需要使用无菌罩, 也不需要在细胞培养工作的同时进行强化培训。此外, 酵母的培养试剂也比哺乳动物细胞?...

神经退行性疾病是毁灭性的疾病, 几乎没有或根本没有治疗选择。其中, 肌萎缩侧索硬化症 (ALS) 和帕金森病 (PD) 尤其可怕。大约90% 的 als 和 pd 病例被认为是零星的, 没有家族病史, 而其余病例在家庭中运行, 一般与特定的基因突变1,2有关。有趣的是, 这两种疾病都与蛋白质错位和聚集3,4,5,6有关。例如, 融合肉瘤 (fus) 和 tar dna 结合蛋白 43 (tdp-43) 是 rna 结合蛋白, 在 als7、8、9、10、 11,12, 而α-合核蛋白是蛋白质聚集物的主要组成部分, 称为 le七烯体在pd5,13,14,15。
尽管在大量患者中进行了广泛的全基因组关联工作, 但绝大多数 ALS 和 PD 病例在基因上仍无法解释。表观遗传学能在神经退行性疾病中发挥作用吗？表观遗传学包括基因表达的变化, 在不改变基础 DNA 序列16的情况下发生。一个主要的表观遗传机制涉及组蛋白16的翻译后修饰 (Ptm).在真核细胞中, 遗传物质紧紧地包裹在染色质中。染色质的基本单位是核糖体, 由146个基对 dna 组成, 包裹在一个组蛋白八分体上, 由四对组蛋白组成 (分别为两个组蛋白 H2A、H2A、H3 和 H4)17。每个组蛋白都有一个 n 端的尾巴, 从核糖体中伸出来, 可以通过添加各种化学分子来修饰, 通常是在赖氨酸和精氨酸残留物18上。这些 Ptm 是动态的, 这意味着它们可以很容易地添加和删除, 并包括乙酰化、甲基化和磷酸化等群体。Ptm 控制 DNA 对转录机制的可访问性, 从而有助于控制基因表达18。例如, 组蛋白乙酰化降低了高度基本的组蛋白蛋白和负电荷 DNA 主干之间的静电相互作用的强度, 使乙酰化组蛋白包装的基因更容易获得, 从而更高表示19。最近, 特定组蛋白 ptm 及其组合的显著生物学特异性导致组蛋白编码假说20, 21, 其中写、擦除和读取组蛋白 ptm 的蛋白质都协同作用调节基因表达。
酵母是研究神经退行性变的一个非常有用的模型。重要的是, 许多神经元细胞通路从酵母保存到人类22,23,24。酵母重述 fus、tdp-43 或α-共核蛋白 22、23、24、25、26的过度表达后的细胞毒性表型和蛋白质夹杂物.事实上,酿酒酵母的 als 模型已被用来识别遗传危险因素在人类27。此外, 酵母过度表达人α-共核蛋白允许将 rsp5 网络定性为可吸毒的靶点, 以改善 28,29神经元中α-共核蛋白的毒性。
在这里, 我们描述了一个利用酿酒酵母检测全基因组组蛋白 PTM 变化与神经退行性蛋白病变相关的协议 (图 1)。与其他体外和动物神经退行性模型相比, 酿酒酵母的使用具有很强的吸引力, 因为它使用方便、成本低、速度快。利用以前开发的 als 和 pd 模型22,23,25, 26, 我们在酵母中过度表达了人类 fus、tdp-43 和α-合核蛋白, 并发现了明显的组蛋白 ptm 变化发生在与每个蛋白病30的连接。我们在这里描述的协议可以在从转换到数据分析的不到两周的时间内完成。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>-His DO Supplement</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>630415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x Running Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix: 141.65 g glycine (ThermoFisher BP381-1), 30.3 g Tizma base (Sigma-Aldrich T6066), 10 g sodium dodecyl sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich L3771), and 1 L deionized water, pH 8.8.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12% Polyacrylamide Gels</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>456-1041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M3148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-acetyl-Histone H3 (Lys14) Primary Antibody</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>07-353 (Lot No. 2762291)</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-acetyl-Histone H4 (Lys 16) Primary Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab109463 (Lot No. GR187780)</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1/2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-acetyl-Histone H4 (Lys12) Primary Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab46983 (Lot No. GR71882)</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1/5000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-dimethyl-Histone H3 (Lys36) Primary Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab9049 (Lot No. GR266894, GR3236147)</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Histone H3 Primary Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab24834 (Lot No. GR236539, GR174196, GR3194335)</td>
			<td>Nuclear Loading Control; Dilution: 1/2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-phospho-Histone H2B (Thr129) Primary Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab188292 (Lot No. GR211874)</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-phospho-Histone H3 (Ser10) Primary Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab5176 (Lot No. GR264582, GR192662, GR3217296)</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioPhotometer D30</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>6133000010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Dish (100 x 20 mm)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30702118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Plate, 96 well</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30730011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5804/5804 R/5810/5810 R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22625501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey Anti-Mouse IRDye 800 CW</td>
			<td>LI-COR</td>
			<td>926-32212 (Lot No. C60301-05, C61116-02, C80108-05)</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1/5000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey Anti-Rabbit IRDye 860 RD</td>
			<td>LI-COR</td>
			<td>926-68073 (Lot No. C60217-06, C70323-06, C70601-05, C80116-07)</td>
			<td>Dilution: 1/2500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extra thick blot paper (filter paper)</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>1703968</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Galactose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G0750</td>
			<td>Prepare 20% w/v stock solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8270</td>
			<td>Prepare 20% w/v stock solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td>Prepare 50 % w/v solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immobilon-FL Transfer Membranes</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>IPFL00010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium acetate dihydrate (LiAc)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L4158</td>
			<td>Prepare a 1 M solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loading Dye</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix: 1.2 g sodium dodecyl sulfate, 6 mg bromophenol blue (Sigma-Aldrich B8026), 4.7 mL glycerol, 1.2 mL 0.5M Trizma base pH 6.8, 0.93 g DL-Dithiothreitol (Sigma-Aldrich D0632), and 2.1 mL deionized water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A412-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-PROTEAN Tetra Vertical Electrophoeresis Cell</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>1658004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel pipet</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>2231300045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEB Restriction Enzyme Buffer 2.1, 10x</td>
			<td>New England Bio Labs</td>
			<td>102855-152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nhe I Restriction Enzyme</td>
			<td>New England Bio Labs</td>
			<td>101228-710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclease Free Water</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>129114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Odyssey Fc Imaging System</td>
			<td>LI-COR Biosciences</td>
			<td>2800-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OmniTray Cell Culture Treated w/Lid Sterile, PS (86 x 128 mm)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>165218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pAG303GAL-a-synuclein-GFP</td>
			<td>Gift from A. Gitler</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pAG303GAL-ccdB</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>14133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pAG303Gal-FUS</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>29614</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pAG303GAL-TDP-43</td>
			<td>Gift from A. Gitler</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4338</td>
			<td>Prepare a 50% w/v solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ponceau S Stain</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3504</td>
			<td>Mix: 0.5 g 0.1% w/w Ponceau S dye, 5 mL 1% v/v acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich 320099), and 500 mL deionized water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerPac Basic Power Supply</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>164-5050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Raffinose pentahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R7630</td>
			<td>Prepare 10% w/v stock solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Salmon Sperm DNA</td>
			<td>Agilent Tech</td>
			<td>201190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SD-His plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix: 20 g Agar (Sigma-Aldrich A1296), 0.77 g -His DO supplement, 6.7 g yeast Nitrogen Base w/o amino acids (ThermoFisher 291920), and 900 mL deionized water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SGal-His plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix: 20 g Agar, 0.77 g -His DO supplement, 6.7 g yeast Nitrogen Base w/o amino acids, 100 mL galactose solution, and 900 mL deionized water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate Loading Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Store at -20 oC. 6X, Mix: 1.2 g sodium dodecyl sulfate, 6 mg bromophenol blue, 0.93 g DL-Dithiothreitol, 2.1 mL deionized water, 4.7 mL glycerol, and 1.2 mL 0.5 M Trizma base, pH 6.8.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>221465</td>
			<td>Prepare 0.2 M solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>84097</td>
			<td>Prepare 20% w/v stock solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBS + 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix: 100 mL 10X TBS, 1 mL Tween 20 (Sigma-Aldrich P7949), and 900 mL deionized water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBS Blocking Buffer</td>
			<td>LI-COR</td>
			<td>927-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-Blot SD Semi-Dry Electrophoretic Transfer Cell</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>170-3940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix: 22.5 g glycine, 4.84 g Tizma base, 400 mL methanol, 1 g sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 1.6 L deionized water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-Buffered Saline (TBS)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10X, 7.6 pH, Solution: Mix 24 g Trizma base, and 88 g sodium chloride (Sigma-Aldrich S7653). Fill to 1 L with deionized water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WT 303 S. cerevisiae yeast</td>
			<td>Gift from J. Shorter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose (YPD)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Y1375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

characterizing histone post-translational modification alterations in yeast neurodegenerative proteinopathy models

神经退行性疾病, 如肌萎缩侧索硬化症 (ALS) 和帕金森病 (PD), 每年造成数十万人丧生。缺乏能够阻止疾病进展的有效治疗方案。尽管在大量患者中进行了广泛的测序工作, 但大多数 ALS 和 PD 病例仅由于基因突变就无法解释。表观遗传学机制, 如组蛋白的翻译后修饰, 可能参与神经退行性疾病的病因和进展, 并导致药物干预的新目标。哺乳动物在体内和体外模型 als 和 PD 是昂贵的, 往往需要长期和费力的实验方案。在这里, 我们概述了一种实用、快速和具有成本效益的方法, 利用酿酒酵母作为模型系统, 确定组蛋白修饰水平的全基因组变化。该协议允许对与神经退行性蛋白病有关的表观遗传变化进行全面调查, 证实了以前在不同模型系统中的发现, 同时显著扩大了我们对神经退行性疾病表观基因组。

为了说明这个方法, 我们将利用最近发布的结果30。WT 人 FUS 和 TDP-43 被过度表达 5小时, 而 WT α-合核蛋白被过度表达8小时。将 ccdB 构造用作矢量负控制。图 2显示了固体和液体培养物中的生长抑制。酵母被收获了, 并且西部印迹与修改特异性抗体被执行。采用抗总 H3 作为加载控制。在 FUS 过度表达模型中, H3S10ph 和 H3S10ph 的水平明显下...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterizing Histone Post-translational Modification Alterations in Yeast Neurodegenerative Proteinopathy Models at JoVE.com

Characterizing Histone Post-translational Modification Alterations in Yeast Neurodegenerative Proteinopathy Models

该协议概述了实验程序, 以描述全基因组的变化, 在与 ALS 和帕金森病相关的蛋白质过度表达的情况下, 组蛋白翻译后修饰 (PTM) 的水平发生。酿酒酵母模型。SDS-PAGE 分离后, 通过西方印迹, 通过修正特异性抗体检测单个组蛋白 PTM 水平。

酵母神经退行性蛋白病模型中组蛋白后转化修饰改变的表征

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), cause the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives ...

该协议使我们能够轻松探索神经退行性疾病的表观遗传特征。与神经退行性疾病的其他细胞和动物模型相比，该技术的主要优点是利用酵母作为模型系统，酵母是权宜之计且具有成本效益的。这项技术使我们能够绘制出神经退行性疾病产生的表观遗传变化，这可能导致新的诊断标记，以及新的治疗目标。该方法可进一步研究表观遗传标记在神经退行性疾病中的作用，并可修改用于人类成纤维细胞和诱导多能干细胞的评估。此特定方法包含许多需要直观演示的详细信息，例如正确加载西方印迹装置。演示这个程序的将是米歇尔·法拉和纳文·拉纳，他们都是托伦特实验室的本科生。首先将酵母从冷冻甘油中重新吸收到2%葡萄糖糖选择性培养中板，在30摄氏度下孵育两到三天。在孵化结束时，接种再生长酵母，每个超过表达模型和控制在五毫升组蛋白选择性液体介质。在30摄氏度下辅以2%的拉芬糖，在一夜之间每分钟旋转200次。第二天早上，在选择性介质中，每个过度表达模型和控制培养100毫升的液体培养，并在夜间辅以2%的乳糖。测量 600 纳米或 OD600 的光学密度，以确定在 0.3 的起始 OD600 下渲染表达区域性所需的隔夜培养量。为了诱导蛋白质过度表达，在30摄氏度的高温下将酵母生长在乳糖介质上，在适当的实验周期内摇动。然后在感应期结束时测量每种区域性的 OD600。将所有单元格计数标准化为最低 OD600 值。通过离心在50毫升离心管中收获培养物，并在每生长10毫升培养物的无菌静止水中将颗粒重新塞在一毫升中。一毫升细胞再增入单个微离心管，用于额外的离心和吸附超盐。然后在零下80摄氏度时将液氮中的细胞颗粒捕捉冻结，以储存。要将细胞裂化为西方的印迹分析，在100微升蒸馏水中重新浮光之前，先将酵母细胞颗粒解冻到冰上。在每个细胞样品中加入300微升0.2摩尔氢氧化钠和20微升2-墨二甲醇。通过移液重新暂停颗粒。在冰上孵育10分钟后，通过离心对细胞进行颗粒化，并在100微升的装载染料中重新入料。然后在加热块上煮样品10分钟。在将样品进行线状处理时，将两个凝胶放在凝胶支架中，用运行缓冲液填充内腔，将外室填充到双凝胶线标记处。当样品准备好时，将每个15微升、细胞解液装进10井、12%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶，并将5微升蛋白质梯加入蛋白质梯井。在 150 伏特下运行凝胶约 45 分钟，或直到加载染料前部到达凝胶底部。当凝胶运行时，将每个凝胶的两个纤维垫浸入转移缓冲液中，将一个聚氯乙烯氟化物（PVDF）浸泡在甲醇中，每个凝胶的膜。凝胶准备就绪后，在转移缓冲液中冲洗膜，并在半干转移装置单元的底部放置一个预索的纤维垫。其次是PVDF膜、凝胶和第二个预索纤维垫。然后将电源设置为 150 毫安一小时。在蛋白质转移结束时，从转移装置上取出膜，用蒸馏水短暂冲洗。将冲洗过的膜、蛋白质侧放在一个小染色盒中，并用三分缓冲的盐水或TBS覆盖膜，用温和的摇动在室温下阻断缓冲液一小时。在阻断孵育结束时，在4摄氏度的TBS中用抗酵母组蛋白和修饰特异性抗体孵育膜过夜。和适当的核载荷控制抗体。第二天早上，用TBS洗四次膜，辅以0.1%多糖20，每次洗涤时摇动5分钟。最后一次洗涤后，用适当的二次抗体在室温下孵育一小时。接着是四，五分钟洗在TBST和一个五分钟洗在TBS单独与摇摆。然后在荧光西方印迹想象系统上成像两分钟的印迹。在这里，固体和液体培养物的生长抑制显示对酵母生长有显著的影响，在肉瘤过度表达模型中，在糖酸乳过度表达模型中存在注入的半乳糖。在肉瘤过度表达模型中的融合中，组蛋白水平显著下降，在 TAR 结合蛋白 43 过度表达模型中，组蛋白乙酰化水平显著增加，在熔融中肉瘤或阿尔法通核过度表达模型中均未见。在α合成素过度表达模型中，组蛋白水平也有显著降低。在这个蔗糖调谐实验中，用于诱导肉瘤过度表达的半乳糖的量越低，在固体和液体培养中观察到的毒性越低。重要的是，肉瘤过度表达的熔融水平越低，组蛋白水平降低的幅度越小。在执行此协议时，必须标准化每个样品中的酵母量，以便能够对转化后组蛋白的含量进行适当的比较。2-墨卡托乙醇应在发动机罩下使用，以避免吸入。如果使用庞塞奥污渍，则必须正确丢弃。

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

Optogenetic Random Mutagenesis Using Histone-miniSOG in C. elegans

光遗传学随机突变用组蛋白miniSOG在<em&gt;℃。线虫</em

Forward genetic screening in model organisms is the workhorse to discover functionally important genes and pathways in many biological processes. In most ...

科研

遗传学

Detection of Copy Number Alterations Using Single Cell Sequencing

单细胞测序拷贝数改变的检测

Detection of genomic changes at single cell resolution is important for characterizing genetic heterogeneity and evolution in normal tissues, cancers, and ...

Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast

Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast

目标<em&gt;原位</em&gt;组蛋白突变的基因在芽殖酵母

We describe a PCR- and homologous recombination-based system for generating targeted mutations in histone genes in budding yeast cells. The resulting ...

Constitutive and Inducible Systems for Genetic In Vivo Modification of Mouse Hepatocytes Using Hydrodynamic Tail Vein Injection

Constitutive and Inducible Systems for Genetic In Vivo Modification of Mouse Hepatocytes Using Hydrodynamic Tail Vein Injection

血管动力尾静脉注射对小鼠肝细胞基因的本构和诱导系统的修饰

In research models of liver cancer, regeneration, inflammation, and fibrosis, flexible systems for in vivo gene expression and silencing are highly ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

从酿酒酵母中组蛋白修饰的染色质沉淀 (芯片)

Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation, are dynamically regulated by a series of enzymes ...

Gene-targeted Random Mutagenesis to Select Heterochromatin-destabilizing Proteasome Mutants in Fission Yeast

基因靶向随机诱变在裂变酵母中选择染色质稳定蛋白酶突变体

Random mutagenesis of a target gene is commonly used to identify mutations that yield the desired phenotype. Of the methods that may be used to achieve ...

A Fast and Quantitative Method for Post-translational Modification and Variant Enabled Mapping of Peptides to Genomes

一种快速、定量的后向基因组转化和变异的多肽映射方法

Cross-talk between genes, transcripts, and proteins is the key to cellular responses; hence, analysis of molecular levels as distinct entities is slowly ...

Single Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (smFISH) Analysis in Budding Yeast Vegetative Growth and Meiosis

Single Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization smFISH Analysis in Budding Yeast Vegetative Growth and Meiosis

单分子荧光原位杂交 (smFISH) 在发芽酵母营养生长和减数分裂中的分析

Single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful technique to study gene expression in single cells due to its ability to detect ...

Mating-based Overexpression Library Screening in Yeast

基于交配的酵母超表达文库筛选

Budding yeast has been widely used as a model in studying proteins associated with human diseases. Genome-wide genetic screening is a powerful tool ...

Preparation and Gene Modification of Nonhuman Primate Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

非人类灵长类动物造血干细胞和祖细胞的制备及基因修饰

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation has been a cornerstone therapy for leukemia and other cancers for nearly half a century, ...