Name: simultaneous eye tracking and single-neuron recordings in human epilepsy patients
Uploaded: 2019-06-17T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients at JoVE.com

我们感谢所有病人的参与。这项研究得到了洛克菲勒神经科学研究所、自闭症科学基金会和达纳基金会(到S.W.),NSF CAREER奖(1554105到U.R.)和NIH(R01MH110831和U01NS099961到U.R.)的支持。资助者在研究设计、数据收集和分析、决定出版或编写手稿方面没有作用。我们感谢詹姆斯·李、艾瑞卡·泉和雪松-西奈模拟中心的工作人员帮助制作了演示视频。

1. 与会者
<ol><li>招募患有难治性癫痫的神经外科患者,他们正在接受颅内电极的放置,以定位其癫痫发作。</li>
	<li>将带有嵌入式微线的深度电极插入所有临床指示的目标位置,通常包括杏仁核、海马、前结皮层和预补充运动区域的子集。请参阅我们之前的协议2中关于植入的详细信息。</li>
	<li>一旦患者返回癫痫监测单元,连接记录设备进行宏观和微记录。这包括精心准备包括头部?...

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在这个协议中,我们描述了如何使用单神经元记录与并发眼跟踪,并描述了我们如何使用这种方法来识别人类MTL中的目标神经元。
该设置涉及三台计算机:一台执行任务(刺激计算机),一台运行眼动仪,一台运行采集系统。为了在三个系统之间同步,并行端口用于将TTL触发器从刺激计算机发送到电生理学系统(图1C)。同时,刺激计算机使用以太网电缆将相同的 TTL ?...

人类单神经元记录是一个独特而强大的工具,用于探索人类大脑的功能,具有非凡的空间和时间分辨率1。最近,单神经元记录在认知神经科学领域得到了广泛的应用,因为它们允许直接研究人类认知的核心认知过程。这些记录是通过临床需要确定癫痫病灶的位置而做出的,深度电极暂时植入疑似焦点癫痫患者的大脑。通过此设置,可以使用从混合深度电极尖端伸出的微线获得单神经元记录(前一个中提供了用于插入混合深度电极的外科方法的详细说明协议2。其中,这种方法已用于研究人类记忆3,4,情感5,6,和注意7,8。
眼动测量在认知任务期间凝视位置和眼动(固定和囊肿)。基于视频的眼动仪通常使用角膜反射和学生的中心作为功能来跟踪随着时间的推移9。眼动追踪是研究视觉注意力的一个重要方法,因为注视位置表示大多数自然行为10、11、12时注意力的焦点。眼动追踪已广泛用于研究健康个体13和神经人群14、15、16的视觉注意力。
虽然单神经元记录和眼动追踪在人类中被单独广泛使用,但很少有研究同时使用。因此,人类大脑中的神经元对眼动和/或是否对目前固定的刺激是否敏感,仍然在很大程度上不得而知。这与与猴的研究形成鲜明对比,在研究中,同时进行单神经元记录眼动追踪已成为一种标准工具。为了直接研究神经元对眼睛运动的反应,我们结合人类单神经元记录和眼动追踪。在这里,我们描述了进行此类实验的协议,然后通过具体示例来说明结果。
尽管人类中叶(MTL)在对象表示17、18和记忆3、19中都有既定作用,但MTL神经元是否被调节为自上而下关注与行为相关的目标。研究这些神经元对于开始了解目标相关信息如何影响自下而上的视觉过程非常重要。在这里,我们演示了眼动追踪的效用,同时使用引导视觉搜索记录神经元,这是研究目标导向行为的众所周知的范例20、21、22、23,24,25.使用这种方法,我们最近描述了一类神经元称为目标神经元,它标志着当前参与的刺激是否是持续搜索8的目标。在下面,我们提出复制之前的科学研究所需的研究方案。请注意,通过此示例,可以轻松地调整协议以研究任意视觉注意任务。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cedrus Response Box</td>
			<td>Cedrus (https://cedrus.com/)</td>
			<td>RB-844</td>
			<td>Button box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dell Laptop</td>
			<td>Dell (https://dell.com)</td>
			<td>Precision 7520</td>
			<td>Stimulus Computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EyeLink Eye Tracker</td>
			<td>SR Research (https://www.sr-research.com)</td>
			<td>1000 Plus Remote with laptop host computer and LCD arm mount</td>
			<td>Eye tracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>MathWorks Inc</td>
			<td>R2016a (RRID: SCR_001622)</td>
			<td>Data analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neuralynx Neurophysiology System</td>
			<td>Neuralynx (https://neuralynx.com)</td>
			<td>ATLAS 128</td>
			<td>Electrophysiology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Osort</td>
			<td>Open source</td>
			<td>v4.1 (RRID: SCR_015869)</td>
			<td>Spike sorting algorithm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Psychophysics Toolbx</td>
			<td>Open source</td>
			<td>PTB3 ( RRID: SCR_002881)</td>
			<td>Matlab toolbox to implement psychophysical experiments</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simultaneous eye tracking and single-neuron recordings in human epilepsy patients

来自难治性癫痫患者的颅内记录为研究个体神经元在活动行为过程中的活性提供了独特的机会。量化行为的重要工具是眼动追踪,它是研究视觉注意力不可或缺的工具。然而,眼动追踪与侵入性电生理学同时使用具有挑战性,因此这种方法很少使用。在这里,我们提出了一个经过验证的实验协议,用于在人类中同时进行眼动追踪的单神经元记录。我们描述了系统是如何连接的,以及记录神经元和眼睛运动的最佳设置。为了说明此方法的效用,我们总结了此设置可能实现的结果。此数据显示了如何在记忆引导的视觉搜索任务中使用眼动追踪,从而描述称为目标神经元的新神经元类别,其响应反映了对当前搜索目标的自上而下的关注。最后,我们讨论了此设置的潜在问题的重要性和解决方案。总之,我们的协议和结果表明,单神经元记录与同时在人类的眼睛跟踪是研究人脑功能的有效方法。它提供了动物神经生理学和人类认知神经科学之间缺失的关键联系。

为了说明上述方法的用法,我们接下来将简要描述我们最近发布的8的用例。我们记录了228个单神经元从人类中叶(MTL;杏仁核和海马),而患者执行视觉搜索任务(图3A,B)。在这项任务中,我们调查了神经元的活动是否区分了对目标和干扰物的固定。
首先,当我们在按下按钮时对齐反?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients at JoVE.com

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

人类癫痫患者同步眼动追踪和单神经记录

我们描述了一种在人类中同时进行眼动追踪的单神经元记录的方法。我们演示了此方法的效用,并说明了我们如何使用这种方法在编码视觉搜索目标的人类中叶中获取神经元。

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during ...

我们技术的一个原则优势是，它允许同时记录患者在床边植入深度电极的病例位置、瞳孔大小和单神经元。这使我们能够确定人脑中是否有神经元，其活动对眼部运动和当前固定刺激的特性敏感。虽然这项技术不是用来研究某种疾病的，但它非常适合研究导致眼部运动异常或其他眼部运动异常的神经系统疾病。演示程序将是南德钱德拉瓦迪亚和詹姆斯李，我的实验室的研究伙伴。还有艾瑞卡·泉，雪松西奈的神经诊断技术员。首先，将电极连接到记录系统，并直立放置患者。然后，将刺激计算机连接到电生理学系统和眼动仪。将远程非侵入性红外眼动追踪系统放在坚固的移动购物车上。然后，将一个将液晶显示屏的柔性臂连接到购物车。将充满电的不间断电源放在眼动追踪车上，将所有与眼动追踪相关的设备连接到电源，而不是外部电源。确保连接到患者的 IV 设备使用电池运行且未插入墙壁。启动眼动追踪软件。将患者与 LCD 屏幕之间的距离调整到 60 到 70 厘米之间。还要调整液晶屏的角度，使屏幕表面与患者面部大致平行。在患者的额头上贴上贴纸，以便眼动仪可以调整头部运动。现在，调整屏幕相对于患者头部的高度，使眼动仪的摄像头大约在患者鼻子的高度。为患者提供按钮盒或键盘。在开始实验之前，验证触发器和按钮按下是否正确记录。启动采集软件。首先目视检查宽带本地场电位，并确保它们不会受到线路噪声的污染。否则，请遵循标准程序来消除噪音。要识别单神经元，带通信号从 300 赫兹到 8 千赫。选择八条微线之一作为每个微线束的参考。启用在录制前将数据保存为 nrd 文件。调整眼动仪和患者之间的距离和角度，使目标标记、头部距离、瞳孔和角膜反射标记为就绪。这在眼动追踪软件中显示为绿色。单击要记录的眼睛，将采样率设置为 500 赫兹。使用瞳孔和角膜反射阈值的自动调整。在每个块的开头使用内置网格方法校准眼动仪。确认眼睛位置很好地注册为网格。否则，请重做校准。接受校准并进行验证。如果最大验证误差小于两度，并且平均验证误差小于一度，则接受验证。否则，请重做验证。然后，执行漂移校正，然后进行实际实验。在此可视化搜索任务中，使用此组执行的先前研究的刺激，并遵循前面所述的任务过程。向学员提供任务说明。指示学员在搜索数组中查找目标项，并尽快做出响应。如果学员找到目标，请指示他们按响应框的左侧按钮，如果认为目标不存在，请按右键。明确指示参与者，将有目标存在和目标缺席的审判。启动刺激演示软件并运行任务。提供一秒钟的目标提示，并使用刺激演示软件呈现搜索数组。录制按钮，通过试用反馈向参与者提供试用。为了说明这种方法的用法，当患者执行视觉搜索任务时，从人类中叶记录了228个单神经元，如下所示。在这项任务中，它调查了神经元的活动是否区分了目标固定和干扰。当反应在按钮按下时对齐时，神经元被发现显示目标存在试验和目标缺失试验之间的差异活性。黑线表示搜索队列的开始和偏移。这种神经元提高了目标存在试验的发射率，但非目标缺席试验的发射率。相反，这种神经元降低了目标存在试验的发射率，但非目标缺席试验的发射率。中叶神经元的子集显示目标固定与干扰之间的显著活动。此外，一种类型的目标神经元对目标相对于干扰源有更大的反应，而另一种对干扰物相对于目标有更大的反应。这一结果表明，中叶神经元的子集编码是否将目前的固定落在目标上。确保眼动仪不会将噪音引入录音至关重要。在执行实验之前，必须消除任何噪音。如果噪音仍然存在，请确保用于向主体显示刺激的屏幕具有外部电源。交换电源，用于更高质量的电源，通常用于高端音频应用。按照这个程序，对尖峰和眼睛运动进行分析，从数据中提取信息，使研究人员能够研究神经对眼动的反应。此方法为探索许多需要分析固定性的问题铺平了道路，例如神经元如何共同驱动场景中有趣的对象的固定。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

一种方法来量化视觉信息加工儿童使用眼动追踪

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

科研

行为学

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

眼跟踪控制，以评估患者的认知功能与肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

视觉语言理解中的眼动追踪: 发现视觉语境效果的灵活性和局限性

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

眼动追踪在阅读中区分基于理解的和基于眼球的退行性眼球运动

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

行动中的目光: 在自然主义行为中对儿童动态视觉注意力的头戴式眼动

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials and Electrocorticograms in Response to Nociceptive Laser Stimuli from Freely Moving Rats

在自由运动大鼠的反应中, 皮质局部电位和电皮质图谱的同时记录

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and ...

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

通过视觉跟踪和视觉灵敏度评估, 探讨准确、平均的视频前视觉注意的部署

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we ...

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

用眼动跟踪范式界定语言在婴儿对象分类中的作用

Assessing infant category learning is a challenging but vital aspect of studying infant cognition. By employing a familiarization-test paradigm, we ...

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

利用眼动追踪和偏好外观范式探索婴儿对视觉语言的敏感度

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world ...

Loneliness Assuaged: Eye-Tracking an Audience Watching Barrage Videos

孤独缓解：眼动跟踪观众观看酒吧视频

Researchers usually theorize media exposure based on assumptions of legacy media. However, a new interactive video viewing format, in this case barrage ...