Name: experimental methods for efficient solar hydrogen production in microgravity environment
Uploaded: 2019-12-03T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Methods for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment at JoVE.com

K.B. 承认德国国家科学院利奥波迪纳研究金项目的资助，向LPDS 2016-06和欧洲航天局提供赠款。此外，她还要感谢利奥波德·萨默博士、高级概念小组、艾伦·道森、杰克·范龙博士、加博尔·米拉辛博士和罗伯特·林德纳博士（ESTEC）、罗伯特-扬·努尔达姆博士（注记）和哈里·格雷教授（加州理工学院）的大力支持。M.H.R.感谢内森·刘易斯教授（加州理工学院）的慷慨支持。K.B.和M.H.R.感谢加州理工学院贝克曼研究所和分子材料研究中心的支持。PhotoEChem团队非常认可德国航空航天中心（德国航空中心）为 50WM1848 项目提供的资金。此外，M.G. 还认可来自广东创新与创业团队项目的资助，该计划名为"光电器件光管理的质子纳米材料与量子点"（No. 2016ZT06C517）。此外，作者团队对ZARM团队的努力和支持给予充分肯定，包括迪特尔·比肖夫、托斯滕·卢茨、马蒂亚斯·迈耶、弗雷德·奥特肯、扬·西默斯、马丁·卡斯蒂略博士、马格达莱娜·索德博士和托尔本·科内曼博士。它还感谢与福田大学（前田大学）、松岛浩司教授（北海道大学）和斯洛博丹·米特罗维奇博士（林研究）进行的启发性讨论。

1. p-InP 光电极的制备
<ol><li>使用单晶 p-InP （方向 （111 A），锌掺水浓度 5 × 1017厘米-3） 作为光吸收器。对于背部接触准备，在晶圆背面蒸发 4 nm Au、80 nm Zn 和 150 nm Au，并将其加热到 400°C 60 s。</li>
	<li>应用 Ag 粘贴将欧米触点连接到薄板 Cu 导线上。将导线螺纹到玻璃管上，将样品封装起来，并使用黑色、耐化学性环氧树脂将其密封到玻璃管中。</li>
	<li>为了去除原生氧化物，蚀?...

<ol>
	<li>May, M. M., Lewerenz, H. -. J., Lackner, D., Dimroth, F., Hannappel, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+Direct+Solar-to-Hydrogen+Conversion+by+In-Situ+Interface+Transformation+of+a+Tandem+Structure.">Efficient Direct Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion by In-Situ Interface Transformation of a Tandem Structure.</a> Nature Communications. 6, 8286 (2015).</li><li>Young, J. L., Steiner, M. A., D&#246;scher, H., France, R. M., Turner, J. A., Deutsch, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+Solar-to-Hydrogen+Conversion+via+Inverted+Metamorphic+Multi-Junction+Semiconductor+Architectures.">Direct Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion via Inverted Metamorphic Multi-Junction Semiconductor Architectures.</a> Nature Energy. 2, 17028-17036 (2017).</li><li>Cheng, W. H., Richter, M. H., May, M. M., Ohlmann, J., Lackner, D., Dimroth, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monolithic+Photoelectrochemical+Device+for+19%+Direct+Water+Splitting.">Monolithic Photoelectrochemical Device for 19% Direct Water Splitting.</a> ACS Energy Letters. 3, 1795-1800 (2018).</li><li>Lewerenz, H. -. J., Heine, C., Skorupska, K., Szabo, N., Hannappel, T., Vo-Dinh, T., Campbell, S. H., Klemm, H. W., Munoz, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoelectrocatalysis:+Principles,+Nanoemitter+Applications+and+Routes+to+Bio-inspired+Systems.">Photoelectrocatalysis: Principles, Nanoemitter Applications and Routes to Bio-inspired Systems.</a> Energy &amp; Environmental Science. 3, 748-761 (2010).</li><li>Raatschen, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+and+Benefits+of+Closed+Loop+ECLS+Systems+in+the+ISS.">Potential and Benefits of Closed Loop ECLS Systems in the ISS.</a> Acta Astronautica. 48 (5-12), 411-419 (2001).</li><li>Brinkert, K., Richter, M., Akay, &. #. 2. 1. 4. ;., Liedtke, J., Gierisig, M., Fountaine, K. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+Solar+Hydrogen+Production+in+Microgravity+Environment.">Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment.</a> Nature Communications. 9, 2527 (2018).</li><li>Heller, A., Vadimsky, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+solar+to+chemical+conversion:+12+%+efficient+photoassisted+electrolysis+in+the+p-type+InP(Ru)]/HCl-KCl/Pt(Rh)+cell.">Efficient solar to chemical conversion: 12 % efficient photoassisted electrolysis in the p-type InP(Ru)]/HCl-KCl/Pt(Rh) cell.</a> Physical Review Letters. 46, 1153-1155 (1981).</li><li>Mu&#241;oz, A. G., Heine, C., Lublow, M., Klemm, H. W., Szab&#243;, N., Hannappel, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoelectrochemical+conditioning+of+MOVPE+p-InP+films+for+light-induced+hydrogen+evolution:+chemical,+electronic+and+optical+properties.">Photoelectrochemical conditioning of MOVPE p-InP films for light-induced hydrogen evolution: chemical, electronic and optical properties.</a> ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology. 2, Q51-Q58 (2013).</li><li>Sakurai, M., Sone, Y., Nishida, T., Matsushima, H., Fukunaka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fundamental+Study+of+Water+Electrolysis+for+Life+Support+System+in+Space.">Fundamental Study of Water Electrolysis for Life Support System in Space.</a> Electrochimica Acta. 100, 350-357 (2013).</li><li>Sakuma, G., Fukunaka, Y., Matsushima, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nucleation+and+Growth+of+Electrolytic+Gas+Bubbles+under+Microgravity.">Nucleation and Growth of Electrolytic Gas Bubbles under Microgravity.</a> International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 39 (2014), 7638-7645 (2014).</li><li>Patoka, P., Giersig, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-Assembly+of+Latex+Particles+for+the+Creation+of+Nanostructures+with+Tunable+Plasmonic+Properties.">Self-Assembly of Latex Particles for the Creation of Nanostructures with Tunable Plasmonic Properties.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry. 21, 16783-16796 (2011).</li><li>Jensen, T. R., Malinsky, M. D., Haynes, C. L., Van Duyne, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanosphere+Lithography:+Tunable+Localized+Surface+Plasmon+Resonance+Spectra+of+Silver.">Nanosphere Lithography: Tunable Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectra of Silver.</a> Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 104, 10549-10556 (2000).</li><li>Selig, H., Dittus, H., L&#228;mmerzahl, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drop+Tower+Microgravity+Improvement+Towards+the+Nano-g+Level+for+the+Microscope+Payload+Tests.">Drop Tower Microgravity Improvement Towards the Nano-g Level for the Microscope Payload Tests.</a> Microgravity Science and Technology. 22, 539-549 (2010).</li><li>Lewerenz, H. J., Schulte, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+Photoelectrochemical+Conditioning+and+Surface+Analysis+of+InP+Photocathodes:+II.+Photoelectron+Spectroscopy.">Combined Photoelectrochemical Conditioning and Surface Analysis of InP Photocathodes: II. Photoelectron Spectroscopy.</a> Electrochimica Acta. 47 (16), 2639-2651 (2002).</li><li>Schulte, K. H., Lewerenz, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+Photoelectrochemical+Conditioning+and+Surface+Analysis+of+InP+Photocathodes.+I.+The+Modification+Procedure.">Combined Photoelectrochemical Conditioning and Surface Analysis of InP Photocathodes. I. The Modification Procedure.</a> Electrochimica Acta. 47 (16), 2633-2638 (2002).</li><li>Subramanian, R. S., Balasubramaniam, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Motion of Bubbles and Drops in Reduced Gravity. , (2001).</li><li>Matsushima, H., Kiuchi, D., Fukunaka, H., Kuribayashi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+Bubble+Growth+During+Water+Electrolysis+under+Microgravity.">Single Bubble Growth During Water Electrolysis under Microgravity.</a> Electrochemistry Communications. 11, 1721-1723 (2009).</li><li>Kiuchi, D., Matsushima, H., Fukunaka, Y., Kuribayashi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ohmic+Resistance+Measurement+of+Bubble+Froth+Layer+in+Water+Electrolysis+under+Microgravity.">Ohmic Resistance Measurement of Bubble Froth Layer in Water Electrolysis under Microgravity.</a> Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 153 (8), 138-143 (2006).</li><li>Matsushima, H., Nishida, T., Konishi, Y., Fukunaka, Y., Ito, Y., Kuribayashi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+Electrolysis+under+Microgravity+Part+1.+Experimental+Technique.">Water Electrolysis under Microgravity Part 1. Experimental Technique.</a> Electrochimica Acta. 48, 4119-4125 (2003).</li><li>Lao, L., Ramshaw, C., Yeung, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Process+Intensification:+Water+Electrolysis+in+a+Centrifugal+Acceleration+Field.">Process Intensification: Water Electrolysis in a Centrifugal Acceleration Field.</a> Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. 41, 645-656 (2011).</li><li>Kaneko, H., Tanaka, K., Iwasaki, A., Abe, Y., Negishi, A., Water, K. a. m. i. m. o. t. o. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+Electrolysis+under+Microgravity+Condition+by+Parabolic+flight.">Water Electrolysis under Microgravity Condition by Parabolic flight.</a> Electrochimica Acta. 38, 729-733 (1993).</li><li>Iwasaki, A., Kaneko, H., Abe, Y., Kamimoto, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+Electrochemical+Hydrogen+Evolution+under+Microgravity+Conditions.">Investigation of Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution under Microgravity Conditions.</a> Electrochimica Acta. 43, 509-514 (1998).</li><li>Lee, H. M., Takei, K., Zhang, J., Kapadia, R., Zheng, M., Chen, Y. -. Z., Nah, J., Matthews, T. S., Chueh, Y. -. L., Ager, J. -. 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对于光电极的制备，在使用氮气约 10 - 15 分钟之前，尽量减少蚀刻和调理过程之间的氧气暴露，并清除 0.5 M HCl 非常重要。样品经过调节后，可在15 mL锥形管中的氮气下储存几个小时，以便样品输送和/或聚苯乙烯颗粒掩膜的制备时间。为了实现电极基板上PS球体的均匀排列，在水面上形成可观察到的连续反光膜的PS球体必须连续屏蔽。一旦面膜形成，连续的紫光电极步骤应在2 - 3小时内进行。电极?...

我们在地球上的大气层是通过氧光合作用形成的，这是一个有23亿年历史的过程，将太阳能转化为富含能量的碳氢化合物，释放氧气作为副产品，并使用水和CO2作为基质。目前，在半导体-电催化剂系统中，遵循催化和电荷转移的能能Z方案概念的人工光合系统，迄今的太阳对氢转换效率为19 %1、2、3。在这些系统中，半导体材料被用作光吸收剂，并涂有薄而透明的电催化剂层4。全球寻求使用氢和长链碳氢化合物的可再生能源系统，为替代燃料供应提供了极好的候选者，从而推动了该领域的密集研究。在长期空间飞行任务中也面临类似的障碍，因为不可能从地球上再补给资源。需要可靠的生命保障硬件，采用高效的空气振兴装置，每年为每位机组人员提供约310公斤的氧气，但不包括舱外活动5。一种高效的太阳能分水装置，能够产生氧气和氢气，或减少太阳能辅助的二氧化碳，在单片系统中，将为ISS目前采用的技术提供一条替代的、较轻的途径：空气振兴装置由一个带碱性电解器的分离系统、固体二氧化碳浓缩器和一个用于减少CO2的萨巴蒂埃反应堆组成。
前所未有的是，我们在微重力环境下实现了高效的太阳能-氢生产，在不来梅下降塔（德国ZARM）6的自由落体过程中，自由落体9.3s提供。利用p型磷化作为半导体光吸收剂7，8涂有纳米结构的电催化剂，我们克服了基板和产品质量转移的限制，从光电极表面和在光电极表面，这是一个障碍，在降低重力环境，由于缺乏浮力9，10。阴影纳米层光刻11、12直接在光电极表面的应用，使氧化铝催化"热点"的形成，防止了氢气气泡的凝聚和电极表面附近形成泡沫层。
本文提供p-InP光电极制备的实验细节，包括表面蚀刻和调理，然后应用阴影纳米圈光刻在电极表面和光电极位置纳米粒子通过聚苯乙烯球体。此外，还描述了不来梅投落塔滴舱的实验设置，并提供了自由落体9.3级实验序列的细节。每次跌落前后的样品安装和处理，以及滴落舱及其设备的准备，以操作照明源、电位器、快门控制和摄像机。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>12.7 mm XZ Dovetail Translation Stage with Baseplate, M4 Taps (4 x)</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>DT12XZ/M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beam splitters (2 x)</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>CM1-BS013</td>
			<td>50:50 400-700nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beamsplitters (2 x)</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>CM1-BS014</td>
			<td>50:50 700-1100nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ohmic back contact: 4 nm Au, 80 nm Zn, 150 nm Au</td>
			<td>Out e.V., Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td>https://www.out-ev.de/english/index.html</td>
			<td>Company provides custom made ohmic back contacts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass tube, ca. 10 cm, inner diameter about 4 mm</td>
			<td>E.g., Ga&#223;ner Glasstechnik</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-InP wafers, orientation 111A, Zn doping concentration: 5 x 10^17 cm^-3</td>
			<td>AXT Inc. Geo Semiconductor Ltd. Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photoelectrochemical cell for terrestrial experiments</td>
			<td>E.g., glass/ materials workshop</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrox 4Sight GPm (board computer)</td>
			<td>Matrox imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ivy Bridge, 7 x Cable Ace power I/O HRS 6p, open 10m, Power Adapter for Matrox 4sight GPm, Samsung 850 Pro 2,5&#34; 1 TB, Solid State Drive in exchange for the 250Gb hard drive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-propanol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I9516-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm Kowa LM35HC 1&#34; Sensor F1.4 C-mount (2 x)</td>
			<td>Basler AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>650501-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) reference electrode</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>DRIREF-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminium breadboard, 450 mm x 450 mm x 12.7mm, M6 Taps (2 x)</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>MB4545/M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beaker, 100 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10754-948</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black epoxy</td>
			<td>Electrolube</td>
			<td>ER2162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>1.01945 EMD Millipore</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colour camera (2 x)</td>
			<td>Basler AG</td>
			<td>acA2040-25gc</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conductive silver epoxy</td>
			<td>MG Chemicals</td>
			<td>8331-14G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper wire</td>
			<td>E.g., Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>349224-150CM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>459844-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon tubes, 15 mL</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>62406-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glove bags</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z530212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid (1 M)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H9892</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic stirrer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97042-626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>34860-100ML-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slides</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82003-414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MilliQ water</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIR camera (2 x)</td>
			<td>Basler AG</td>
			<td>acA1300-60gm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen, grade 5N</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>NI UHP300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#216; 1&#34; Stackable Lens Tubes (6 x)</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>SM1L03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O2 Plasma Facility</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OEM Flange to SM Thread Adapters (4 x)</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>SM1F2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>52858-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>14672-380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perchloric acid (1 M)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>311421-50ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>75845-546</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photoelectrochemical cell for microgravity experiments</td>
			<td>E.g., glass/ materials workshop</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene particles, 784 nm, 5 % (w/v)</td>
			<td>Microparticles GmbH</td>
			<td>0.1-0.99 &#181;m size (50 mg/ml): 10 ml, 15 ml, 50 ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potentiostats (2 x)</td>
			<td>Biologic</td>
			<td>SP-200/300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pt counter electrode</td>
			<td>ALS-Japan</td>
			<td>12961</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodium (III) chlorid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>520772-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shutter control system (2 x)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon reference photodiode</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>FDS1010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chlorid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>567440-500GM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stands and rods to fix the cameras</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulphuric acid (0.5 M)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>339741-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Telecentric High Resolution Type WD110 series Type MML1-HR110</td>
			<td>Basler AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluene</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>244511-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Various spare beakers and containers for leftover perchloric acid etc for the drop tower</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>W-I lamp with light guides (2 x)</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics</td>
			<td>Dolan-Jenner MI-150 Fiber Optic Illuminator</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CM-12 electron microscope with a twin objective lens, CCD camera (Gatan) system and an energy dispersive spectroscopy of X- rays (EDS) system)</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimension Icon AFM, rotated symmetric ScanAsyst-Air tips (silicon nitride), nominal tip radius of 2 nm</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental methods for efficient solar hydrogen production in microgravity environment

长期空间飞行和Cis-lunar研究平台需要一个可持续和轻型的生命支持硬件，可以在地球大气层之外可靠地使用。所谓的"太阳能燃料"装置，目前为地面应用而开发，旨在实现地球上的可持续能源经济，为国际空间上现有的空气振兴装置提供了有前途的替代系统站（ISS）通过光电化学分水和氢气生产。在重力降低的环境中，水（光-）电解的一个障碍是缺乏浮力，因此，气体气泡从电极表面释放受阻。这导致在电极表面附近形成气泡泡沫层，导致由于基材和产品与电极的转移量减少，导致欧姆电阻增加，细胞效率损失增加。最近，我们展示了在微重力环境下高效生产太阳能氢气，采用一种集成半导体-电催化剂系统，其类型为磷化钠作为光吸收器和电催化剂。通过纳米利用阴影纳米层光刻对电催化剂进行纳米结构，从而在光电极表面产生催化"热点"，可以克服气泡凝聚和质量转移的局限性，并展示出高效的氢气在减少引力的高电流密度下生产。在这里，实验细节描述了这些纳米结构装置的制剂，并进一步介绍了在9.3秒自由落体期间在不来梅下降塔实现的微重力环境中测试的程序。

通过HCl中的循环极化对样品进行连续光电化学调理，在Br2/甲醇中蚀刻p-InP表面30s，在文献中得到了很好的证实和讨论（例如，由舒尔特和莱韦伦茨（2001）14、15）。蚀刻过程去除表面残留的原生氧化物（图2），HCl中的电化学循环进一步使细胞性能的填充系数显著增加，同时p-InP的平坦带移位从+0.56 V...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Methods for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment at JoVE.com

Experimental Methods for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment

最近在不来梅下降塔微重力环境中的光电半电池中实现了高效的太阳能-氢生产。这里，我们报告制造半导体电催化剂装置的实验程序，在落体胶囊的实验设置的细节和自由落体期间的实验序列。

微重力环境下高效太阳能氢气生产的实验方法

Long-term space flights and cis-lunar research platforms require a sustainable and light life-support hardware which can be reliably employed outside the ...

该协议包括一个分步程序，研究如何构建纳米结构光选器，在微重力环境中高效生产光辅助氢气。它还包括一个电极测试程序，如何测试这些光电选择在不来梅下降塔，其中10至负6克可以产生在9.2秒的自由落体。我们和其他研究小组观察到，由于没有浮力，电化学产生的气泡在微重力条件下粘到电极表面。催化剂产生催化热点，改善气泡的分离和整体效率。这些程序将由我们柏林 FU实验室的研究生奥默·阿凯演示。首先，应用银膏将 OMEC 触点连接到薄镀铜线。将电线螺纹连接到玻璃管上，并使用黑色耐化学性环氧树脂封装 P 型磷化物样品，并密封在玻璃管上。在烟罩下，将 P 型磷化物的 0.5 平方厘米抛光钛面放在 10 毫升溴/甲醇溶液中，30 秒，以蚀刻去除原生氧化物。然后用乙醇和超纯水冲洗表面10秒钟，并在氮通量下干燥样品。使用具有石英窗的硅酸盐玻璃电池作为光电子化学电池，并在标准三电极电位设置中将 P 型磷化电极放在电池中。在调节过程中，使用白光钨卤素灯照亮样品。使用校准的硅参考光电二极管调整光强。用氮气清除盐酸后，在连续照明下，以50毫伏/秒的扫描速率对样品进行光电子化学条件测量。用电力动力循环扫描速率为50毫伏。在该过程中，应用阴影南圈光刻在P型磷化电极上形成钠纳米结构。获得300微升784纳米聚苯乙烯珠和300微升乙醇的成手混合物，其中含有一个重量量百分之苯乙烯和0.1%的硫酸。使用带弯曲尖端的巴氏移液器将溶液涂抹在水面上。轻轻转动培养皿以增加单晶结构的面积。小心地分配溶液，用六边形封闭包装单层覆盖 50% 的空气水接口。用准膜保护光电子化条件P型磷化物电极的铜线。小心地将它们胶带固定到显微镜幻灯片上，然后将电极放在浮动紧密包装聚苯乙烯球体面罩下。防止样品旋转。之后，使用移液器轻轻去除残留水，等待其干燥。这会导致蒙版随后沉积到电极表面。然后将电极从培养皿中拿出，用氮气轻轻干燥表面。将电极存放在氮气中干燥器中。要光电化学沉积钠纳米颗粒，请将电极放在含有氯化钠、氯化钠和异丙醇的电解质溶液中。使用电位，使用钨碘灯同时照明，施加 0.01 伏特的恒定电位 5 秒钟。然后用超纯水冲洗光选，在温和的氮气流下干燥。要从电极表面去除聚苯乙烯球体，请将电极放在烧杯中，用 10 毫升甲苯搅拌 20 分钟。随后，用丙酮和乙醇冲洗电极20秒。对于气体气泡调查，在每个光电子化学电池上安装两个摄像头，通过光学反射镜和分束器记录气泡演变。将光电子化学装置和摄像机安装到光学板上，并将其连接到胶囊的中间板之一。使用剩余的板安装其他设备，如电位和快门控制、光源和电路板计算机。在自由落体期间，将电池电源连接到胶囊底部板，为设置供电。编写一个自动下降序列，用于在微重力环境中进行控制和进行的实验步骤。保持自由落体的实验，以及下降后45分钟的胶囊恢复。为了研究样品上的光辅助氢气生产，进行循环电压测量和计时测量。在循环电压测量实验中，以 218 毫伏/秒到 235 毫伏/秒的速度为两个电位设置扫描速率，以实现光电流电压测量中的最佳分辨率。与氯化银参考电极相比，使用 0.25 伏到负 0.3 伏的电压范围。在 0.2 伏电压下使用初始电位，在 0.2 伏特时使用初始电位，在 0.2 伏特时使用精加工电位，而在 0.2 伏特时使用初始电位。在计时测量中，使用生成的微重力环境的时间刻度 9.3 秒记录样品产生的光电流。将负 0.3 伏的电位范围应用于负 0.6 伏，与氯化银银参考电极进行比较。光电流。运行三个扫描周期。要比较记录的光电流电压测量值，请进行每个实验的第二个扫描周期进行分析。从减速容器中取回胶囊后，拆下胶囊保护罩。从气动中去除样品，用超纯水冲洗，并在温和的氮通量下干燥。将它们储存在氮气中，直到进行光学和光谱调查。攻丝模式原子力显微镜的P型磷化物表面在修改前，在溴/甲醇溶液中蚀刻后，并在盐酸电化学循环后显示蚀刻过程去除表面剩余的原生氧化物。盐酸中的电化学循环导致细胞性能的填充系数显著增加，同时P型磷化物的平带移位从0.56伏特到0.69伏。通过AFM地形显示沉积聚苯乙烯颗粒单层在P型磷化物基质和沉积后的表面和表面，并去除聚苯乙烯颗粒。阴影南圈光刻的应用，在金属透明菱形膜上产生纳米大小的二维周期钠结构，具有均匀的孔阵列。高分辨率 AFM 图像演示了六边形单位细胞结构，并具有可识别的钠粒。电极表面三个点的高度剖面表明，在P型磷化物表面均匀分布，高度约10纳米形成催化层。在地面和微重力环境中，纳米结构P型磷化物光电电子的光电流电压特性和计时测量没有显著差异。最重要的是，在实际关闭跌落胶囊之前，拆下未拧紧的松动螺钉和电缆。剩余的螺钉会破坏自由落体过程中的实验装置和仪器。钠，可以导致不同的电催化纳米结构，导致不同的效率条件。在微重力环境中，这种情况很可能相同。在微重力环境下进行高效光电子化学氢生产，为空间中氧气和太阳能燃料的生产开辟了新的途径，并有助于实现长期的太空旅行。

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SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Thin-layer Chromatographic (TLC) Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

Thin-layer Chromatographic TLC Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

薄层色谱（TLC）分离和植物提取物的生物测定识别抗菌化合物

A common screen for plant antimicrobial compounds consists of separating plant extracts by paper or thin-layer chromatography (PC or TLC), exposing the ...

科研

化学

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

金属硅酸盐分区在高压和高温：实验方法和协议，以抑制高亲铁元素元素夹杂物

Estimates of the primitive upper mantle (PUM) composition reveal a depletion in many of the siderophile (iron-loving) elements, thought to result from ...

Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

超临界氮处理的活性多孔材料的净化

Supercritical fluid extraction and drying methods are well established in numerous applications for the synthesis and processing of porous materials. ...

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

用于高效高温化学的非平衡微波等离子体

A flowing microwave plasma based methodology for converting electric energy into internal and/or translational modes of stable molecules with the purpose ...

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

上成膜钙钛矿型混合制造方法，电子结构和太阳能电池性能的影响

Hybrid organic/inorganic halide perovskites have lately been a topic of great interest in the field of solar cell applications, with the potential to ...

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

用高压液相色谱法提取和分析儿茶酚胺神经递质及其代谢物的简便方法

The extraction and analysis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in biological fluids is of great importance in assessing nervous system function and ...

Key Factors Affecting the Performance of Sb2S3-sensitized Solar Cells During an Sb2S3 Deposition via SbCl3-thiourea Complex Solution-processing

Key Factors Affecting the Performance of Sb2S3-sensitized Solar Cells During an Sb2S3 Deposition via SbCl3-thiourea Complex Solution-processing

利用SbCl3-硫脲复合溶液处理锑23沉积物对锑2S3敏化太阳能电池性能影响的关键因素

Sb2S3 is considered as one of the emerging light absorbers that can be applied to next-generation solar cells because of its unique optical and electrical ...

Solution-Processed "Silver-Bismuth-Iodine" Ternary Thin Films for Lead-Free Photovoltaic Absorbers

无铅光伏吸收剂的溶液处理 "银铋碘" 三元薄膜

Bismuth-based hybrid perovskites are regarded as promising photo-active semiconductors for environment-friendly and air-stable solar cell applications. ...

Bio-inspired Polydopamine Surface Modification of Nanodiamonds and Its Reduction of Silver Nanoparticles

纳米金刚石的生物激发多巴胺表面改性及其对银纳米粒子的还原

Surface functionalization of nanodiamonds (NDs) is still challenging due to the diversity of functional groups on the ND surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a ...

U2O5 Film Preparation via UO2 Deposition by Direct Current Sputtering and Successive Oxidation and Reduction with Atomic Oxygen and Atomic Hydrogen

U2O5 Film Preparation via UO2 Deposition by Direct Current Sputtering and Successive Oxidation and Reduction with Atomic Oxygen and Atomic Hydrogen

利用uo2沉积制备 u2o5 薄膜, 利用原子氧和原子氢连续氧化还原

We describe a method to produce U2O5 films in situ using the Labstation, a modular machine developed at JRC Karlsruhe. The Labstation, an essential part ...