Name: construction and use of an electrical stimulation chamber for enhancing osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in vitro
Uploaded: 2019-01-31T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction and Use of an Electrical Stimulation Chamber for Enhancing Osteogenic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells In Vitro at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了总部设在德国法兰克福/美因河畔的 ao 基金会启动赠款 (s-14-03h) 和弗里德里希希希林基金会 (stiftung friedrichsheim) 的部分支持。

1. 电刺激细胞培养室的构建
<ol><li>建立 estim 腔, 收集两个盖的标准6井细胞培养板;99.99 的铂金线, 长度60厘米, 直径 0.5-1 毫米;镀银铜丝, 长度70厘米, 直径0.6 毫米;切割钳;焊铁套件;一管超导胶;一个线端子端子连接器, 六个 2.2 v 小 led (可选);一管无腐蚀性硅胶涂层 (可选);一卷黑色电气绝缘胶带;标准、柔性、绝缘铜线 (0.14mm 2), 长度2米 (材料表)。</li>
	<li>在6井板盖中, 标记并钻两?...

<ol>
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B., Barker, J. H., Leppik, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pretreating+mesenchymal+stem+cells+with+electrical+stimulation+causes+sustained+long-lasting+pro-osteogenic+effects.">Pretreating mesenchymal stem cells with electrical stimulation causes sustained long-lasting pro-osteogenic effects.</a> PeerJ. 6, 4959 (2018).</li><li>Livak, K. J., Schmittgen, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+relative+gene+expression+data+using+real-time+quantitative+PCR+and+the+2(-Delta+Delta+C(T))+Method.">Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.</a> Methods. 25 (4), 402-408 (2001).</li><li>Curtis, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EF1alpha+and+RPL13a+represent+normalization+genes+suitable+for+RT-qPCR+analysis+of+bone+marrow+derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">EF1alpha and RPL13a represent normalization genes suitable for RT-qPCR analysis of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells.</a> BMC Molecular Biology. 11, 61 (2010).</li><li>Wang, L., Li, Z. -. y., Wang, Y. -. p., Wu, Z. -. h., Yu, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+Expression+Profiles+of+Marker+Genes+in+Osteogenic+Differentiation+of+Human+Bone+Marrow-derived+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cells.">Dynamic Expression Profiles of Marker Genes in Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.</a> Chinese Medical Sciences Journal (Chung-kuo i hsueh k'o hsueh tsa chih). 30 (2), 108-113 (2015).</li><li>Kim, H. B., Ahn, S., Jang, H. J., Sim, S. B., Kim, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+corrosion+behaviors+and+surface+profiles+of+platinum-coated+electrodes+by+electrochemistry+and+complementary+microscopy:+biomedical+implications+for+anticancer+therapy.">Evaluation of corrosion behaviors and surface profiles of platinum-coated electrodes by electrochemistry and complementary microscopy: biomedical implications for anticancer therapy.</a> Micron. 38 (7), 747-753 (2007).</li><li>Cho, Y., Son, M., Jeong, H., Shin, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electric+field-induced+migration+and+intercellular+stress+alignment+in+a+collective+epithelial+monolayer.">Electric field-induced migration and intercellular stress alignment in a collective epithelial monolayer.</a> Molecular Biology of the Cell. , mbcE18010077 (2018).</li><li>Tai, G., Tai, M., Zhao, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrically+stimulated+cell+migration+and+its+contribution+to+wound+healing.">Electrically stimulated cell migration and its contribution to wound healing.</a> Burns &amp; Trauma. 6, 20 (2018).</li><li>Love, M. R., Palee, S., Chattipakorn, S. C., Chattipakorn, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+electrical+stimulation+on+cell+proliferation+and+apoptosis.">Effects of electrical stimulation on cell proliferation and apoptosis.</a> Journal of Cellular Physiology. 233 (3), 1860-1876 (2018).</li><li>Adams, D. S., Levin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+principles+for+measuring+resting+membrane+potential+and+ion+concentration+using+fluorescent+bioelectricity+reporters.">General principles for measuring resting membrane potential and ion concentration using fluorescent bioelectricity reporters.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2012 (4), 385-397 (2012).</li><li>Jin, G., Li, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+electrically+conductive+scaffold+as+the+skeleton+of+stem+cell+niche+in+regenerative+medicine.">The electrically conductive scaffold as the skeleton of stem cell niche in regenerative medicine.</a> Materials Science &amp; Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications. 45, 671-681 (2014).</li><li>Hronik-Tupaj, M., Rice, W. L., Cronin-Golomb, M., Kaplan, D. L., Georgakoudi, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoblastic+differentiation+and+stress+response+of+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells+exposed+to+alternating+current+electric+fields.">Osteoblastic differentiation and stress response of human mesenchymal stem cells exposed to alternating current electric fields.</a> Biomedical Engineering Online. 10, 9 (2011).</li></ol>

在这里, 我们描述了一个房间的结构和方法, 治疗间充质干细胞与 estim, 导致增强成骨分化。
所介绍的 estim 设置不需要特殊的设备知识, 可以由初级研究人员在标准的干细胞生物学-生物化学实验室中进行。然而, 在建造和使用 estim 室时, 必须在几个关键步骤中采取特别谨慎措施。在处理铂金电极时, 必须格外小心, 因为这种金属具有很强的延展性和细腻性。虽然可以使用其他金?...

创伤和疾病引起的骨缺损的增加正在使用不同的细胞治疗和再生医学技术的组合进行治疗。骨髓间充质干细胞是此类治疗的首选细胞, 因为它们具有相对较高的成骨活性、隔离和扩张效率以及安全性1。为了最大限度地提高其成骨活性, 从而优化其治疗效果, 已采用了几种方法来操作骨髓间充质干细胞, 然后再将其用于这些治疗 (如 mauney 等人2所述)。其中一种方法是 estim, 它已被证明可以提高 msc 在体外的成骨分化, 并促进体内骨愈合4。尽管越来越多的研究侧重于使用 estim 治疗骨髓间充质干细胞, 但最大限度地提高 estim 的原生骨效应的最佳方案尚未确定。
使用 estim 的其他体外方法利用淹没在培养基中的盐桥, 将细胞与金属电极分离5。这样做的好处是, 通过盐桥输送 estim 可消除可能具有细胞毒性的化学副产品 (例如金属电极腐蚀) 的引入。尽管有这一优势, 盐桥的工作很繁琐, 而且它们提供的 estim 与在体内模型中提供的东西不同, 因此在使用这两个系统时很难将获得的结果关联起来。通过固定在细胞培养井内的金属或碳电极提供 estim 的设置 (由 Hronik-Tupaj 和 kaplan6审查), 更好地模拟在体内使用的设备;然而, 这些设备很难在使用之间进行消毒, 每次实验可以研究的细胞数量有限。我们设计了这里介绍的 estim 室, 专门针对这些其他设置的局限性。虽然我们使用这个 estim 室的经验大多是2d 和3d 培养包含骨骨髓和脂肪组织衍生的 mscs 3, 4,这个室的一个主要好处是它是多才多艺, 相对较小变化, 可以适应研究其他细胞类型下的各种不同条件。
在这里, 我们描述了一个 estim 细胞培养室的建设;然后, 我们通过不同的 estim 方案治疗骨髓间充质干细胞并测量其对成骨分化的影响来证明其应用。msc 成骨分化是通过钙沉积、碱性磷酸酶活性和成骨标记基因表达进行评估的。重要的是, 在过去使用这种设置的实验中, 我们观察到, 在 estim 治疗停止后很久, 这些有利于成骨的效果依然存在。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Estim fabrication</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Banana connector/Jack adaptor</td>
			<td>Poppstars</td>
			<td>1008554</td>
			<td>2 pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cutting pliers</td>
			<td>Knipex</td>
			<td>78 03 125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DC power supply (0-30V/0-3A)</td>
			<td>B&#38;K Precision</td>
			<td>Model 9130B</td>
			<td>Any simular model could be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulated flexible wires (0.14 mm2)</td>
			<td>Conrad Electronic International</td>
			<td>604794, 604093</td>
			<td>2 pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-corrosive silicone rubber</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>3140 RTV</td>
			<td>*could be purchased by many stores</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum Wire (999,5/1000; 1mm &#248;)</td>
			<td>Junker Edelmetalle</td>
			<td>00D-3010</td>
			<td>0.6 m needed for 1 Estim chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% Ethanol solution</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sterilisation of Estim chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver coated copper wire (0.6 mm &#248;)</td>
			<td>Conrad Electronic International</td>
			<td>409334 - 62</td>
			<td>&#8776;70 cm needed for 1 Estim device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soldering iron Set</td>
			<td>Conrad Electronic International</td>
			<td>1611410 - 62</td>
			<td>Any simular model could be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TPP 6-well plate lid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z707759-126EA</td>
			<td>2 lids for Estim chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.2V wired circular LEDs</td>
			<td>Conrad Electronic International</td>
			<td>599525 - 62</td>
			<td>6 pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UHU Super glue</td>
			<td>UHU GmbH &#38; Co. KG</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>*could be purchased by many stores</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MSC culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-Glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G9422</td>
			<td>osteogenic cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM, low glucose, GlutaMAX Supplement, pyruvate</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>21885025</td>
			<td>cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
			<td>cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4902</td>
			<td>osteogenic cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>10500064</td>
			<td>cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml Falcon tube</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>62,547,004</td>
			<td>cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Ascorbic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4544</td>
			<td>osteogenic cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow origin</td>
			<td>Cyagen</td>
			<td>RASMX-01001</td>
			<td>cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell detachment solution</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>A1110501</td>
			<td>cell culture, cell detachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TC Flask, T75</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>833911302</td>
			<td>cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TPP 6-well plates</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z707759-126EA</td>
			<td>cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Dye, 0.4% solution</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1450021</td>
			<td>cell count</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

construction and use of an electrical stimulation chamber for enhancing osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in vitro

间充质干细胞 (mscs) 在组织工程方法中被广泛用于促进骨愈合。电刺激 (estim) 已被证明可以提高 msc 在体外的成骨分化, 并促进临床环境中的骨愈合。本文介绍了 estim 细胞培养室的结构及其在治疗大鼠骨髓源性 msc 中的应用, 以提高成骨分化。我们发现, 用 estim 治疗骨髓间充质干细胞7天可显著增加成骨分化, 重要的是, 这种支持成骨的作用在 (7天) estim 停止后长期存在。这种用 estim 预处理骨髓间充质干细胞以增强成骨分化的方法可用于优化骨组织工程治疗结果, 从而帮助其充分发挥治疗潜力。除了这种应用外, 此 estim 细胞培养室和协议还可用于研究其他 estim-shie 敏感细胞行为, 如迁移、增殖、凋亡和支架附着。

为了评价 100 mV/mm 对骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的影响, 通过对形态变化和钙沉积的评估, 在培养的第14天对经过3、7、14天或未经处理 (对照) 的细胞进行了分析 (图 2)).这是通过使用明亮的场显微镜 (形态变化) 或固定4% 的聚甲醛溶液中的细胞, 用0.02% 的 alizarin 红色溶液对其进行成像的, 然后用明亮场显微镜 (钙沉积) 对其进行成像分析)。
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction and Use of an Electrical Stimulation Chamber for Enhancing Osteogenic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells In Vitro at JoVE.com

Construction and Use of an Electrical Stimulation Chamber for Enhancing Osteogenic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells In Vitro

在这里, 我们提出了一个协议, 用于构建一个细胞培养室, 旨在将细胞暴露在各种类型的电刺激中, 并将其用于治疗间充质干细胞, 以增强成骨分化。

电刺激室的构建与应用, 促进间充质茎间质细胞体外成骨分化

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been used extensively to promote bone healing in tissue engineering approaches. Electrical stimulation (EStim) ...

在这里，我们展示如何使用常见的六壁培养板建立一个电刺激室，以及如何使用它来刺激中质干细胞的骨质分化。该室易于建造，且不昂贵，可多次试验重复使用。经室内电刺激预处理后，中质干细胞可用于改善骨组织工程治疗的结果。该腔室还可用于研究其他细胞类型和电敏感细胞行为，如迁移、增殖、膜电位变化、凋亡和小心依恋。在六孔板盖中，标记并钻两个直径一毫米的孔，相距25毫米，靠近六口井的外缘。接下来，将铂丝切成12个五厘米长的部分。手动将每个五厘米的截面弯曲成 L 形，使一端长 3 厘米，另一端长 2 厘米。然后，将镀银的电线切成两个 35 厘米长。将铂丝较长的弯曲端插入钻孔，使一到两毫米的外盖突出。使用钳子弯曲它。之后，用超导电胶水将铂金丝固定在盖孔中，让它们干燥约六个小时。为了准备阴极，焊接所有六根铂金线从盖子突出的尖端到一根镀银的电线。要准备阳极，请将剩余的六根铂金导线焊接到其他镀银电线上。随后，在六个阳极阴极铂电极对之间的电路中添加 LED 以确认功能。在每个 LED 下放置一块黑色绝缘胶带，以防止将培养板中的电池暴露在 LED 指示灯下。接下来，将电线端子块连接器粘合到六井板盖的左上角，将两根镀银的导线连接到输入端子。然后，从第二个六井板盖的左上角切出一个 20 毫米的 20 毫米的方形部分，以容纳第一个盖上的端子块连接器。盖上第一个盖子，配备电极，用第二个盖子盖上，用胶带将它们盖在一起。将两根标准绝缘铜线的一端连接到导线连接器的输出端子，将另一端连接到香蕉公连接器。按下前面面板上的开关按钮，打开电源。按下按钮 1 激活通道 1。之后，按按钮四设置电压。将负载输出设置为 2.5 伏。然后按 Enter。在用E茎处理细胞的当天，在70%乙醇溶液中对电极进行消毒30分钟。然后，在安全柜中的紫外线下干燥它们，再干 30 分钟。在层流罩中，用装有电极的盖子盖住包含培养的 MSC 的六井板，确保电极完全浸入介质中。然后，将带电池的盖有六井板转移到培养箱中，将其导线连接到电源。接下来，将电源设置为 2.5 伏负载输出，用 E 茎处理细胞一小时。刺激后，断开电源，从培养箱中取出 E 茎室。在无菌条件下，用标准的六井板盖更换装有电极的盖子。随后，将细胞返回到培养箱，并过夜。首先用 PBS 清洁电极，然后用 70% 乙醇溶液清洁电极。然后，用细砂纸清洁电极表面积聚的腐蚀产物。连续六天重复E茎处理。在第四天，在应用电刺激之前，在无菌条件下，通过吸入1.5毫升的培养剂，代之以1.5毫升的预热、新鲜的骨源分化介质，来改变培养培养媒介。连续七天应用电刺激后，再维持培养中的细胞七天，每三到四天交换一次培养。治疗完成后，在显微镜下分析细胞形态变化。评估电刺激对MSC骨源分化的影响，测量钙沉积、碱性磷酸酶活性和骨源标记基因表达，如其他地方所述。为了评估每毫米电刺激100毫伏对MSC骨源分化的影响，通过评估形态变化和钙沉积，在培养的第14天，通过电刺激治疗的细胞，以及未处理的细胞。在用电刺激治疗的细胞中，细胞形态和钙沉积的显著变化可见7天和14天。在培养的第三天、第七天和第14天对骨源标记基因表达变化进行了详细的分析。在培养的第七天，RunX2在经过电刺激治疗的细胞中明显高于7天。而Cola1表达明显高于在治疗7天的细胞，测量在培养的第14天。在培养的第三天、第七天和第14天，骨蓬丁的表达在电刺激细胞中显著增加。Osterix 表达在控制细胞中一直不存在，在暴露于电刺激的细胞中，只在培养的 7 天和 14 天时才看到。电刺激室相对容易建造。但是，在处理铂金电线时以及清洁和消毒电极时，必须特别小心。单独或安装在脚手架材料上的预处理电的细胞可以植入动物模型，以研究电刺激的正效如何持续在体外。这项技术提供了一个简单而有力的工具，用于研究电刺激调节细胞功能的机制。这种知识可以在再生医学细胞中提供。

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Engineering Skeletal Muscle Tissues from Murine Myoblast Progenitor Cells and Application of Electrical Stimulation

工程骨骼肌组织中的小鼠成肌细胞的内皮祖细胞与应用电刺激

Engineered muscle tissues can be used for several different purposes, which include the production of tissues for use as a disease model in vitro, e.g. to ...

科研

生物工程

Eye Irritation Test (EIT) for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial (RhCE) Tissue Model

Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model

眼刺激试验（EIT）使用重构型人角膜上皮样（RHCE）组织模型眼刺激性化学品危险性鉴定

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and ...

Polyelectrolyte Complex for Heparin Binding Domain Osteogenic Growth Factor Delivery

聚电解质复合物肝素结合域成骨生长因子交货

During reconstructive bone surgeries, supraphysiological amounts of growth factors are empirically loaded onto scaffolds to promote successful bone ...

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

一个<em&gt;体外</em鼠类的椎间盘&gt;器官培养模型

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a significant contributor to low back pain. The IVD is a fibrocartilaginous joint that serves to transmit and ...

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

改良的3D 水凝胶培养的原发胶质细胞的体外Neuroinflammation 模型的建立

In the central nervous system, numerous acute injuries and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as implanted devices or biomaterials engineered to enhance ...

Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Alveolar Periosteum and Effects of Vitamin D on Osteogenic Activity of Periosteum-derived Cells

人肺泡骨膜间充质干细胞的分离及维生素 D 对骨膜衍生细胞成骨活性的影响

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are present in a variety of tissues and can be differentiated into numerous cell types, including osteoblasts. Among the ...

Simultaneous Electrical and Mechanical Stimulation to Enhance Cells' Cardiomyogenic Potential

同时进行机电刺激增强细胞心肌成功能的潜能

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in developed countries. Consequently, the demand for effective cardiac cell therapies has motivated ...

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

长期纳米材料暴露后体外基因毒性测试的高级 3D 肝脏模型

Due to the rapid development and implementation of a diverse array of engineered nanomaterials (ENM), exposure to ENM is inevitable and the development of ...

Silicon Nanowires and Optical Stimulation for Investigations of Intra- and Intercellular Electrical Coupling

硅纳米线与光学刺激研究细胞内和细胞间电耦合

Myofibroblasts can spontaneously internalize silicon nanowires (SiNWs), making them an attractive target for bioelectronic applications. These ...

Simple, Affordable, and Modular Patterning of Cells using DNA

使用DNA对细胞进行简单、经济、模块化的图案化

The relative positioning of cells is a key feature of the microenvironment that organizes cell-cell interactions. To study the interactions between cells ...