Name: a conflict model of reward-seeking behavior in male rats
Uploaded: 2019-02-20T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats at JoVE.com

本论文得到了心理学研究所心理健康重点实验室 (klmh2016k01) 和创伤后应激患者人群评估与干预技术研究 (jcyj2017041313130301569) 的支持。

这项研究由中国科学院心理学研究所国际评论委员会 (irb) 批准, 所有实验均按照美国国立卫生研究院 (美国) 《实验动物护理和使用指南》 (2011年)。
1. 冲突模型的材料和设置
<ol><li>每个笼子里有四只老鼠 (50 厘米长 x 22.5 厘米宽 x 30 厘米高), 在可控温度 (22–25°c) 和一个反转的12小时光/暗周期 (21:30 亮起) 至少10天。 请注意:在实验开始时, 分别使用了雄性和雌性 ...

<ol>
	<li>Everitt, B. J., Robbins, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug+Addiction:+Updating+Actions+to+Habits+to+Compulsions+Ten+Years+On.">Drug Addiction: Updating Actions to Habits to Compulsions Ten Years On.</a> Annual Review of Psychology. 67, 23-50 (2016).</li><li>Bari, A., Robbins, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+and+impulsivity:+Behavioral+and+neural+basis+of+response+control.">Inhibition and impulsivity: Behavioral and neural basis of response control.</a> Progress in Neurobiology. 108, 44-79 (2013).</li><li>Dalley, J. W., Everitt, B. J., Robbins, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulsivity,+compulsivity,+and+top-down+cognitive+control.">Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control.</a> Neuron. 69 (4), 680-694 (2011).</li><li>Peter, W., Kalivas, N. D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Neural+Basis+of+Addiction:+A+Pathology+of+Motivation+and+Choice.">The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice.</a> American Journal of Psychiatry. 162, 1403-1413 (2005).</li><li>Morein-Zamir, S., Robbins, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fronto-striatal+circuits+in+response-inhibition:+Relevance+to+addiction.">Fronto-striatal circuits in response-inhibition: Relevance to addiction.</a> Brain Research. 1628, 117-129 (2015).</li><li>Garavan, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissociable+Executive+Functions+in+the+Dynamic+Control+of+Behavior:+Inhibition,+Error+Detection,+and+Correction.">Dissociable Executive Functions in the Dynamic Control of Behavior: Inhibition, Error Detection, and Correction.</a> Neuroimage. 17 (4), 1820-1829 (2002).</li><li>Garavan, H., Ross, T. J., Kaufman, J., Stein, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+midline+dissociation+between+error-processing+and+response-conflict+monitoring.">A midline dissociation between error-processing and response-conflict monitoring.</a> Neuroimage. 20 (2), 1132-1139 (2003).</li><li>Connolly, C. G., Foxe, J. J., Nierenberg, J., Shpaner, M., Garavan, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neurobiology+of+cognitive+control+in+successful+cocaine+abstinence.">The neurobiology of cognitive control in successful cocaine abstinence.</a> Drug and Alcohol Dependence. (1-2), 45-53 (2012).</li><li>Kaufman, J. N., Ross, T. J., Stein, E. A., Garavan, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cingulate+hypoactivity+in+cocaine+users+during+a+GO-NOGO+task+as+revealed+by+event-related+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">Cingulate hypoactivity in cocaine users during a GO-NOGO task as revealed by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (21), 7839-7843 (2003).</li><li>Forman, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+activity+of+opiate+addicts+predicts+subsequent+treatment+retention.">Brain activity of opiate addicts predicts subsequent treatment retention.</a> Annual Meeting of the American-College-of-Neuropsychopharmacology. , (2004).</li><li>Kolokotroni, K. Z., Rodgers, R. J., Harrison, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+nicotine+increases+both+impulsive+choice+and+behavioural+disinhibition+in+rats.">Acute nicotine increases both impulsive choice and behavioural disinhibition in rats.</a> Psychopharmacology. 217, 455-473 (2011).</li><li>Belin-Rauscent, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+impulses+to+maladaptive+actions:+the+insula+is+a+neurobiological+gate+for+the+development+of+compulsive+behavior.">From impulses to maladaptive actions: the insula is a neurobiological gate for the development of compulsive behavior.</a> Molecular Psychiatry. 21 (4), 491-499 (2016).</li><li>Groman, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dysregulation+of+D(2)-mediated+dopamine+transmission+in+monkeys+after+chronic+escalating+methamphetamine+exposure.">Dysregulation of D(2)-mediated dopamine transmission in monkeys after chronic escalating methamphetamine exposure.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (17), 5843-5852 (2012).</li><li>Bai, Y., Li, Y., Lv, Y., Liu, Z., Zheng, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complex+motivated+behaviors+for+natural+rewards+following+a+binge-like+regimen+of+morphine+administration:+mixed+phenotypes+of+anhedonia+and+craving+after+short-term+withdrawal.">Complex motivated behaviors for natural rewards following a binge-like regimen of morphine administration: mixed phenotypes of anhedonia and craving after short-term withdrawal.</a> Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 8, 23 (2014).</li><li>Vandaele, Y., Janak, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+the+place+of+habit+in+substance+use+disorders.">Defining the place of habit in substance use disorders.</a> Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology &#38; Biological Psychiatry. 87 (Pt A), 22-32 (2018).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+consummatory+and+motivational+behaviors+for+natural+rewards+following+long-term+withdrawal+from+morphine:+no+anhedonia+but+persistent+maladaptive+behaviors+for+high-value+rewards.">The consummatory and motivational behaviors for natural rewards following long-term withdrawal from morphine: no anhedonia but persistent maladaptive behaviors for high-value rewards.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 234 (8), 1277-1292 (2017).</li><li>Bai, Y., Belin, D., Zheng, X., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+stress+worsens+the+deficits+in+appetitive+behaviors+for+social+and+sexual+stimuli+displayed+by+rats+after+long-term+withdrawal+from+morphine.">Acute stress worsens the deficits in appetitive behaviors for social and sexual stimuli displayed by rats after long-term withdrawal from morphine.</a> Psychopharmacology. 234, 1693-1702 (2017).</li><li>Schoenbaum, G., Saddoris, M. P., Ramus, S. J., Shaham, Y., Setlow, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cocaine-+experienced+rats+exhibit+learning+deficits+in+a+task+sensitive+to+orbitofrontal+cortex+lesions.">Cocaine- experienced rats exhibit learning deficits in a task sensitive to orbitofrontal cortex lesions.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (7), 1997-2002 (2004).</li><li>Belin, D., Belin-Rauscent, A., Murray, J. E., Everitt, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Addiction:+failure+of+control+over+maladaptive+incentive+habits.">Addiction: failure of control over maladaptive incentive habits.</a> Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 23 (4), 564-572 (2013).</li><li>Everitt, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+and+psychological+mechanisms+underlying+compulsive+drug+seeking+habits+and+drug+memories--indications+for+novel+treatments+of+addiction.">Neural and psychological mechanisms underlying compulsive drug seeking habits and drug memories--indications for novel treatments of addiction.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 40 (1), 2163-2182 (2014).</li><li>Dai, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+Development+of+Organs+and+Serum+Sex+Hormone+Levels+in+Normal+Pre-pubertal+Female+Sprague-Dawley+Rats.">Dynamic Development of Organs and Serum Sex Hormone Levels in Normal Pre-pubertal Female Sprague-Dawley Rats.</a> Chinese Journal of Comparative Medicine. 19 (07), 33-37 (2009).</li><li>Orsini, C. A., Trotta, R. T., Bizon, J. L., Setlow, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissociable+roles+for+the+basolateral+amygdala+and+orbitofrontal+cortex+in+decision-making+under+risk+of+punishment.">Dissociable roles for the basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in decision-making under risk of punishment.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (4), 1368-1379 (2015).</li><li>Shimp, K. G., Mitchell, M. R., Beas, B. S., Bizon, J. L., Setlow, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affective+and+cognitive+mechanisms+of+risky+decision+making.">Affective and cognitive mechanisms of risky decision making.</a> Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. , 60-70 (2015).</li><li>Di Ciano, P., Le Foll, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+the+Impact+of+Naltrexone+on+the+Rat+Gambling+Task+to+Test+Its+Predictive+Validity+for+Gambling+Disorder.">Evaluating the Impact of Naltrexone on the Rat Gambling Task to Test Its Predictive Validity for Gambling Disorder.</a> PLoS One. 11 (5), e0155604 (2016).</li><li>Ravel, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elucidating+Poor+Decision-Making+in+a+Rat+Gambling+Task.">Elucidating Poor Decision-Making in a Rat Gambling Task.</a> PLoS One. 8 (12), e82052 (2013).</li><li>Charles, A., Pradhan, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delta-opioid+receptors+as+targets+for+migraine+therapy.">Delta-opioid receptors as targets for migraine therapy.</a> Current Opinion in Neurology. 29 (3), 314-319 (2016).</li><li>Lu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Truncated+mu-Opioid+Receptors+with+6+Transmembrane+Domains+Are+Essential+for+Opioid+Analgesia.">Truncated mu-Opioid Receptors with 6 Transmembrane Domains Are Essential for Opioid Analgesia.</a> Anesthesia &amp; Analgesia. 126 (3), 1050-1057 (2018).</li><li>Sinha, R., Shaham, Y., Heilig, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+and+reverse+translational+research+on+the+role+of+stress+in+drug+craving+and+relapse.">Translational and reverse translational research on the role of stress in drug craving and relapse.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 218 (1), 69-82 (2011).</li><li>Wilson, C. A., Schade, R., Terry, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variable+prenatal+stress+results+in+impairments+of+sustained+attention+and+inhibitory+response+control+in+a+5-choice+serial+reaction+time+task+in+rats.">Variable prenatal stress results in impairments of sustained attention and inhibitory response control in a 5-choice serial reaction time task in rats.</a> Neuroscience. 218, 126-137 (2012).</li></ol>

药物滥用18引起的抑制性控制缺陷对促进强制吸毒行为和复发19,20起具有重要作用。这里提出的冲突模型为探讨接触成瘾药物的个体抑制控制的变化提供了新的方法。
协议中有几个关键步骤。首先, 研究对象 (雄性老鼠) 在进入后续冲突任务之前必须获得性经验。例如, 雄性老鼠在药物治疗前需要通过交配筛查 (至少?...

吸毒成瘾是一种慢性脑病, 其特点是冲动和强迫药物的寻求和服用1。成瘾的这些主要特征都被假设为抑制控制 2,3的能力受损, 即未能抑制立即追求奖励刺激, 从而发展出适应性不良行为模式4。
无通任务和停止信号任务是用来测量响应抑制能力 2,5的原型任务。这两种实验范式通过对比不常见的抑制反应与隐含的去基线 6,7来评估一个人抑制不适当的行为的能力。在这些任务中显示的反应抑制已被证明对可卡因使用者8,9、阿片剂成瘾者10和尼古丁使用者11有损害。另外两个任务--反转学习和多项选择串行反应时间任务--也提供了响应抑制/抑制控制 12,13的测量。然而, 在啮齿类动物身上进行的这些范式大多不仅需要长期的训练, 以便研究对象能够区分不同信号所代表的响应要求, 而且学习速度和学习效果的个体差异可能会干扰随后的抑制试验11的结果.
本文提出了一种新的冲突任务, 可用于测量接触致瘾药物后的抑制控制障碍。在这项任务中, 一个自然的奖励刺激 (性刺激), 代表一个高价值的奖励 14, 和厌恶刺激 (别针), 雄性老鼠必须征服, 同时提出。雄性老鼠必须爬或跳过充满别针的障碍, 才能接近并调查性伴侣。如果动物坚持其接近行为, 而不管厌恶刺激, 它被认为是一个不适应或危险的寻求奖励的行为。建立此任务的理由之一是, 它在概念上很简单, 不会像其他任务那样对执行过程提出很高的要求。与其他测量反应抑制的任务相比, 这种冲突任务是基于自然行为的, 具有正常性功能和性经验的老鼠可以在没有学习过程的情况下直接检测。另一个理由是, 在这项任务中提出的冲突在接近奖励和避免厌恶刺激 (或被刺中的风险) 之间可能有更好的效力, 因为它模仿吸毒成瘾者经常把自己放在类似的地方冲突, 但坚持追求毒品奖励, 无论现实生活中的消极后果的风险15。
因此, 应用这种冲突模型是一种快速而敏感的方法, 可以发现接触成瘾药物后抑制控制的缺陷, 或其他可能影响抑制控制能力的因素, 如压力。它还为研究抑制控制中潜在缺陷的神经机制提供了一种新的行为策略。此外, 还可以在此任务中添加其他修改。例如, 通过用社会刺激来取代性刺激来改变成本效益比率可以揭示出更多的行为意义。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:689px;" width="689">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:267px;">Acetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Beijing Tongguangjingxi Chemical company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CN No.81601</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">CH3COOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:267px;">Benzypenicillin sodium for Injection</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Huabei Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F7072109</td>
			<td>C16H17N2NaO4S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:267px;">Cotton swabs</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Wan Xin, Shandong, China</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8 cm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:267px;">&#946;-estradiol benzoate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E8515-200MG</td>
			<td>estradiol benzoate&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:267px;">Gauze</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Wan Xin, Shandong, China</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21s &#215; 21s 110&#215;100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:267px;">Hemostatic forceps</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Beijing Zhong Sheng Wanda Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="69">
			<td height="69" style="height:69px;width:267px;">Morphine hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Qinghai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20100105</td>
			<td>Morphine hydrochloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:267px;">Ophthalmic scissors</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Beijing Zhong Sheng Wanda Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:267px;">Pentobarbital Sodium</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Sigma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C11H17O3N2Na</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:267px;">Precision animal shocker</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Coulbourn</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="36">
			<td height="36" style="height:36px;width:267px;">Progesterone</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">V900699-5G</td>
			<td>progesterone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="56">
			<td height="56" style="height:56px;width:267px;">Sesama oil</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Fengyi trading company ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sesama oil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:267px;">Sodium chloride injection</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">HuaLu Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H17092107</td>
			<td>NaCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Scalpels</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Gillette</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">96797241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:267px;">Surgical blades</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Shanghai Pudong Jinhuan Medical Products Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:267px;">Suture needles</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Han Qin, Shanghai, China</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#916;1/2 6&#215;14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:267px;">Silk sutures</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Shanghai Pudong Jinhuan Medical Products Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:267px;">Sprague-Dawley rats</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Vital River Animal Center, Beijing, China</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sprague-Dawley</td>
			<td>animal strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:267px;">Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">WeiGao Group Medical Polymer Co.Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1ml, 2ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="66">
			<td height="66" style="height:66px;width:267px;">Tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Beijing Zhong Sheng Wanda Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a conflict model of reward-seeking behavior in male rats

本协议将一种新的冲突任务描述为大鼠抑制控制的模型。在这个模型中, 一个代表高价值奖励的自然奖励刺激 (性刺激) 和厌恶刺激 (引脚) 同时呈现。雄性老鼠必须爬或跳过充满别针的障碍, 才能接近并调查性伴侣。如果动物坚持在他们接近的行为, 而不管厌恶刺激, 它被认为是一个不适应或危险的寻求奖励的行为。冲突任务允许评估因接触吗啡等滥用药物或压力事件而造成的抑制控制不足。
这种模式的主要优点是, 它提供了一个简单而快速的方法来发现接触阿片类药物或其他压力事件后抑制控制的缺陷。除了阿片类药物, 这种行为模型还将有助于快速发现其他致瘾药物引起的抑制控制缺陷。然而, 限制因素是, 在这一冲突任务下, 雄性老鼠的表现可能会受到反复测试的效果。今后, 人们可以希望, 在修改这一冲突模型的基础上, 能够确定接触阿片类药物后具有寻求奖励行为的强迫性表型的个体。

为了探讨这种冲突模型是否能揭示阿片类药物引起的不良就业风险寻求奖励的行为, 通过短期 (wd7) 后的 t 检验, 比较了含盐和吗啡预处理组表现出的寻奖行为。长期 (wd17) 分别从吗啡中撤出 (图 2)。结果表明, 在戒断的第7天和第17天, 吗啡预处理的大鼠的接近行为明显高于盐预处理大鼠 (图 2a:t=-3.958; d. f. = 24;p < 0.01。<strong cl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats at JoVE.com

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

雄性大鼠寻救行为的冲突模型

这一冲突模型用于测量接触成瘾药物后的抑制控制损伤, 或其他可能影响抑制控制的因素。性刺激和厌恶性障碍同时出现, 因此雄性老鼠必须克服障碍才能接近性奖励。

The present protocol describes a novel conflict task as a model of inhibitory control in rats. In this model, a natural rewarding stimulus (sexual ...

此冲突模型可用于揭示接触成瘾药物或可能影响抑制控制的其他因素后抑制控制损伤。此模型的主要优点是提供了一种简单而快速的方法来评估抑制控制的能力，而无需学习过程。我们得出此方法的桅杆性至关重要，因为冲突测试中的操作很难从字面上理解。对于混血儿模型，在测试前至少10天将四只老鼠关在笼子里。在昏暗的光线下执行所有测试。准备120毫升吗啡、10毫升雌二醇苯甲酸酯和10毫升黄体酮，用于人工诱导雌激素。在三天内至少处理三次奥瓦化雌性大鼠，每次在交配筛查前三分钟。在交配筛查或冲突测试前约48至52小时，每只大鼠皮下注射雌二醇苯甲酸酯25微克。交配筛查或冲突测试前四至六小时，皮下注射黄体酮，每只大鼠一毫克。要筛选大鼠的交配性能，将一只雄性大鼠放入纸箱中，用松木剃须床上用品，让它习惯五分钟。接下来，将雌性大鼠引入纸箱，并监测雄性共鼠行为。雄性大鼠完成第一次射精后，在30分钟内或在15分钟内不显示间歇，将大鼠传回其家庭笼子。对于狂欢型吗啡治疗，称量雄性大鼠，并基于体重计算每只大鼠的注射量。然后在狂欢式治疗中给大鼠注射盐水或吗啡。至少六小时后，用同样的方式给大鼠第二次注射。在测试前一天，将雄性大鼠转移到冲突试验室，并允许它习惯到开放场奖励接近室15分钟。在测试日，将大鼠转移到允许自由探索的腔室10分钟。随后，将雌性大鼠放在刺激笼中作为刺激器，让雄性大鼠自由接近它，并调查刺激性大鼠五分钟。自由接近5分钟后，将雄性主体从刺激笼转移到竞技场的另一端，并放置一个障碍。然后开始测试的第一个试验。每次超过障碍物后大约15至20秒，将雄性大鼠从刺激笼中取出。如果男性主体在四分钟内三次爬过障碍物，结束审判。立即开始下一次试验，障碍难度越来越大。如果男性主体在四分钟内超过障碍少于三次，则结束测试并记录它克服障碍的时间。之后，将雄性大鼠带回家中的笼子，用05%的冰面醋酸擦洗开场室。在每个超越中得分，并使用所有超越项的分数总和作为此冲突测试中男性科目的总分。为了探讨这种冲突模型能否揭示阿片剂诱发的不适应、冒险的寻求奖励行为，在短期和长期从吗啡中退出后，分别比较了盐水和吗啡预处理组对奖励寻求行为。在戒断的第7天和第17天，吗啡预处理大鼠的接近行为明显大于盐水预处理大鼠，表明吗啡提取大鼠在逆障碍时表现出更多的持续行为，这种不适应行为在戒断后长期存在。反复试验表明，预处理的主要效果显著。提取第7天至第14天之间的分数相关性表明，大鼠的求酬行为在反复试验中基本稳定。为了研究压力事件对动物抑制控制能力的影响，药物天真大鼠在冲突测试前暴露于间歇性脚冲击压力。虽然压力组与对照组之间没有显著差异，但寻求奖励的行为在压力组中表现出双模分布，表明急性压力对个体之间风险性奖励寻求行为的影响明显不同。重要的是，雄性大鼠在进入后续冲突任务之前要获得性经验。在整个实验中，应严格控制压力因素。在此冲突任务中，还可以调查奖励价值对寻求奖励行为的影响。例如，通过将雌性大鼠替换为雄性大鼠来更改一些奖励值。不要忘记雌激素苯甲酸酯和黄体酮对人类有害，所以在接触它们时一直戴口罩和手套。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

科研

行为学

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

脂肪偏好：饮食行为的一种新模型大鼠

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

适度的产前酒精暴露在成年大鼠社会行为的量化

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

收购高精度熟练的前肢到达任务大鼠

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）：一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury

颅脑损伤后大鼠行为缺陷的检测

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

一种诱导大鼠抑郁症状行为的新方法

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

一种用于大鼠渴望培养的条件场所偏好协议

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed ...