Name: using flight mills to measure flight propensity and performance of western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera (leconte)
Uploaded: 2019-10-29T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Flight Mills to Measure Flight Propensity and Performance of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte at JoVE.com

E.Y.Y.的毕业生助理工作得到了国家科学基金会I/UCRC，节肢动物管理技术中心的支持，在授予No.IIP-1338775 和行业合作伙伴。

1. 用于飞行测试的后西玉米根虫
注：如果成人的年龄必须控制或知道，成人必须首先在现场收集，然后抚养他们的后代到成年进行测试。如果甲虫的年龄或标准化的饲养环境是无关的，那么直接测试现场收集的成年人是可能的，并且协议可以从步骤2开始。
<ol><li>从感兴趣的玉米地收集至少500个西部玉米根虫，以确保获得足够的卵子来饲养足够数量的成年人。使用手动吸气?...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+tethered+flight+technique+as+a+tool+for+studying+life-history+strategies+associated+with+migration+in+insects.">The tethered flight technique as a tool for studying life-history strategies associated with migration in insects.</a> Ecological Entomology. 43, 397-411 (2018).</li><li>Ribak, G., Barkan, S., Soroker, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+aerodynamics+of+flight+in+an+insect+flight-mill.">The aerodynamics of flight in an insect flight-mill.</a> PLoS One. 12 (11), e0186441 (2017).</li><li>Riley, J. R., Downham, M. C. A., Cooter, R. 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描述西方玉米根虫的飞行行为对于制定有效的抗虫管理计划具有重要意义。这种害虫的飞行行为已在实验室中使用各种方法进行了研究，包括电图仪、飞行隧道和飞行机。如本文所述和说明，飞行机允许昆虫进行不间断的飞行，以便研究人员能够在整个测试期间量化飞行参数，如飞行距离、持续时间、周期和速度。
与大多数昆虫物种一样，对西部玉米根虫进行飞行机厂实验?...

1909年，西部玉米根虫，二溴代二零零五病毒，即"玉米"，被确定为栽培玉米的害虫。今天，它是美国玉米带中最重要的玉米害虫，幼虫以玉米根为食，导致与这种害虫相关的产量损失。玉米根虫造成的年管理费用和玉米生产损失估计超过10亿美元。西方玉米根虫适应性强，种群对多种管理策略的抗药性已经形成，包括杀虫剂、作物轮作和转基因Bt玉米3。确定空间维度，哪些策略必须应用来缓解局部的阻力发展，或电阻热点，取决于对分散4的更好理解。如果缓解措施被限制在阻力热点周围的空间尺度太小，将不会成功，因为耐药成年人会分散在缓解区域5之外。了解西方玉米根虫的飞行行为对于制定有效的抗虫病防治方案具有重要意义。
飞行分散在成人西部玉米根虫生命史和生态学中起着重要作用，这种害虫的飞行行为可以在实验室中研究。有几种方法可用于测量实验室中的飞行行为。限制垂直平面飞行的显影仪可以测量昆虫飞行的时间。actograph 已用于比较不同年龄的西方玉米根虫男性和女性的飞行持续时间和周期模式、体型、温度、杀虫剂易感性以及杀虫剂暴露7、8、 9.飞行隧道，包括一个跟踪室和定向气流，特别有助于检查昆虫飞行行为时，遵循气味羽流，如候选信息素组件10或植物挥发物11。飞行磨机也许是昆虫飞行行为实验室研究的最常见方法，可以描述飞行倾向和性能的几个方面。实验室飞行工厂已用于研究西方玉米根虫，以特征化倾向进行短和持续飞行，以及激素控制持续飞行12，13。
飞行工厂通过允许研究人员测量各种飞行参数（包括周期、速度、距离和持续时间），为研究实验室条件下昆虫的飞行行为提供了一种相对简单的方法。今天使用的许多飞行磨坊都来自肯尼迪等人14号、克罗格和威斯-福格15号环线。飞行机在形状和尺寸上可能有所不同，但基本原理保持不变。昆虫被系在一起，安装在一个径向水平臂上，可以自由旋转，摩擦力最小，围绕垂直轴旋转。当昆虫向前飞去时，它的路径被限制在水平平面上盘旋，每次旋转的距离由手臂的长度决定。传感器通常用于检测昆虫的飞行活动引起的手臂每次旋转。原始数据包括单位时间的旋转和一天飞行时间发生。数据被输入计算机进行记录。来自多个飞行机场的数据通常并行记录，基本上同时记录，16 个和 32 个飞行机库的库是常见的。原始数据由自定义软件进一步处理，以提供飞行速度、单独飞行总数、飞行距离和飞行持续时间等变量的值。
每个昆虫物种是不同的，当涉及到最好的方法系绳，因为形态变量，如整体大小，大小和形状的目标区域，以附加系绳，柔软，和灵活性的昆虫，需要和方法麻醉，可能污染机翼和/或头部与错位或溢出胶粘剂，以及许多，更多的细节。在可视化的系绳虫16和安布罗西亚甲虫17的情况下，各自用于系绳连接的目标区域相对较大，并且由于头部和翅膀有些不精确的胶粘剂放置而宽容与附件站点分离良好。这不是为了淡化系住这些昆虫的难度，这对任何物种都是苛刻的。但西方玉米根虫是一种特别具有挑战性的昆虫系绳：前体是窄和短，使非常精确的附着与少量的粘合剂（在这种情况下的牙科蜡），以防止干扰对埃利特拉的开口飞行和头部，其中接触眼睛或天线会影响行为。同时，必须牢固地系上系绳，以避免被这种强大的传单移开。根虫成人系绳的示范是本文最重要的课题。它应该有助于其他谁与这种或类似昆虫，在这里可视化的方法可能是一个有用的选择。
本文介绍了用于有效系绳和描述以不同幼虫密度饲养的西方玉米根虫成人的飞行活性的方法。本研究中使用的飞行机和软件（图1）来自Jones等人在互联网上发布的设计。安装在环境室中，旨在控制照明、湿度和温度（图2）。使用这个或类似设置以及以下技术允许测试因素，可能会影响飞行倾向和性能的西方玉米根虫，包括年龄，性别，温度，光周期，和许多其他。

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			<td style="width:191px;">Many suppliers: can use cheapest on the internet.</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:259px;">Ferrite ring magnets (OD: 0.69&#8221;, ID: 0.29&#8221;, Thickness: 0.118&#8221;; 7oz pull)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Magnet Shop</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">63B06929118</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">Opposing - to generate the float.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:259px;">Hall effect sensor</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Optikinc</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">OHN3120U</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">Look under magnetic sensors on the left side of the Optekinc website then look for the part number. A link is given for current suppliers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:259px;">Hypodermic tubing (22 gauge; 0.0358&#8221; OD x 0.01975&#8221; ID x 0.004&#8221; wall)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Small Parts, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">HTX-22T-12</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">Used for flight mill arms and main axis rod.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Incubator (104.1 x 85.4 x 196.1 cm)</td>
			<td>Percival Scientific</td>
			<td>I-41VL</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="163">
			<td height="163" style="height:163px;width:259px;">LabVIEW Full Development System software, system-design platform</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">National Instruments (See http://www.ni.com/en-us/shop/labview/select-edition.html)</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">LabVIEW 2018 (Full Edition)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">Provides environment needed to run flight mill files (.vi extensions) available for download from Jones et al.18 at http://entomology.tfrec.wsu.edu/VPJ_Lab/Flight-Mill.&#160; LabVIEW 2018 Full is compatible with Win/Mac/Linux operating systems.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Mesh cage (18 x 18 x 18 cm)</td>
			<td>MegaView Science Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td>BugDorm-4M1515</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">mesh size = 44 x 32, 650 &#181;m aperture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Needle tool</td>
			<td>BLICK</td>
			<td>34920-1063</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">For scoring soil surface for egg laying in laboratory</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:259px;">Nickel ring magnets (3/16&#8221; OD x 1/16&#8221; ID x: 1/16&#8221; thick)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">K&#38;J Magnetics</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">R311</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">Used to trigger the digital hall effect sensor.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Petri dish (100 mm x 15 mm)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S33580A</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Plastic container (44-ml)</td>
			<td>Dart</td>
			<td>150PC</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">For initial rearing of young larvae</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic container (473-ml)</td>
			<td>Placon</td>
			<td>22885</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">For rearing of older larvae</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Round brush (size 2)</td>
			<td>Simply Simmons</td>
			<td>10472906</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">For transferring freshly hatched neonates to surface of roots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sieve (250-&#181;m)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-418-05</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">To separate eggs from soil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Steel wire (28-gauge)</td>
			<td>The Hillman Group</td>
			<td>38902350282</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:259px;">Teflon rod (3/8&#34; diameter, 3/4&#34; length)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">United States Plastic Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">47503</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">To accept the rotating arm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Vacuum&#160;</td>
			<td>Gast Manufacturing, Inc.</td>
			<td>1531-107B-G288X</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">For aspirating adults in laboratory</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">White poly chiffon fabric</td>
			<td>Hobby Lobby</td>
			<td>194811</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">To prevent escape of larvae from rearing container</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using flight mills to measure flight propensity and performance of western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera (leconte)

西部玉米根虫，二溴代二线虫（乐康特）（科尔普特拉：Chrysomelidae），是美国北部一种经济上重要的玉米害虫。一些种群已经发展出对管理策略的抗药性，包括产生从图林根氏杆菌（Bt）中提取杀虫毒素的转基因玉米。西方玉米根虫传播知识对于抗性进化、传播和缓解模型至关重要。昆虫的飞行行为，尤其是远距离的飞行行为，本质上是难以观察和表征的。飞行工厂提供了一种在实验室中直接测试在实地研究中无法获得的飞行发育和生理影响和后果的方法。在这项研究中，飞行机用测量飞行活动的时间、飞行总数以及雌性根虫在22小时测试期间飞行的距离、持续时间和速度。16个飞行机房被安置在一个环境室，具有可编程的照明、温度和湿度控制。描述的飞行磨机是典型的设计，其中飞行臂可以自由旋转围绕中心枢轴。旋转是由拴在飞行臂一端的昆虫飞行引起的，每次旋转都由带有时间戳的传感器记录。原始数据由软件编译，随后经过处理，提供感兴趣的飞行参数的汇总统计信息。对于任何飞行机的研究，最困难的任务就是用胶粘剂将系绳附着在昆虫上，所使用的方法必须针对每个物种量身定做。附件必须足够坚固，以固定昆虫在刚性方向，并防止在运动过程中脱离，同时不干扰飞行过程中的自然翅膀运动。依恋过程需要灵巧、细腻和速度，为有价值的根虫制作过程的视频素材。

图 4显示了飞行测试后预期输出的代表性示例。飞行数据来自爱荷华州立大学昆虫学系的实验工作。六天大，交配的西方玉米根虫成人被拴在飞行磨坊，并放置在一个受控的环境室设置在14：10 L：D，60%RH和25°C。甲虫在模拟黎明前30分钟开始连续22小时留在飞行工厂，并记录了它们的飞行活动（图4）。黎明和黄昏是在30分钟的时间里，通过从黎明时分到?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Flight Mills to Measure Flight Propensity and Performance of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte at JoVE.com

Using Flight Mills to Measure Flight Propensity and Performance of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte

飞行磨机是比较年龄、性别、交配状态、温度或各种其他因素如何影响昆虫飞行行为的重要工具。在这里，我们描述了系绳和测量西方玉米根虫在不同处理下的飞行倾向和性能的协议。

使用飞行磨坊测量西部玉米根虫的飞行倾向和性能，二溴二恶十二药病毒病毒（LeConte）

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an economically important pest of corn in the northern ...

不同年龄、交配状态、饲养条件等的昆虫，飞行倾向或性能往往不同。飞行磨机实验可以揭示这些因素对飞行行为的相对影响。虽然很难在实地学习，但飞行磨机允许在受控条件下对飞行进行广泛探测。管理对杀虫剂（包括转基因作物）的抗虫性需要了解其飞行行为。西方玉米根虫的发放是复杂的，飞行磨坊的研究正在帮助澄清它。通过适应，这种方法可以应用于几乎任何昆虫物种，无论是小还是大，害虫或非害虫。系绳任何昆虫是最难掌握的技术。甲壳虫具有像根虫这样的小甲壳虫尤其具有挑战性。练习将个人与实际实验不重要地系在一起，因为许多实验将被丢弃。学习曲线很长，所以要有耐心。系绳有很多细微差别。看值得千言万语。首先，在中心弯曲一条 40 毫米长 28 米的钢丝 90 度。洗手以清除任何碎屑、污垢或机油。拿少量比针头稍大的牙蜡，在指尖之间滚动，直到球形成。将成年甲虫放在平坦的表面上，将其后侧向上放置。必要时重新定位腿部，使甲虫完全平放在表面上。使用丁烷打火机将电线上的牙蜡短暂加热不到一秒。如果蜡加热过长，从电线上脱落，不要重复使用，因为它不能有效地粘附在昆虫角质层上。甲虫麻醉后，小心地将钢丝的端端与融化的牙蜡放在牙系的后侧，同时指向导线的另一端，而不沿着腹部中线打牙蜡。为避免妨碍飞行，请确保融化的蜡不会进入伊利特拉或缝合线。加热系绳上的蜡和将蜡贴在麻醉甲虫上之间，只有很短的时间窗口。但有足够的实践，系绳将成为第二本性。将导线的自由端放入飞行磨机臂的空心金属管开口中。确保导线贴合足够紧密，以便通过摩擦将导线握在就位。安装甲虫后，立即从较大的纸巾中撕下一小块纸巾。将组织片件用于悬挂在飞行磨机上的系绳甲虫，以进行焦油接触。这将大大减少初始逃生或降落飞行行为。系绳额外的甲虫飞行测试。在测试开始前至少 30 分钟消除飞行室中的人员存在。在飞行测试之前，启动飞行磨机软件程序。在初始化选项卡下输入信息。设置飞行测试所需持续时间的开始时间和结束时间。将最小阈值设置为零分钟。这可确保记录通过传感器的飞行臂的任何检测。将最大阈值设置为一分钟，以确保在宣布飞行结束之前，必须在飞行臂的传感器检测之间经过一分钟。输入文件的名称。将原始数据日志间隔设置为一分钟，以控制每分钟记录的旋转的输出。在主题信息选项卡下，根据需要填写标记为 ID、物种、年龄、性别、饮食和注释的列。之后，返回到初始化选项卡，然后将屏幕显示屏左上角的按钮滑动为自动。然后单击"开始"按钮。一旦当前时间与开始时间匹配，程序将开始收集任何飞行甲虫的原始数据，如状态和调试选项卡中显示的。如果程序设置为自动，则在当前时间与结束时间匹配后，程序将停止收集原始数据。或者，单击停止按钮在预定的结束时间之前停止程序。在飞行测试期结束后单击退出。确保 TDMS 文件保存在程序初始化期间输入的文件名下。单击 TDMS 文件，将文档另存为电子表格。完成飞行磨机测试后，清除所有飞行测试甲虫。取下连接系绳的蜡珠，轻轻剥去根部。如果需要的话，这种昆虫可以作进一步的实验。从模拟黎明开始前30分钟开始，6天大的雌性西玉米根虫成人连续22小时留在飞行工厂，并记录了他们的飞行活动。生成的电子表格中的第一个选项卡汇总了已测试的成人个人。对于系在二号飞行磨机的雌甲虫，电子表格显示飞行数量、每次飞行的总转数、每次飞行的开始和结束时间以及每次飞行的持续时间。这位女性参与几次独立飞行，其中大多数航班很短。然而，在第五号航班上，这名女性在38分钟的不间断飞行中飞行了1258米。与一号飞行磨机系绳的雌性甲虫在测试期间没有参与飞行，因此显示一个空白的电子表格。从飞行磨机软件中检索了原始数据的飞行参数摘要。总飞行参数是指个人在22小时测试期间的所有飞行的总和，而最长的飞行参数是指测试期间最长的不间断飞行。在系绳时小心处理甲虫是非常重要的。在这个过程中，甲虫很容易被损坏或系绳不当，这将导致错误的飞行数据。从角质层中轻松去除系绳蜡可以测试飞行和治疗组对后续感兴趣的特征（如生育和寿命）的影响。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Using Flight Mills to Measure Flight Propensity and Performance of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte)

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

使用操作性口面疼痛评估设备（OPAD）测量伤害行为的变化

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

科研

行为学

Early Metamorphic Insertion Technology for Insect Flight Behavior Monitoring

早期变质插入技术昆虫飞行行为监控

Early Metamorphosis Insertion Technology (EMIT) is a novel methodology for integrating microfabricated neuromuscular recording and actuation platforms on ...

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

针对调查中的认知控制网络与关联维度变化卡片分类性能的功能连通性年龄相关性差异的方法

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

多功能设置研究人类电机控制用经颅磁刺激，肌电图，运动捕捉和虚拟现实

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans

手动测试的协议来衡量感觉和疼痛人类

Numerous qualitative and quantitative techniques can be used to test sensory nerves and pain in both research and clinical settings. The current study ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

可逆冷却诱导 Deactivations 对行走猫的障碍记忆的皮层贡献研究

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

使用快速串行可视化演示来测量集特定捕获, 这是在多任务时分心的结果。

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. ...

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

一种自动测定果蝇在空间和时间温度变化中的性能的方法

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific ...

Using a Real-Time Locating System to Measure Walking Activity Associated with Wandering Behaviors Among Institutionalized Older Adults

利用实时定位系统测量被培养的老年人的游走行为相关的步行活动

A real-time locating system (RTLS) can be used to track the walking activity of institutionalized older adults in long-term care who are at risk for ...

Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance

生物力学分析方法,以评估职业羽毛球运动员的隆起表现

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge ...