Name: patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models for human urothelial cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis
Uploaded: 2019-05-12T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Patient-derived Orthotopic Xenograft Models for Human Urothelial Cell Carcinoma and Colorectal Cancer Tumor Growth and Spontaneous Metastasis at JoVE.com

作者感谢布赖恩·鲁特、丹妮尔·贝尔托尼、彼得·米勒和香农·麦切斯尼,他们帮助启动了这些研究,感谢他们出色的技术支持。作者还感谢希瑟·格林·马特拉纳、玛格丽特·瓦里亚诺、苏尼尔·塔尔瓦尔和玛丽亚·拉茨在同意患者和提供肿瘤标本方面给予的帮助。

这些动物研究中描述的所有方法都是根据奥克斯纳卫生系统机构动物护理和使用委员会批准的准则,并按照动物研究指南进行的。本研究的所有患者肿瘤均根据奥克斯纳卫生系统调查审查委员会和人类机构委员会的道德标准,从接受癌症切除手术的同意患者中收集实验。Ochsner 卫生系统的董事会认证病理学家根据肿瘤细胞的微观特征、组织类型和等级水平,确定患者标本的病理诊断。
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<ol>
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转移性疾病是造成大多数癌症患者死亡的原因。在临床前治疗测试中,建立与自发性远器官转移最密切地模拟人类肿瘤生长的小鼠模型至关重要。使用小鼠模型与植入的患者肿瘤衍生癌细胞(异种移植物)允许更好地了解肿瘤生物学和预测生物标志物,以及测试和预测抗肿瘤效果的新疗法18。许多模型已经用于显示UCC和CRC转移在鼠实验中,如静脉尾静脉注射显示有能力产生...

研究表明,淋巴结(LN)转移是许多固体器官恶性肿瘤的预后指标差,包括膀胱的高档泌尿细胞癌(UCC)和结肠直肠癌(CRC)1、2。超过一半的肌肉侵入性UCC(MIUCC)患者,尽管对临床局部疾病进行治疗,但会发展转移并在5年内死亡。转移性CRC是美国癌症相关死亡的主要原因。
据估计,2018年美国将有81,190名新患者和17,240名癌症特定死亡,原因是膀胱3、4的UCC。而患者将主要 (70%)目前与非肌肉侵入性疾病,30%将有MIUCC5。尽管临床局部性疾病的用于治疗(根囊切除术[RC],无论是否进行全身化疗),膀胱MIUCC患者的一半仍然会发展转移,并在5年内死亡3。淋巴结参与发现在大约20%-25%的患者经历了RC6,7,8。即使经过 RC,LN 阳性患者的五年生存率也低于 35%,这表明 LN 参与是 UCC 患者预后的关键负预测因素。
结肠直肠癌是美国男性和女性诊断的第三大常见癌症。患者结果主要取决于肿瘤特征和肿瘤微环境,如入侵深度、LN参与和远器官转移。虽然过去十年,由于筛检及有效手术,CRC的死亡率有所下降,但估计近50%的CRC患者会发展为转移或复发性疾病9。
小型动物模型提供了一个快速、可重复和可修改的平台,用于研究肿瘤进展和不同的转移模式。目前没有描述的异种移植模型,持续模仿CRC和UCC转移在患者看到。癌症远距离转移的主要途径是通过淋巴扩散。新的研究表明,LAN为肿瘤提供了独特的微环境,它不仅是癌细胞瞬时通过的固定靶点,而且通过在转移过程中与癌细胞相互作用而起着不可或缺的作用。事实上,我们的研究发现,除了教育和促进肿瘤进展和转移,LN基质微环境也负责在CRC10,11的耐药性。我们的实验室最近使用患者衍生的正交异种移植(PDOX)小鼠模型12、13,确认了LN基质细胞(LNSCs)对CRC和UC的肿瘤效应。

开发PDOX模型为转化癌症研究提供了一个重要的平台。PDOX模型通过保持其供体肿瘤的主要组织学和遗传特征,在各通道之间保持稳定,为转化性癌症研究提供了良好的平台。PDOX 模型正用于临床前药物评估、生物标志物鉴定和个性化药物策略的临床前评估,从而预测临床结果。目前,没有描述异种移植模型考虑LN参与的重要性,并能够持续复制原发肿瘤和遥远的器官转移在CRC和UCC。在这项研究中,我们描述了在NOD/SCID小鼠中,在LNSC参与下,在转移性CRC和UCC疾病的繁殖下,PDOX模型的发展。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Avidin-biotin-peroxidase</td>
			<td>Vector Labs Inc</td>
			<td>PK-6100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotinylated secondary antibody</td>
			<td>Vector Labs Inc</td>
			<td>BA-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase IV (1.5 mg/mL)</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical Corporation</td>
			<td>LS004189</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxyribonuclease I (0.1 mg/mL)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D4263</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Luciferin (150 mg/kg)</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>122796</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formalin (10% neutral buffered)</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>46129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glutamine (2 nM)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hair Removal Cream</td>
			<td>Church &#38; Dwight Co., Inc</td>
			<td>1 (800) 248-8820</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30016.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronidase (20 mg/mL)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td>108333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luc/RFP-lentivirus</td>
			<td>From our collaborators. See reference 13: Gills, J. et al. A patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model enabling human high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder tumor implantation, growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Oncotarget. 9, 32718-32729, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.26024 (2018).</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>McCoy&#8217;s medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>110862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>penicillin/streptomycin 100 mL (100 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640 Medium</td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>110636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T6146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15400-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas </td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Oxygen</td>
			<td>Airgas Inc</td>
			<td>OX USP200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% CO2</td>
			<td>Airgas Inc</td>
			<td>CD USPE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-8 week old NOD/SCID Mice (male)</td>
			<td>Jackson Lab</td>
			<td>001303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-8 week old NOD/SCID Mice (female)</td>
			<td>Jackson Lab</td>
			<td>001303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunohistochemistry</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>GHS232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ki-67 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>RM-9106-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40 &#181;m cell strainer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-771-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 &#181;m cell strainer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-771-19</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL Conical Tube</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>11799</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Conical tube</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>15762</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150 mm Tissue Culture Dish</td>
			<td>USA Scientific Inc</td>
			<td>CC7682-3614</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 Well plate</td>
			<td>USA Scientific Inc</td>
			<td>CC7682-7596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Symmetry Surgical Inc</td>
			<td>06-0011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical scissors</td>
			<td>Symmetry Surgical Inc</td>
			<td>02-2011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5% CO2 humidified incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>3110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioluminescent (BLI) Imaging Machine</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>CLS136334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BLI Imaging Machine Software</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>CLS136334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>366830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deconvoluting Microscope</td>
			<td>Intelligent Imaging Innovations</td>
			<td>Marianas</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deconvoluting Microscope Imaging Software</td>
			<td>Intelligent Imaging Innovations</td>
			<td>+1 (303) 607-9429 x1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital caliper</td>
			<td>Fowler Tools and Instruments</td>
			<td>54-115-330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Precision Instruments LLC</td>
			<td>(504) 228-0076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrosurgical generator</td>
			<td>ValleyLab</td>
			<td>FORCE1C20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane Induction Chamber</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>119038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>American Optical Corporation</td>
			<td>829</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet Aid</td>
			<td>Fisher Healthcare</td>
			<td>13-681-15E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipet (10 mL)</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>86.1254.001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models for human urothelial cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis

当膀胱和结肠直肠癌 (CRC) 的高级别泌尿细胞癌 (HG-UCC) 中存在淋巴结 (LN) 参与时,癌症患者的预后较差。超过50%的肌肉侵入性UCC患者,尽管对临床局部疾病进行治疗,但会发展转移并在5年内死亡,而转移性CRC是美国癌症相关死亡的主要原因。需要持续模仿UCC和CRC转移的患者异种移植模型。本研究旨在生成UCC和CRC的由患者衍生的正射异种移植(PDOX)模型,用于在LN基质细胞的影响下原发性肿瘤生长和自发转移,模拟药物筛选中的人类转移性疾病的进展。新鲜UCC和CRC肿瘤分别从接受HG-UCC和结肠直肠腺癌切除的同意患者身上获得。与LN基质细胞(LNSC)模拟HK细胞共接种,荧光素酶标记UCC细胞被注射到女性非肥胖糖尿病/严重合并免疫缺陷(NOD/SCID)小鼠中,CRC细胞被注射到内直肠(IR)雄性NOD/SCID小鼠。利用生物发光成像(BLI)每周监测肿瘤生长和转移。牺牲后,对血氧林和欧辛和免疫组织化学染色进行收获、称重和正式固定原发性肿瘤和小鼠器官。在我们独特的PDOX模型中,异种移植肿瘤类似于患者植入前肿瘤。在港细胞中,两种模型均具有高肿瘤植入率,以BLI和肿瘤重量测量,UCC为83.3%,CRC为96.9%,高远器官转移率(UCC检测到肝或肺转移33.3%,CRC检测为53.1%)。此外,两种型号的死亡率均为零。我们为人类HG-UCC和CRC建立了独特的、可重复的PDOX模型,允许肿瘤形成、生长和转移研究。有了这些模型,新型治疗药物的测试可以有效地进行,临床模拟的方式。

在UCC PDOX模型中,UCC患者的BlCaPt15或BlCaPt37细胞在存在香港细胞的情况下被灌输到女性NOD/SCID小鼠膀胱中(图1A)。三十分之二十五(83.3%)动物产生原发性肿瘤,并显示时间依赖性原发性肿瘤增长基于每周BLI(图1B,C和表1)。同样,在 CRC PDOX 模型中,32 个型号中的 31 个(96.9%)小鼠在注射患者CoCaPt155或CoCaPt302细胞加香港细...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Patient-derived Orthotopic Xenograft Models for Human Urothelial Cell Carcinoma and Colorectal Cancer Tumor Growth and Spontaneous Metastasis at JoVE.com

Patient-derived Orthotopic Xenograft Models for Human Urothelial Cell Carcinoma and Colorectal Cancer Tumor Growth and Spontaneous Metastasis

该协议描述了患者衍生的正交异种移植模型,通过内在灌输高级尿细胞癌细胞或直肠内注射结肠直肠癌细胞到非肥胖糖尿病/严重组合免疫缺陷(NOD/SCID)小鼠原发性肿瘤生长和自发转移在淋巴结基质细胞的影响下,模拟人类转移性疾病的进展。

患者衍生的人类泌尿细胞癌和结肠直肠癌肿瘤生长和自发转移的正交异种移植模型

Cancer patients have poor prognoses when lymph node (LN) involvement is present in both high-grade urothelial cell carcinoma (HG-UCC) of the bladder and ...

需要模型一致需要通过与淋巴结的相互作用来模拟癌症转移。在结肠直肠癌和膀胱尿道细胞癌的患者。本文中描述的正交异种学模型可以帮助回答这些重要的生物问题，并以临床相关的方式有效地测试新疗法。我们在小鼠身上产生的正畸形肿瘤与患者的肿瘤相似。在淋巴结频闪细胞的存在，两个模型有更高的肿瘤植入和遥远的器官转移率和位置，模仿人类转移模式。此外，两种动物模型的死亡率为零。从安乐死小鼠身上取出患者衍生的肿瘤后，使用灭菌手术剪刀在层流罩下的培养皿中尽可能小地切碎荧光素酶阳性肿瘤片。将肿瘤片段转移到无菌的 50 mL 锥形管中。要准备消化溶液，加入10毫升的胶原酶4型，80微升的海卢罗尼达塞和160微升的脱氧核糖核酸酶类型1至40毫升的HBVSS，通过倒置混合。加入35-40 mL的消化溶液，在37摄氏度下孵育，连续旋转2小时，定期剧烈摇晃。为了在消化后清除碎屑，通过无菌的100微米细胞过滤器过滤消化的肿瘤，然后通过40微米细胞滤株过滤，每次在50 mL管中保存流经，并丢弃碎屑。要清洗自由细胞，在流中加入20 mL的HSSS，并在重力329倍时离心5分钟。吸制上一液，在30 mL的HSS中重新暂停颗粒。将10万个肿瘤细胞转移到无菌的15mL锥形管中，并加入30万个以前准备的新鲜HK细胞。将细胞在重力为329倍的离心5分钟，通过吸气丢弃上一代。将细胞重新用完整的RPMI介质重新暂停，并一直放在冰上，直到准备好使用。要准备动物的 UCC 细胞注射使用脱毛霜剃光 6-8 周大女性 NOD-SCID 小鼠的下背部。为了将 UCC 细胞管理到膀胱中，首先设置一台功率为 4 瓦的单极电化机。麻醉鼠标后，将其放在超平位置，用鼻子放在异氟兰鼻锥中，裸露的背部牢固地固定在分散的电极上。用润滑果冻润滑 24 量表血管导管，然后轻轻地通过鼠标尿道插入血管导管。如果导管在进入时弯曲，则将导管导线插入导管的半路上，以提供稳定性。然后，完全插入0.64毫米固定芯直导丝1毫米过去血管导管的端。将单极销固定在导丝上一秒钟，从而对膀胱粘膜进行电刺激。将新鲜、无菌血管导管连接到 1 mL leur 锁注射器，并绘制在前几步中准备的多达 200 微升的 UCC 细胞。从尿道上取下导管和血管导管，然后用附着在尿道上细胞注射器插入血管导管。将50微升细胞注入小鼠膀胱，让细胞粘附在膀胱壁上，等待几秒钟后取出血管导管。最后，将鼠标从异氟兰鼻锥和接地垫上取下，并在检查后观察1小时，以发现遇险迹象。要创建CRC小鼠模型，请将麻醉的6-8周大雄性NOD-SCID小鼠置于解剖显微镜下，用胶带固定鼻孔和异氟兰鼻锥和前肢，实现稳定性。将小物体（如小纱布部分）放在尾部底部，提升射头，以提高其可视觉性和角度。使用弯曲润滑的钝尖钳扩张肛门管，露出直肠肛门和直肠粘膜并清除粪便。将无菌 30 表可拆卸针头连接到 50 微升玻璃注射器。将肿瘤和HK细胞悬浮液的10微升绘制到注射器中。将10微升注入肛门管上方1-2毫米的直肠后侧亚莫科萨，确保不进入骨盆腔。最后，将鼠标从异氟兰鼻锥中取出，并在手术后观察一小时，以发现遇险迹象。要每周监测原发性肿瘤、肝肺转移性负担，在任一小鼠模型中，首先称重小鼠。在体内注射150毫克/千克荧光素，等待5分钟，让基板在体内循环。将麻醉小鼠放在生物发光成像系统中，鼻子固定在鼻锥上，确保动物的腹侧区域（动物的腹侧）对着相机拍摄每个图像。每周将鼠标以超平位置显示，用于荧光素酶活性。切片和染色石蜡嵌入的分离组织后，使用高功率显微镜观察它们。在 UCC 小鼠模型中，83.3% 的动物生成原发性肿瘤，并基于每周生物发光测量显示时间依赖原发肿瘤生长。在CRC小鼠模型中，96.9%的小鼠生长原发性肿瘤。根据患者肿瘤的不同，小鼠肿瘤的生长具有不同的潜伏期，反映了患者临床特征的差异。在囊泡内和直肠内模型中，肿瘤细胞注射产生正畸原发性肿瘤。此外，分别有33.3%和53.1%的小鼠与UCC细胞和带HK细胞的CRC细胞一起出现远距离器官转移。将 UCC 模型中异种移植的异种移植的异种移植体病理学与原发性患者膀胱癌进行比较。异种移植物的染色结果与原始手术活检的结果相似，证实了类似的组织形态。Ki67抗体，一种人类细胞增殖标记物，显示积极的核染色表明高度增殖，快速生长的人类肿瘤细胞。同样，在CRC模型中，H&E染色表明异种移植和患者肿瘤之间的结构相似性。针对细胞蛋白20的抗体染色在两个CRC模型中也表现出类似的肿瘤生长模式。这些程序的关键是温柔，但坚定地对待动物。用稳定的手练习是安全地执行这些技术并取得最佳效果的最佳方法。一旦这些模型被制作出来，可以测试多种不同形式的癌症疗法，包括当前药物的组合以及患者临床试验之前新开发的疗法。重要的是要记住，癌细胞和针头的处理应该由有经验的人员进行，以确保他们的安全，以及达到最佳的结果。

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Murine Experimental Model of Original Tumor Development and Peritoneal Metastasis via Orthotopic Inoculation with Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

Murine Experimental Model of Original Tumor Development and Peritoneal Metastasis via Orthotopic Inoculation with Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

原发肿瘤发展小鼠实验模型和腹膜转移<em&gt;通过</em&gt;原位接种卵巢癌细胞

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is associated with a poor prognosis because it shows peritoneal dissemination. To improve the prognosis, it is ...

科研

癌症研究

Development and Maintenance of a Preclinical Patient Derived Tumor Xenograft Model for the Investigation of Novel Anti-Cancer Therapies

开发和维护的临床前患者来源的肿瘤异种移植模型为新的抗癌疗法的调查

Patient derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models provide a necessary platform in facilitating anti-cancer drug development prior to human trials. Human tumor ...

Labeling of Breast Cancer Patient-derived Xenografts with Traceable Reporters for Tumor Growth and Metastasis Studies

可追踪记者乳腺癌患者来源的移植瘤贴标肿瘤生长和转移的研究

The use of preclinical models to study tumor biology and response to treatment is central to cancer research. Long-established human cell lines, and many ...

Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer

在直肠癌原位小鼠模型中循环肿瘤细胞的分离

Despite the advantages of easy applicability and cost-effectiveness, subcutaneous mouse models have severe limitations and do not accurately simulate ...

Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma

人地幔细胞淋巴瘤移植小鼠模型中肿瘤植入的研究

B lymphocytes are key players in immune cell circulation and they mainly home to and reside in lymphoid organs. While normal B cells only proliferate when ...

Patient-derived Heterogeneous Xenograft Model of Pancreatic Cancer Using Zebrafish Larvae as Hosts for Comparative Drug Assessment

患者衍生的胰腺癌异质异种移植模型,使用斑马鱼幼虫作为比较药物评估的宿主

Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) and cell-derived tumor xenograft (CDX) are important techniques for preclinical assessment, medication guidance and ...

A Melanoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Model

黑色素瘤患者衍生异种移植模型

Accumulating evidence suggests that molecular and biological properties differ in melanoma cells grown in traditional two-dimensional tissue culture ...

Establishment of Gastric Cancer Patient-derived Xenograft Models and Primary Cell Lines

建立胃癌患者衍生异种移植模型和原细胞系

The use of preclinical models to advance our understanding of tumor biology and investigate the efficacy of therapeutic agents is key to cancer research. ...

The Establishment and Utilization of Patient Derived Xenograft Models of Central Nervous System Metastasis

患者衍生的中枢神经系统转移异种移植模型的建立与利用

The development of novel therapies for central nervous system (CNS) metastasis has been hindered by the lack of preclinical models that accurately ...

Intratibial Osteosarcoma Cell Injection to Generate Orthotopic Osteosarcoma and Lung Metastasis Mouse Models

胫骨肉瘤细胞注射生成原位骨肉瘤和肺转移小鼠模型

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer in children and adolescents, with lungs as the most common metastatic site. The five-year survival ...