Name: assessing the influence of personality on sensitivity to magnetic fields in zebrafish
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这项研究得到了那不勒斯大学费德里科二世物理系基础研究创立和生物系的支持。作者感谢 Cl何迪亚·安杰利尼博士 (意大利国家应用微积分研究所) 的统计支持。作者感谢 Martina Scanu 和 Silvia Frassinet 在收集数据方面提供的技术帮助, 并感谢部门技术人员 F. Cassese、G. Passeggio 和 r. rocco 在设计和实现实验设置方面提供的娴熟帮助。我们感谢劳拉·根蒂勒在视频拍摄期间帮助进行了实验。我们感谢迈阿密大学的戴安娜·罗斯·乌德尔拍摄了亚历桑德罗·克雷斯基的采访声明。

以下议定书已得到意大利那不勒斯第二大学动物护理和使用机构委员会的批准 (2015年)。
1. 动物饲养
<ol><li>使用至少200升的坦克, 在每个坦克中举办至少50名男女人员的浅滩。 请注意:鱼缸中的鱼的密度必须是每2升或更低的一只动物。在这种情况下, 斑马鱼将表现出正常的浅滩行为。</li>
	<li>设置维护条件如下: 温度在 27–28°c;电导率在 & lt;500 μS;pH 值 6.5–7.5;3号...

<ol>
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本研究中描述的协议使科学家能够量化水生物种的复杂方向反应, 这是由两个外部线索 (水流和地磁场) 和动物的一个内部因素 (如人格。总的概念是创造一个实验设计, 允许科学家分离不同个性的个体, 调查他们的定位行为, 同时单独或同时控制外部环境线索。
本研究中描述的协议, 连同流变指数 (RI) 的数学定义, 是在初步观察了斑马鱼在游泳隧道中的行为后设计的。当放置在?...

在本研究中, 我们描述了一种基于实验室的行为协议, 该协议的范围是研究鱼的个性对水流和磁场等外部方向线索的定向响应的作用。
动物的定向决定是由权衡各种感官信息的结果。决策过程受动物导航能力 (如选择和保持方向的能力)、其内部状态 (如喂养或生殖需求)、移动能力 (如运动生物力学) 和其他几个方面的影响。外部因素 (例如, 一天中的时间, 与具体情况的相互作用)1。
内在状态或动物个性在取向行为中的作用往往是鲜为人知或没有探索的 2。在社会水生物种的定位研究中, 还出现了其他挑战, 这些物种往往表现为协调和极化的群体运动行为3。
水流在鱼类的定向过程中起着关键作用。鱼类通过称为流变轴4的无条件响应定向到水流, 这种反应可以是正的 (即面向上游), 也可以是负的 (即下游方向的), 并用于若干活动, 从觅食到尽量减少精力充沛的开支5,6。此外, 越来越多的文献报道说, 许多鱼类使用地磁场进行定向和导航7、8、9.
对鱼的流变和游泳性能的研究通常是在流动室 (水槽) 中进行的, 在那里, 鱼接触到流动速度的逐步增加, 从低速到高速, 通常直到耗尽 (称为临界速度)10, 11个。另一方面, 以前的研究通过观察动物在静水 12、13 的竞技场上的游泳行为, 研究了磁场在定向中的作用。在这里, 我们描述了一种实验室技术, 使研究人员能够研究鱼的行为, 同时操纵水流和磁场。在我们之前的研究中, 首次将这种方法用于浅滩斑马鱼 (Danio rerio), 得出的结论是, 对周围磁场的操纵决定了流变阈值 (即在它把鱼放在上游.这种方法是基于使用一个缓慢流动的水槽室结合设置, 以控制在水槽中的磁场, 在地球的磁场强度范围内。
图 1概述了用于观察斑马鱼行为的游泳隧道。隧道 (由直径为7厘米、长度为15厘米的非反射丙烯酸圆筒组成) 连接到控制流量14的设置上。在此设置中, 隧道中的流量范围在0到9之间。
为了操纵游泳隧道中的磁场, 我们使用两种方法: 第一种是一维的, 第二种是三维的。对于任何应用, 这些方法都可以操纵地磁场, 以获得规定体积的水中的特定磁场条件--因此, 本研究中报告的磁场强度值包括地磁场。
关于一维方法15, 磁场是沿着水流方向 (定义为 x 轴) 操作的, 使用环绕在游泳隧道周围的螺长管。这连接到一个动力装置, 并产生均匀的静态磁场 (图 2a)。同样, 在三维接近的情况下, 含有游泳隧道的体积中的地磁场也使用电线线圈进行了修改。然而, 为了在三维空间中控制磁场, 线圈设计了三个正交赫尔姆霍兹对 (图 2b)。每个 Helmholtz 对由两个沿三个正交空间方向 (x、 y和z) 定向的圆形线圈组成, 并配备了在闭环条件下工作的三轴磁强计。磁强计的工作领域强度与地球的自然场相当, 它位于接近的几何中心的线圈集 (游泳隧道的位置)。
我们实施上述技术来检验这样的假设, 即组成浅滩的鱼的个性特征会影响它们对磁场16 的反应。我们测试的假设是, 具有主动和反应人格的17,18 人在暴露于水流和磁场时的反应不同。为了验证这一点, 我们首先使用既定的方法对斑马鱼进行排序, 以分配和分组主动或反应性的17、19、20、21个人.然后, 我们评估斑马鱼游泳的流变行为, 在浅滩游泳只由反应性个体或由只有主动的个人在磁水槽槽, 我们提出作为样本数据。
排序方法是基于主动和反应性个体探索新环境的不同倾向21。具体而言, 我们使用的坦克分为明亮和黑暗面17,19, 20,21 (图 3)。动物适应了黑暗面。当进入光明的一面是开放的, 主动的个人往往会迅速离开黑暗的一半的坦克, 探索新的环境, 而反应性的鱼不会离开黑暗的坦克。

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			<td style="width:196px;">FWBell</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:389px;">Gaussmeter, DC-10 kHz; probe resolution:&#160; 0.01 &#956;T&#160;</td>
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			<td height="46" style="height:47px;width:216px;">AD5755-1</td>
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			<td style="width:141px;">EVAL-AD5755SDZ</td>
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			<td height="46" style="height:47px;width:216px;">ALR3003D</td>
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			<td style="width:389px;">Single axis magnetic probe</td>
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			<td height="46" style="height:47px;width:216px;">Swimming apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">M2M Engineering Custom Scientific Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:389px;">Swimming apparatus composed by peristaltic pump and SMC Flow switch flowmeter with digital feedback</td>
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			<td height="46" style="height:47px;width:216px;">TECO 278</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">TECO</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:389px;">Thermo-cryostat&#160;</td>
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assessing the influence of personality on sensitivity to magnetic fields in zebrafish

为了使自己适应自己的环境, 动物整合了广泛的外部暗示, 这些暗示与几个内部因素相互作用, 如个性。在这里, 我们描述了一个行为协议, 旨在研究斑马鱼个性对其对多种外部环境线索的定向响应的影响, 特别是水流和磁场。该方案旨在了解当周围的磁场改变方向时, 主动或反应斑马鱼是否显示不同的流变力阈值 (即鱼开始向上游游动的流速)。为了识别具有相同个性的斑马鱼, 在一个与一个狭窄的开口相连到明亮的一半的鱼缸的黑暗半处引入了鱼。只有积极主动的鱼探索新颖、明亮的环境。反应性鱼不会离开水箱的黑暗部分。采用低流速游泳隧道确定流变阈值。我们描述了在地球磁场强度范围内控制隧道内磁场的两个设置: 一个是控制沿流动方向 (一维) 的磁场, 另一个是允许对磁场进行三轴控制。在不同磁场下, 鱼在经历隧道流速逐步增加的情况下拍摄。关于方向行为的数据通过视频跟踪程序收集, 并应用于逻辑模型, 以便确定流变阈值。我们报告从浅滩斑马鱼收集的代表性结果。具体而言, 这些情况表明, 只有反应性、谨慎的鱼在磁场方向变化时, 才会显示流变系统阈值的变化, 而主动的鱼不会对磁场的变化做出反应。该方法可应用于许多水生物种的磁敏和流变行为的研究, 包括单生或浅滩游泳策略。

作为样本数据, 我们提供的结果是, 使用图 2 a 所示的设置 (见协议第3节),控制主动和反应性浅滩16上水流方向的磁场。这些结果表明, 所描述的协议如何能够突出不同性格的鱼类在对磁场反应上的差异。这些试验的总体概念取决于这样的发现, 即磁场相对于水流的方向会影响浅滩斑马鱼14的流变阈值。因此, 由于磁场?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing the Influence of Personality on Sensitivity to Magnetic Fields in Zebrafish at JoVE.com

Assessing the Influence of Personality on Sensitivity to Magnetic Fields in Zebrafish

我们描述了一种行为协议, 该协议旨在评估斑马鱼的性格如何影响它们对水流和弱磁场的反应。性格相同的鱼根据其探索行为而分离。然后, 观察了在不同磁条件下, 在低流速游泳隧道中的流变定向行为。

特征对斑马鱼磁场敏感性的影响评价

To orient themselves in their environment, animals integrate a wide array of external cues, which interact with several internal factors, such as ...

该协议允许探索斑马鱼的内部状态或个性如何影响来自环境（如电流或磁场）的向向响应。此技术用于观察内部因素和环境线索对斑马鱼方向的影响。然而，它也可以应用于各种各样的实验设计。该方法可为传感器生物学研究的行为生态学提供深入的见解。并且是灵活的物种，所以它适合任何积极游泳的水生动物。我们建议，在实验中，你熟悉你打算使用的动物的行为，以及如何尽量减少动物的压力。对于斑马鱼的个性选择，使用网中的250毫升烧杯收集单个鱼，将它们移动到转移池中，将鱼转移到个性选择罐的黑暗面。经过一个小时的适应后，打开滑动门，让从孔中退出的个人探索油箱的光明面 10 分钟。在勘探期结束时，用两个分离的容器轻轻收集鱼，从光明的一面收集主动鱼，并在五分钟后从暗箱中收集反应性鱼。要设置一维磁场操作的磁场，请保持隧道打开并打开电源单元和磁力计。将连接到隧道内气体特斯拉仪表的磁性探头，并验证沿隧道主轴获取所选磁场值所需的电压。然后断开探头，将流道连接到游泳设备。要设置三维磁场操作的磁场，请打开计算机，在线圈驱动器中对模拟转换器进行数字转换，并在 x、y、z 轴上设置所选磁场。然后将隧道放在赫尔姆霍尔茨对集的中心。设置该选择的磁场后，选择一到五条鱼进行流变试验。将隧道中的鱼转移，将隧道中的流量设置为每分钟 4.5 升，然后打开泵。在感觉隧道与水一起进入隧道之前，请务必关闭出水阀，然后转移鱼并打开，然后再将地板设置好。动物在游泳隧道中适应一小时后，开始记录隧道内鱼类的行为，然后根据选定的实验方案开始提高流速。同一个游泳隧道与线圈拆下，可以放置在中心赫尔姆霍尔茨对设置。在流变实验结束时，在无定形公制室中拍摄单个鱼类的照片，并打开图像J.中的照片，注意动物的性别。雄性斑马鱼是细长的，往往是黄色的，而雌鱼更圆润，往往有蓝色和白色的颜色。接下来，单击"分析"并设置比例。要设置图像比例（以厘米为单位），使用相机比例作为参考，并在选择分段线工具时，从鼻子尖到溺爱五角绘制一条线，以测量标准长度或尾尖的总长度。然后单击"分析"和"测量"，记录动物的线性长度（以厘米为单位）。要跟踪隧道内的斑马鱼活动，请打开相应的视频分析和建模软件程序。单击"文件"、"导入"和"视频"并打开其中一个视频，然后单击坐标系，将长度单位设置为厘米，将时间单位设置为秒。单击坐标轴并设置参考系统，通过 x 轴沿隧道跟踪鱼的位置，在出水口的墙的低角设置鱼源。单击校准中的新鱼跟踪，以设置刻度并跟踪新的点对质量，开始一次跟踪一条鱼。以半秒、五帧间隔手动推进视频，并在每个上游下游转弯和每个下游上转时标记动物的时间和位置。在每个跟踪会话结束时，从表中选择 X 和时间值。右键单击数据，以完全精度单击复制数据。然后保存模板电子表格文件上所有车削位置的时间值和 x 值。计算上下游总时间，以及每个完整步骤的流变索引和百分比的值。在这个具有代表性的实验中，在隧道中经过一个小时的适应期后，一次录制一个视频，而在隧道中游泳时，水流加速了七步流量的逐步提高。在这些试验中，磁场被控制在一个维度上。在跟踪期间，每个鱼在每次流速下的条款被突出显示，并用作参考点，用于计算每条鱼的流变指数。当流变指数高于50%，并表明动物有与上游游泳的流行率对应的正流变反应时，流变指数与50%没有显著差异，表示没有流变反应。本实验中所有五条鱼的平均流变指数百分比值的弧形符号变换表明，当水速增加时，流变指数值的弧形指数值增加，从而允许使用简单的数学方法对斑马鱼流变量进行定量化。从这些曲线中可以看出，在不同方向的磁场下，主动鱼的流变反应不受影响，两个实验组的反应由同一曲线表示。另一方面，反应性鱼根据磁场改变流变方向，反应由显著不同的曲线表示。请记住，这是一个行为实验，鱼的行为可能会受到压力的影响。处理和转移鱼可能比较棘手。所以，在实验前训练自己。这种流变磁性技术使我们能够进一步探索个性对斑马鱼和其他水生脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的磁敏性的影响。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

科研

行为学

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

评估在功能性能<em&gt; MDX</em&gt;小鼠模型

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential ...

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective

评估参与的多维度来表征学习：神经生理学角度

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: ...

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain

重复经颅磁刺激对大鼠大脑的单边半球

Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, ...

Assessing the Effects of Music Listening on Psychobiological Stress in Daily Life

评估音乐的影响听力在日常生活Psychobiological压力

Music listening is associated with stress-reducing effects. However, most of the results on music listening and stress were gathered in experimental ...

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

用心理生理学脚本驱动的图像实验研究边缘人格障碍的创伤相关离解

This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical ...

Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors

影响下的驾驶: 音乐听力对驾驶行为的影响

Car driving is a daily activity for many individuals in modern societies. Drivers often listen to music while driving. The method presented here ...

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

利用眼动追踪和偏好外观范式探索婴儿对视觉语言的敏感度

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

使用五分钟言语样本程序评估家长对孩子的简短叙述的一致性

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...