Name: swimming induced paralysis to assess dopamine signaling in caenorhabditis elegans
Uploaded: 2019-04-03T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Swimming Induced Paralysis to Assess Dopamine Signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.com

作者要感谢兰迪·布莱克利博士实验室的 Osama Refai 博士对 SWIP 的自动化分析提供的指导。这项工作得到了国家卫生研究院 R01 DA042156 到 LC 的资助。

1. 解决方案和媒体的准备
<ol><li>在1升蒸压去离子水中溶解 kh 2 po 4 3.0 g (22.05 mm)、na 2 hpo4 6.0 g (42.2 mm) 和 nacl 5.0 g (85.5 mm) 制备 mM 缓冲液.高压灭菌后加入 1 M MgSO4 1.0 ml (1 毫升, 最终体积为100毫升蒸压去离子水)。将产生的 10x ML 的100毫升与蒸压去离子水的900毫升混合, 制成1x 溶液。</li>
	<li>要做鸡蛋缓冲液, 溶解6.896 克氯化钠 (118 mM), 3.5 78 克 KCl (48 mM), 0.294 克 Cc...

<ol>
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在这里, 我们描述了一个分步的协议, 以执行行为分析, swip, 在c. elegans。这个协议简单而直接, 没有重大的技术障碍, 使这种检测非常方便用户。然而, 为了有效地进行检测, 还需要考虑一些关键的方面。
应注意确保用于检测的蠕虫吃得很好, 因为饮食限制会影响 SWIP17。在采摘过程中对蠕虫进行温和处理, 以及在裂解过程中及时处理次氯酸钠/naoh 治疗是关...

动物执行各种先天和复杂的行为, 这些行为由复杂的信号转导过程协调的不同神经递质介导。神经递质多巴胺 (DA) 介导不同物种高度保守的行为, 包括学习、运动功能和奖励处理。
土壤线虫的神经系统相对简单, 只有302个神经元, 表现出明显复杂的行为, 包括许多由 da 调节的行为, 如交配、学习、觅食、运动和产蛋1. 除其他特点外, 寿命周期短、处理方便和信号分子的守恒, 突出了使用线虫作为研究保守行为的神经基础的模型的优势。
雌雄同体线虫含有8个多巴胺能神经元;除此之外, 雄性还为交配目的多了六个对。与哺乳动物一样, 这些神经元合成 DA 并表达 da 转运体 (DAT-1), 这是一种单不在多巴胺能神经元中的膜蛋白, 它将突触裂隙中释放的 DA 转运回多巴胺能神经元。此外, 在 DDA 的合成、包装和释放的每一步中, 大多数蛋白质都是高度保守的, 在蠕虫和人类之间, 与哺乳动物一样, da 调节线虫2 中的喂养行为和运动。
线虫在固体表面上爬行, 并在水中游泳, 具有特有的撞击行为。有趣的是, 缺乏 dat-1 (dat-1) 表情的突变体在固体表面上正常爬行, 但在水中浸泡时无法维持游泳。这种行为被称为游泳引起的麻痹, 或 SWIP。先前的实验表明, SWIP 在一定程度上是由突触裂隙中的 DA 过多引起的, 最终过度刺激 D2 样突触后受体 (DOP-3)。虽然最初是在dat-1型淘汰赛动物 3中发现的, 但在使用阻止 dat 活性的药物 (例如, imipamine4) 和/或诱导 da 释放 (例如苯丙胺5) 的药物治疗的野生类型动物中也观察到了 swip。另一方面, 避免 da 的合成和释放以及阻断 DOP-3 受体功能的药理或遗传操作可以防止 SWIP6。总之, 这些已经公布的数据已经确定了 swip 作为一个可靠的工具, 研究突变蛋白在多巴胺能突触 3,4,7和用于前基因屏幕, 用于识别涉及 da 信号7、8、9、10、11、12 的新调控途径。此外, 通过提供药物诱导的活体动物行为的易于量化的读数, swip 可以阐明药物 (如安非他明 (AMPH) 和偶酮类药物在多巴胺能突触5的作用机制,6,13,14,15岁
执行 SWIP 检测的协议已在16之前描述过。在这里, 我们详细介绍了执行检测的方法和设置, 目的是为线虫社区提供一个视觉指南, 以有效地执行 swip。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:992px;" width="991">
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Aluminum foil</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Reynolds wrap</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">1091835</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Amphetamine</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">51-63-8&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Autoclave</td>
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			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Bacterial Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">New Brunswick scientific</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">M1352-0000</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Bacteriological grade, Agar</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Lab Scientific, Inc</td>
			<td>&#160;A466</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Bacto (TM) Peptone</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">BD</td>
			<td>REF 211677</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Calcium Chloride (dihydrate)</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">C3881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Camera&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">U-CMAD3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Eppendorf 5810R 15amp</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">E215059</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Cholesterol</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">57-88-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Deionised water</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Z00QSV0WW</td>
			<td>Milli-Q</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Depression glass spot plate</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Corning, Inc. 722085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Erlenmeyer flask</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">4103-0250PK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Eye lash</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Glass slide</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Graphing and statistical software</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Prism</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
			<td>Graphpad 5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">RB=H3375 &#38; H7006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Hypochlorite</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Hawkins</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Sodium Hypochlorite 4-6%, USP&#34; 1 gal</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">LB Broth, Miller</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">BP1426</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Magnesium Chloride (Hexahydrate)</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">RB=M0250</td>
			<td>500g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Magnesium sulfate (heptahydrate)</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">M1880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Magnetic stir bar</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">16-800-510&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">69715</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">NA 22 bacteria</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">CGC</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Nystatin</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">1400-61-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Osmometer</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Advanced Instruments, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Model 3320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Pasteur Pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">13-678-20A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Petriplates</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">351007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">pH Meter</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Orion VersaStar Pro</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">IS-68X591202-B 0514</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Polystrine conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">352095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">P9541</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Potassium dihydrogen phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">7778-77-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Potassium Phosphate - DIBASIC</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P-8281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Potassium Phosphate - MONOBASIC</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P0662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Serological pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">10ml=89130-898</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Shaker</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Reliable Scientific</td>
			<td>55S 12x16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>RB=BP358-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Sodium dihydrogen Phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">RB=S381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Spreadsheet</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">MS office</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
			<td>Microsoft Excel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Model tlb3. 1 stemi2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Sterile Pipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Various</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">02-707-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">RB=S5016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Superglue</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Loctite</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">1647358 .14 oz.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">SwimR sofware</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">10.18129/B9.bioc.SwimR</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:295px;">Tracker 2</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Worm Tracker 2.0</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/wormtracker/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Video recording software</td>
			<td>Virtualdub</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">http://www.virtualdub.org/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

swimming induced paralysis to assess dopamine signaling in caenorhabditis elegans

该方案中描述的游泳检测方法是识别调节多巴胺能突触的蛋白质的有效工具。与哺乳动物类似, 多巴胺 (DA) 控制着线虫的多种功能, 包括学习和运动活动。刺激 DA 释放 (例如, 安非他明 (AMPH) 处理) 或阻止 DA 清除的条件 (例如, 缺乏 DA 转运体 (dat-1)的动物无法将 da 重新积累到神经元中) 会产生过量的细胞外 da最终导致抑制运动。当动物在水中游泳时, 这种行为尤其明显。事实上, 虽然野生类型的动物继续游泳很长一段时间, dat-1空突变体和野生类型处理的 amph 或 da 转运体抑制剂下沉到井底, 不移动。这种行为被称为 "游泳诱发麻痹" (SWIP)。虽然 SWIP 检测已经建立, 但缺乏对该方法的详细描述。在这里, 我们介绍了执行 SWIP 的分步指南。为了进行检测, 将幼虫后期阶段-4 动物放置在含有控制蔗糖溶液的玻璃光板中, 无论是否有 AMPH。动物的游泳行为得分, 或者通过立体镜下的可视化, 或者通过使用安装在立体镜上的相机自动录制。然后使用跟踪软件对视频进行分析, 该软件以热图的形式直观地表示了撞击频率和瘫痪。手动和自动化系统都保证了动物游泳能力的容易量化读数, 从而便于筛选多巴胺能系统内带有突变的动物或辅助基因。此外, 社会福利和儿童保护方案可用于阐明 AMPH 等滥用药物的行动机制。

我们提供了一个由 AMPH 治疗诱导的 SWIP 检测的例子。图 1显示了上述检测设置的示意图。对于手动检测, 约8-10 同步的后期 L4 级蠕虫收集睫毛或铂素拾取, 并放置在玻璃光斑板中, 其中装有40μl 的 200 MOMSML 蔗糖 (控制溶液) 或蔗糖, 并进行了甜甜量测试。
当动物停止游泳 (即, 表现出 SWIP) 时, 它们会迅速沉入?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Swimming Induced Paralysis to Assess Dopamine Signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.com

Swimming Induced Paralysis to Assess Dopamine Signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans

游泳诱导麻痹对线虫多巴胺信号的评价

游泳诱导麻痹 (SWIP) 是一种成熟的行为检测方法, 用于研究线虫中多巴胺信号的潜在机制.然而, 缺乏一个详细的方法来执行该检测。在这里, 我们描述了 SWIP 的分步协议。

The swimming assay described in this protocol is a valid tool to identify proteins regulating the dopaminergic synapses. Similar to mammals, dopamine (DA) ...

此程序的总体目标是演示游泳诱发麻痹或 SWIP，这是一种行为分析，用于评估 C.elegans 中的多巴胺信号。SWIP 允许快速识别多巴胺突触内或相关的基因。此方法允许调查过量的细胞外多巴胺产生的影响，例如由药物或多巴胺运输器的突变引起。为了确保在检测期间测试的所有蠕虫在相同时间进行，动物必须迅速转移到溶液中。展示程序将是西里沙·库杜马拉和塞琳·索西。他们都在我的实验室工作。要建立蠕虫启动培养物，请使用无菌铲从含有良好喂养的 C.elegans 的盘子中切出小块的阿加，然后将汞片转移到单独的 NA22 大肠杆菌板中。在20摄氏度下孵育3至4天后，在立体显微镜下直观地确认有格拉维德成人的存在。为了获得同步的蠕虫种群，将水喷到装满成年的盘子里。轻轻旋转板以将蠕虫移出，并使用处置移液器将蠕虫转移到 15 毫升聚苯乙烯锥形管中。将蠕虫从第二个盘子拉入管中后，通过离心收集蠕虫，每次洗涤 15 毫升的自洗水中进行三次洗涤。上次洗净后，水应该会显得清澈。最后离心后，在蠕虫中加入五毫升新鲜准备好的次氯钠氢氧化钠溶液，并迅速与漩涡混合。在摇杆上孵育管子，将一滴蠕虫溶液放在玻璃显微镜幻灯片上，并在立体镜下检查蠕虫解，每两分钟四到八分钟。当大约70%的蠕虫被解化，卵子被释放，立即停止与鸡蛋缓冲的解解。然后将胚胎和蠕虫尸体离心四次，用新鲜鸡蛋缓冲液在洗涤之间重新填充颗粒，以去除剩余的漂白剂。上次洗涤后，颗粒应显示为白色。将颗粒重新用五毫升的自功能化水和五毫升的60%蔗糖中重新供应，通过离心将胚胎与尸体分离。在密度梯度分离后小心地从离心机取出管子，并使用玻璃巴斯德移液器将漂浮在上半月板的三到四毫升胚胎转移到新的 15 毫升锥形管中。用自洗水清洗胚胎三次，取出蔗糖，然后用M9缓冲液洗三次。最后一次洗涤后，在10毫升的新鲜M9缓冲液中孵育胚胎过夜，让卵子孵化并留在L1幼虫阶段。在摇床上不超过14小时后，用自洗水清洗L1幼虫三次，以去除幼虫释放的任何信息素，并在一毫升水中重新暂停幼虫颗粒。将蠕虫的等分稀释为 1 到 10 的比例，并将 1：10 微升滴到玻璃幻灯片上，并在立体显微镜下数出蠕虫。重复重复，以获得平均数量的蠕虫。使用移液器将足够的蠕虫溶液液滴添加到室温 NA22 板上，将大约 10 倍种子种子到培养的第三个蠕虫中，使板半开，直到滴干。然后在20摄氏度下将覆盖和倒置的板孵育约44至48小时，或直到蠕虫在立体显微镜下通过视觉方式确认的L4晚期。对于 SWIP 的手动评估，在玻璃现货板中加入 40 微升控制溶液，带或不带 0.5 毫摩尔安非他明。在立体示波器下，用睫毛拾取 8 到 10 个后期 L4 阶段蠕虫，将拾取器淹没在包含溶液的井中，直到蠕虫离开拾取并游入溶液中。启动计时器。注意释放到井中释放的蠕虫数量，并观察和记录显示 SWIP 的蠕虫数量，每分钟标记一次，总共 10 分钟。在过程结束时，将原始数据复制到电子表格中，通过将每分钟瘫痪的蠕虫数量除以在整个检测过程中测试的蠕虫总数除以 100 来计算瘫痪的蠕虫百分比。将百分比值复制到任何图形和统计软件中，并使用 XY 图形格式在 y 轴上绘制具有 SWIP 百分比的数据和 x 轴上的时间。可对控制和安非他明治疗组的统计分析以及治疗时间进行，例如使用双向的 ANOVA 和后期分析。对于游泳诱发的瘫痪的自动分析，请设置摄像头、蠕虫跟踪器软件和脚本来运行跟踪软件分析，并使用睫毛拾取将单个后期 L4 蠕虫放入玻璃点板中，如前面所示。然后一次录制一个蠕虫的游泳视频，并使用蠕虫跟踪器软件计算身体弯曲的频率，按照提供的脚本与跟踪软件获取蠕虫鞭打频率，并生成来自蠕虫冲击数据的热图。在控制解决方案中测试的大多数蠕虫连续游至少 10 分钟。暴露在控制或安非他明的蠕虫在观察的第一分钟不显示 SWIP。然而，当使用控制溶液治疗的蠕虫继续游10分钟时，用安非他明治疗的蠕虫在经过两分钟的治疗后开始表现出SWIP。10分钟后，66%的动物显示SWIP。这里显示了接触控制物或安非他明的动物的热图示例，预计安非他明处理动物的瘫痪率将显著增加。在尝试这种检测之前，人们应该非常熟悉C.elegans的采摘和发展阶段。多巴胺系统在SWIP行为中的参与，应使用缺乏多巴胺蛋白表达的动物或多巴胺囊泡与雷瑟平的耗竭来确认。SWIP可以帮助识别参与多巴胺突触药物作用机制的新蛋白质。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Swimming Induced Paralysis to Assess Dopamine Signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET:  Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking

创建动态图像的短命多巴胺波动与LP-ntPET：多巴胺电影吸烟

We describe experimental and statistical steps for creating dopamine movies of the brain from dynamic PET data. The movies represent minute-to-minute ...

科研

行为学

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Examination of Rapid Dopamine Dynamics with Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry During Intra-oral Tastant Administration in Awake Rats

考试多巴胺快速与动态快速扫描循环伏安法在口内呈味物质管理清醒大鼠

Rapid, phasic dopamine (DA) release in the mammalian brain plays a critical role in reward processing, reinforcement learning, and motivational control. ...

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

眼跟踪控制，以评估患者的认知功能与肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

可逆冷却诱导 Deactivations 对行走猫的障碍记忆的皮层贡献研究

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance

生物力学分析方法,以评估职业羽毛球运动员的隆起表现

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

面部肌电图对人体有经验和观察到的情感触觉的影响评估

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...

A Standardized Protocol for Preference Testing to Assess Fish Welfare

偏好测试评估鱼类福利的标准化协议

Animal welfare assessment techniques try to take into consideration the specific needs and wants of the animal in question. Providing enrichment (the ...

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

皮洛卡平诱导癫痫小鼠记忆功能评估

Cognitive impairment is one of the most common comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy. To recapitulate epilepsy-associated cognitive decline in an animal ...