Name: a galleria mellonella oral administration model to study commensal-induced innate immune responses
Uploaded: 2019-03-21T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses at JoVE.com

这项工作由 DFG (SPP1656)、DFG 研究培训小组1708、Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) 和德国感染研究中心 (DZIF) 资助。

1. g. mellonella 的饲养和幼虫的制备
注: 从卵到最后一次幼虫的周期大约需要5-6。
<ol><li>将成年飞蛾产下的卵转移到含有蜡蛾底物的2升箱 (22% 玉米磨碎、22% 小麦粉、17.5% 蜂蜡、11% 脱脂奶粉、11% 蜂蜜、11% 甘油、5.5% 干酵母)。在黑暗中在30°c 下进行整个繁殖。</li>
	<li>在大约1-2周后, 当小幼虫可见时, 将含有幼虫的25克底物转移到新鲜的底物中。根据幼虫的大小在2周后同步...

<ol>
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g. mellonella模型是一种常用的模型, 用于评估全身感染方法21中的细菌毒力因素。由于许多病原体和细菌通过口腔定植或感染途径进入宿主, 需要找到新的见解来评估g. mellonella 作为口腔定植和感染的模型。
在15-37°c 之间饲养g. mellonella 的可能性是一个很大的优势, 因为大多数哺乳动物模型的体温保持在 37°c 5。g. mellonella...

肠道微生物群是维持体内平衡的重要组成部分, 涉及先天和适应性免疫反应1,2。共生组织的特征是不同的主要共生体成分: 通过重要的免疫调节功能产生有益作用的共生体, 以及对遗传倾向有有害影响的病理体主持、促进和引发肠道炎症3,4。许多关于共生体和病理及其对宿主免疫系统影响的研究已经发表, 主要研究适应性免疫反应。
由于这些研究涉及许多动物进行调查, 保护和更换用于实验的动物越来越引起公众的兴趣, 我们寻求找到一种替代模式, 以便对不同的细菌免疫原性进行筛查性能。昆虫, 特别是大肠杆菌, 是感染研究中广泛使用的替代模型。g. mellonella结合了不同的优势, 如低成本和高吞吐量;它允许口服细菌, 这是自然接触途径, 它允许全身感染5,6。在37°c 条件下进一步促进了培养, 而13°c 是哺乳动物的生理体温, 也是细菌毒力因子表达的最佳选择.g. mellonella 的主要优点是保守的先天免疫系统, 它能够区分自己从非自我和编码各种模式识别受体, 如阿波霍林或视黄素血肉 6, 7. 微生物识别后, g. mellonella 可引发不同的下游体液免疫反应。它能诱导氧化应激反应, 分泌活性氧 (ros), 涉及 nos (一氧化酶合酶) 和 nox (nadph 氧化酶)6,8的活性。此外, g. mellonella 激活了有效的抗菌肽 (amp) 反应, 从而导致不同的 amp 混合物的分泌, 如格列维素、莫利星、塞科品或防御素样的格列米星 6, 8,9,10。一般来说, Amp 具有相当广泛的宿主特异性, 以对抗革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性菌和真菌, 并必须提供一个强有力的反应, 因为昆虫缺乏任何适应性反应 10。格洛维林是一种对细菌和真菌具有活性的 AMP, 抑制膜外膜形成6,11。莫司菌素通过穿透膜并形成一个毛孔 9,11,显示出它们对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌作用。cecropins 提供对细菌和真菌的活性, 并像莫利辛 9,10一样渗透膜。Gallerimycin 是一种具有抗真菌特性的防御素样肽9。有趣的是, 发现西罗平和金霉素联合对大肠杆菌10有协同作用。
由于其易于使用的性质g. mellonella 幼虫是一个经常使用的感染模型, 以评估细菌的致病性。特别是, 从g. mellonella 获得的数据与从小鼠获得的数据相关的研究支持了这一替代宿主模型的强度。研究发现, 小鼠感染模型中最致病性的单核细胞增生李斯特菌血清型也导致全身感染后g. mellonella死亡率较高。此外, 在12 型 g. mellonella中, 毒性较低的血清型也较少.对人类病原真菌白色念珠菌也进行了类似的观察。通过全身感染和随后对幼虫存活的监测, 对不同的白色念珠菌病类毒力进行了评估。小鼠无毒菌株也具有无毒性或毒性降低, 而小鼠毒株也可导致高幼虫死亡率 13.g. mellonella模型可进一步用于识别铜绿假单胞菌14的3型分泌系统致病性因素。
由于大多数涉及g. mellonella 的研究都集中在使用全身感染方法的毒力因素上, 因此我们特别感兴趣的是提供一种适合于口服强制喂养中的肠道同源物分析的方法模型, 我们可以应用不同剂量的细菌每幼虫, 不仅观察幼虫死亡率, 但分析先天免疫反应的不同标志, 以保持肠道稳态。
我们的方法有助于增加使用 g. mellonella 作为替代模型, 因为我们结合细菌的应用和 rna 表达的分析。在包括口服后免疫反应分析和全身感染后死亡率观察的同时, 加强细菌发病机制研究的意义不仅是有益的。我们的方法允许分析细菌非致病性共济会的免疫原性特性, 因为它通过在活生物体中提供肠道屏障, 提供了比细胞培养更复杂的条件。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1.5 mL tubes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0030120086</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100 bp DNA ladder&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15628019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1-Bromo-3-Chloropropane (BCP)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B9673</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">2 mL tubes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0030120094</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">2x Mangomix</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Bioline</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BIO-25033</td>
			<td>Colony PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">50 mL tubes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">210 261</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Biozym</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">840004</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Beeswax</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Mixed-Store.de</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;-</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Brain heart infusion broth</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CM1135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CloneJET PCR Cloning Kit</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K1232</td>
			<td>Cloning vector for 16S fragments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Corn grits</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Osterm&#252;hle Naturkost GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">306</td>
			<td>Organic cultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Difco LB Agar, Miller (Luria-Bertani)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Difoco LB Broth, Miller (Luria-Bertani)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">244610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNA-free DNA Removal Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">244510</td>
			<td>&#160;Dnase digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dried yeast</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Rapunzel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;-</td>
			<td>Organic cultivation</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20821.330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">W252506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Honey</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Osterm&#252;hle Naturkost GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">487</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isopropanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20842.330</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lightcycler 480 Instrument II</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Roche Molecular Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5015278001</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">LightCycler 480 Multiwell Plate 96, white</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Roche Molecular Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4729692001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Manual Microsyringe Pump with Digital Display</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DMP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro-Fine+ U-100 insulin syringe 0.3 x 8 mm</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">324826</td>
			<td>Oral administration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mortar, unglazed</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">VWR</td>
			<td>410-9327&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nanodrop</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-400-518</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nuclease-free water&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10977035</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oxoid AnaeroGen sachets&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AN0025A</td>
			<td>Quality and quantity of RNA</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PCR stripes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Biozym</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">710970</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Pestle, unglazed grinding surface</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">VWR</td>
			<td>410-9324&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phusion proof-reading enzyme&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F553S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Primers</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Biomers</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">PureYield Plasmid Miniprep System</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QuantiFast SYBR Green PCR kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">204056</td>
			<td>qPCR for bacterial copy number measurment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">QuantiFast SYBR Green RT-PCR Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>204156</td>
			<td>qRT-PCR for gene expression measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">205311</td>
			<td>cDNA synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Qubit Assay Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Q32856</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Qubit dsHS DNA kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Q32851</td>
			<td>Quantification of plasmid and cDNA samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Qubit fluorometer</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Q33226</td>
			<td>Quantification of plasmid and cDNA samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RNase-ExitusPlus</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A7153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rnasin Ribonuclease Inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N2511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Skimmed milk powder</td>
			<td>Sucofin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">&#160;-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SYBR safe DNA Gel Stain</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S33102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TRI reagent&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T9424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Weighing boat</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10803-148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Wheat meal</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Osterm&#252;hle Naturkost GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6462</td>
			<td>Organic cultivation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a galleria mellonella oral administration model to study commensal-induced innate immune responses

研究同源细菌对宿主免疫系统的免疫原学潜能是研究肠道宿主-微生物相互作用的重要组成部分。众所周知, 不同的配菜表现出不同的刺激宿主肠道免疫系统的潜力。这类调查涉及脊椎动物, 特别是啮齿类动物。由于越来越多的伦理问题与涉及脊椎动物的实验有关, 因此对无脊椎动物替代模型的需求很大。
在这里, 我们提供了一个利用共生菌的大肠杆菌口服给药模型, 并可能评估对g. mellonella免疫系统的免疫原学潜力。我们证明, g. mellonella是一个有用的替代无脊椎动物替代模型, 允许分析具有不同免疫原性潜力的相关物质, 如细菌硫化细菌和大肠杆菌。有趣的是, 这种细菌对幼虫没有杀灭作用, 而幼虫与哺乳动物相似。g. mellonella 的免疫反应与脊椎动物的先天免疫反应相当, 涉及细菌的识别和抗菌分子的产生。我们建议 g . mellonella 能够恢复以前的微生物群平衡, 这是众所周知的健康哺乳动物个人。虽然在g. mellonella和脊椎动物中都提供了类似的先天免疫反应,但 g. mellonella 并不具有适应性免疫系统。由于所研究的先天免疫系统的成分是进化保存的, 该模型允许预先创造和首次分析细菌免疫原性。

g. mellonella血淋巴感染模型在广泛应用中分析了多种病原菌的毒力因素。大多数测量包括对幼虫死亡率的分析, 这是一个相当容易的方法。然而, 这种方法不允许有关免疫反应的一般结论, 并将g. mellonella免疫反应的结果与脊椎动物免疫机制联系起来。另一方面,由于难以获得确切的感染剂量 9, 仅用于口腔感染或幼虫的定植.此外, 人们对<em...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses at JoVE.com

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses

在这里, 我们提供了一个详细的协议, 口服给药模型使用大肠杆菌 mellonella幼虫和如何表征诱导的先天免疫反应。使用该协议, 没有实际经验的研究人员将能够使用g. mellonella强制喂养方法。

一种研究食细胞诱导免疫应答的 mellonella 口服液模型

The investigation of the immunogenic potential of commensal bacteria on the host immune system is one essential component when studying intestinal ...

我们的协议将G.mellonella的使用从全身感染模型扩展到允许通过自然口服途径进行细菌管理的模型。G.mellonella 是啮齿动物在分析先天微后相互作用的不同特征时合适的替代模型，因为幼虫可用于人类致病细菌。首先将成年飞蛾产的卵子转移到两升箱，里面装着30摄氏度的蜡蛾底板。一到两周后，当小而微小的幼虫可见时，将25克含有基底的幼虫转移到新鲜的基质中。两周后，根据幼虫的大小，在蜡蛾基质上，将幼虫同步成30至40个幼虫组。两周后，按重量选择幼虫进行实验。只使用苍白、快速移动的幼虫，质量为180至200毫克。为了强制喂养幼虫，将胰岛素注射器用钝端针头装进口服，每10微升每10微升的幼虫用10至7个细菌。将注射器装入微注射器泵中。等待幼虫打开口腔部分，然后小心地将注射器插入下部和分娩细菌之间。当所有的幼虫都被喂养后，在37摄氏度的黑暗中孵育动物，在1到24小时之间。对于幼虫加工，用乙醇和喷雾试剂清洁安全罩，以防止 RNase 污染。在液氮中捕捉冷冻活幼虫。使用迫击炮和虫害以及少量液氮使每个冷冻幼虫均质。当产生粉末均质时，将同质质转移到一次性等待船上，等待液氮蒸发。当所有幼虫均质化后，将粉状同质质酸盐与一毫升三醇混合在两毫升管中。在室温下孵育混合物一小时。在孵育结束时，通过离心颗粒均质。将上一液转移到新管中。将上一液与 200 微升 1-Bromo-3-氯丙烷或 BCP 混合。漩涡在室温下孵育5分钟，随后在冰上孵育10分钟。在第二次孵育结束时，将BCP分离加入反应，将上透明层转移到一个新的两毫升管中。通过混合和反转管5分钟，用500微升异丙醇沉淀转移上层的RNA。然后通过离心收集沉淀RNA。用 500 微升 75%乙醇清洗沉淀的 RNA 颗粒，并在室温下干燥 RNA 5 至 10 分钟。当乙醇蒸发后，在无核酸酶水中加入100微升核糖酶抑制剂，并小心地旋转管，直到颗粒完全溶解。按标准协议测量RNA质量和数量，确保260比280的比例约为2，260比230的比例在2到2.2之间。然后根据标准协议使用5微克的分离RNA进行DNase消化和基因表达分析。G.mellonella 能够清除最初输入的细菌负载，直到检测出细菌。随着B.vulgatus和大肠杆菌的16s基因拷贝数在24小时内显著减少。Commensal施用一种G.mellonella幼虫诱导各种先天免疫标记基因的RNA基因表达。例如，与B.vulgatus施用幼虫相比，LPS识别分子、阿波利波林和血红素在大肠杆菌施用幼虫中表达的一般性要高。此外，与B.vulgatus相比，活性氧和氮的产生在大肠杆菌的喂养下受到强烈调节，以及抗氧化GST基因表达。此外，在大肠杆菌给法后，差异微生物肽表达的诱导比对B.vulgatus强迫喂养的反应更强烈。请记住只使用健康、白色、快速移动的幼虫，在强制喂养过程中使用耐心，以避免对幼虫造成压力，并包括所有必要的控制措施。G.mellonella免疫标志物的激活可以直接由RUS或GST活性测定确定，ANP的丰度可以通过细菌生长抑制测定确定。该技术可用作共生菌和致病菌的筛选工具，并可用于探索肠道共生系和病理生物群落，而无需牺牲许多脊椎动物。使用液氮、BCP 或 TREZol 物质时，始终使用适当的个人防护设备。

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis

The Insect Galleria mellonella as a Powerful Infection Model to Investigate Bacterial Pathogenesis

昆虫<em&gt;大蜡螟</em作为一个强大的的感染模型探讨细菌致病

The study of bacterial virulence often requires a suitable animal model. Mammalian models of infection are costly and may raise ethical issues. The use of ...

科研

免疫与感染

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial  virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging  from mild infections to life-threatening ...

Use of Galleria mellonella as a Model Organism to Study Legionella pneumophila Infection

Use of Galleria mellonella as a Model Organism to Study Legionella pneumophila Infection

使用<em&gt;大蜡螟</em&gt;作为模式生物来研究<em&gt;嗜肺军团菌</em&gt;感染

Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of a severe pneumonia named Legionnaires&#39; disease, is an important human pathogen that infects and ...

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

细胞因子产生的病毒逃避解剖先天免疫信号

In response to a viral infection, the host innate immune response is activated to up-regulate gene expression and production of antiviral cytokines. ...

Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages

利用RNA干扰调查的先天免疫反应的小鼠巨噬细胞

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells.  When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the ...

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

先天免疫反应中的斑马鱼幼体型号无创成像<em&gt;链球菌iniae</em&gt;感染

The aquatic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, is responsible for over 100 million dollars in annual losses for the aquaculture industry and is capable of ...

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses

增加了恢复时间，并减少LPS管理研究迷走神经刺激机制的有限炎症反应

Inflammation is a local response to infection and tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages, monocytes, and other immune cells that release ...

The Galleria mellonella Waxworm Infection Model for Disseminated Candidiasis

The Galleria mellonella Waxworm Infection Model for Disseminated Candidiasis

弥散性念珠菌感染模型

Candida species are common fungal commensals of humans colonizing the skin, mucosal surfaces, and gastrointestinal tract. Under certain conditions, ...

A Mouse Model to Assess Innate Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus Infection

A Mouse Model to Assess Innate Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus Infection

一种评价金黄色葡萄球菌感染先天免疫反应的小鼠模型

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)&#160;infections, including methicillin resistant stains, are an enormous burden on the healthcare system. With incidence ...

Use of the Invertebrate Galleria mellonella as an Infection Model to Study the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

Use of the Invertebrate Galleria mellonella as an Infection Model to Study the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

利用无脊椎杆菌作为感染模型研究结核分枝杆菌复合物

Tuberculosis is the leading global cause of infectious disease mortality and roughly a quarter of the world&#8217;s population is believed to be infected ...