Name: integrating visual psychophysical assays within a y-maze to isolate the role that visual features play in navigational decisions
Uploaded: 2019-05-02T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Integrating Visual Psychophysical Assays within a Y-Maze to Isolate the Role that Visual Features Play in Navigational Decisions at JoVE.com

我们感谢布莱顿·希克森的设置帮助。该计划得到了基础研究计划、环境质量和装置(EQI;伊丽莎白·弗格森博士,技术总监),美国陆军工程师研发中心。

所有实验协议均获得美国马里兰州维克斯堡美国陆军工程师和研究与发展中心环境实验室机构动物护理和使用委员会的批准(IACUC# 2013-3284-01)。
1. 感官迷宫设计
<ol><li>在专用房间的透明支撑平台顶部进行防水聚甲基甲基丙烯酸酯 Y-maze 平台(内部制造)的实验。平台厚1.9厘米,由4根7.62厘米的挤压铝梁支撑,宽1.3米,长1.3米,高0.19米。</li>
	<li>构造在施工中相同的持有和决策区域(<strong...

<ol>
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M., Baier, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perception+of+Fourier+and+non-Fourier+motion+by+larval+zebrafish.">Perception of Fourier and non-Fourier motion by larval zebrafish.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 3 (11), 1128-1133 (2000).</li><li>Romey, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individual+differences+make+a+difference+in+the+trajectories+of+simulated+schools+of+fish.">Individual differences make a difference in the trajectories of simulated schools of fish.</a> Ecological Modeling. 92 (1), 65-77 (1996).</li><li>Katz, Y., Tunstrom, K., Ioannou, C. C., Huepe, C., Couzin, I. 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视觉提示已知会触发暴露于黑白光栅13的鱼的光动响应,并且有越来越多的理论和实证证据表明,相邻速度在控制动态相互作用方面起着影响作用在鱼类学校观察7,14,15,16,17。对比假设存在,以解释群体中的个人如何整合邻居运动,例如对所有可识别的提示<sup class...

动物不断感知和解释它们的栖息地,在与他人互动和在嘈杂的环境中航行时做出明智的决定。个人可以通过将社会信息纳入其行动来增强其情景意识和决策能力。然而,社会信息主要来源于通过意外的暗示(即避免捕食者的突然操作)的推论,这种暗示可能不可靠,而不是通过进化来传达特定信息的直接信号(例如,摇摆在蜜蜂跳舞)1。确定个人如何快速评估社会线索或任何感官信息的价值,对于调查人员来说可能是一项具有挑战性的任务,尤其是在个人成群结队旅行时。视觉在管理社会互动方面起着重要的作用2,3,4和研究已经推断出鱼学校中可能基于每个人的观点5的相互作用网络。 6.然而,鱼群是动态系统,由于群体成员之间的相互作用所产生的固有的共线性和混淆因素,很难分离个体对特定特征或邻居行为的反应。此协议的目的是通过隔离替代视觉特征如何影响单独旅行或团体内旅行的个人的方向决策来补充当前工作。
当前协议的好处是将操纵实验与计算机可视化技术相结合,以隔离个人在自然界中可能体验的基本视觉特征。具体来说,Y-maze(图1)用于将方向选择折叠到二进制响应,并引入计算机动画图像,旨在模拟虚拟邻居的游泳行为。这些图像从迷宫下方投影,以模仿在一个或多个主体下游泳的共分体的轮廓。这些剪影的视觉特征,如其形态,速度,一致性和游泳行为很容易定制,以测试替代假设7。
本文通过隔离模拟社会鱼类物种"金神"(Notemigonus crysoleucas)对虚拟邻居的相对速度的反应,证明了这种方法的效用。此处的协议焦点是虚拟邻居的方向影响是否随速度而变化,如果是,则量化观察到的关系形式。特别是,定向提示是由有固定比例的轮廓作为领导者,并朝着一个或另一个手臂弹道移动产生。其余轮廓充当干扰者,随机移动以提供背景噪声,可以通过调整引线/干扰器比率来调谐。引线与干扰者的比率可捕获方向提示的一致性,并可相应地进行调整。干扰器剪影仍然局限于决策区域("DA",图1A),通过让轮廓反射出边界。领导者剪影,但是,允许离开DA区域,并进入其指定的手臂,然后慢慢褪色,一旦剪影穿过1/3的手臂的长度。当领导者离开 DA 时,新的领导者剪影将取而代之,并追溯其确切路径,以确保在整个实验过程中,领导者/干扰者比例在 DA 中保持不变。
使用虚拟鱼可以控制视觉感官信息,同时监控主体的方向响应,这可能揭示社交导航、运动或群体决策的新特点。此处使用的方法可应用于广泛的问题,例如亚致命性压力或掠夺对社会互动的影响,方法是操纵计算机动画以产生不同复杂程度的行为模式。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Black and white IP camera</td>
			<td>Noldus, Leesburg, VA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.noldus.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extruded aluminum</td>
			<td>80/20 Inc., Columbia City, IN, USA</td>
			<td>3030-S</td>
			<td>https://www.8020.net 3.00&#34; X 3.00&#34; Smooth T-Slotted Profile, Eight Open T-Slots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Finfish Starter with Vpak, 1.5 mm extruded pellets</td>
			<td>Zeigler Bros. Inc., Gardners, PA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.zeiglerfeed.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Golden shiners</td>
			<td>Saul Minnow Farm, AR, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://saulminnow.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ (v 1.52h) freeware</td>
			<td>National Institute for Health (NIH), USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED track lighting</td>
			<td>Lithonia Lightening, Conyers, GA, USA</td>
			<td>BR20MW-M4</td>
			<td>https://lithonia.acuitybrands.com/residential-track</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oracle 651 white cut vinyl</td>
			<td>651Vinyl, Louisville, KY, USA</td>
			<td>651-010M-12:5ft</td>
			<td>http://www.651vinyl.com. Can order various sizes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerLite 570 overhead projector</td>
			<td>Epson, Long Beach CA, USA</td>
			<td>V11H605020</td>
			<td>https://epson.com/For-Work/Projectors/Classroom/PowerLite-570-XGA-3LCD-Projector/p/V11H605020</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Processing (v 3) freeware</td>
			<td>Processing Foundation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://processing.org/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R (3.5.1) freeware</td>
			<td>The R Project for Statistical Computing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.r-project.org/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-white 360 theater screen</td>
			<td>Alternative Screen Solutions, Clinton, MI, USA</td>
			<td>1950</td>
			<td>https://www.gooscreen.com. Must call for special cut size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Z-Hab system</td>
			<td>Pentair Aquatic Ecosystems, Apopka, FL, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://pentairaes.com/. Call for details and sizing.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

integrating visual psychophysical assays within a y-maze to isolate the role that visual features play in navigational decisions

集体动物行为产生于个人动机和社会交往,对个体健康至关重要。长期以来,鱼类激发了对集体运动的调查,特别是它们将环境和社会信息整合到整个生态环境中的能力。这个演示说明了用于量化鱼的行为反应的技术,在这种情况下,金神(注微子冷冻),使用计算机可视化和数字图像分析的视觉刺激。计算机可视化的最新进展允许在实验室中进行经验测试,在实验室中可以控制和精细地操作视觉特征,以隔离社交交互的机制。此方法的目的是隔离可能影响个人定向决策的视觉特征,无论是孤独还是组。该协议提供有关物理 Y 迷宫域、记录设备、投影机和动画的设置和校准、实验步骤和数据分析的具体细节。这些技术表明,计算机动画可以引起具有生物学意义的反应。此外,该技术易于适应,以测试替代假设、领域和物种,用于广泛的实验应用。使用虚拟刺激可以减少和替换所需的活体动物数量,从而减少实验室费用。
此演示检验了以下假设:虚拟同种物的运动速度(每秒 2 个体长)中的小相对差异将提高发光器遵循虚拟特性提供的方向提示的速度和准确性轮廓。结果表明,即使在背景杂色(67%图像一致性)的情况下,光照定向决策也会受到视觉提示速度增加的显著影响。在没有任何运动提示的情况下,受试者随机选择方向。决策速度和提示速度之间的关系是可变的,提示速度的增加对方向精度的影响是适度的不相称。

假设与设计
为了证明这个实验系统的效用,我们测试了一个假设,即Golden Shiner跟随视觉提示的精度会随着这个提示的速度而提高。野生型金闪器使用(N= 16,体长,BL,和湿重量,WW,是63.4 × 3.5毫米和1.8 × 0.3克,恭敬)。视觉刺激(引线/干扰物比)的一致性固定为0.67,而我们操纵我们的运动提示(即引线)相对于其干扰物移动...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Integrating Visual Psychophysical Assays within a Y-Maze to Isolate the Role that Visual Features Play in Navigational Decisions at JoVE.com

Integrating Visual Psychophysical Assays within a Y-Maze to Isolate the Role that Visual Features Play in Navigational Decisions

在 Y-Maze 中集成视觉心理物理分析,以隔离视觉特征在导航决策中扮演的角色

在这里,我们提出一个协议来演示一种行为测定,该检测可以量化替代视觉特征(如运动提示)如何影响鱼的方向性决策。代表数据是提供的速度和准确性,其中金神(注意米格努斯冷冻)跟随虚拟鱼运动。

Collective animal behavior arises from individual motivations and social interactions that are critical for individual fitness. Fish have long inspired ...

我们的协议使我们能够模仿自由流动的鱼在小组旅行时可能体验到的视觉特征，并量化这些特征如何影响它们的导航决策。这种技术可用于链接单个级别方向性决策，以响应感官提示，了解这些决策如何根据他人的行为而变化。我们的方法提供对动物如何评估和导航其环境以及与集体决策、人工智能和复杂工程系统相关的紧急属性的洞察。对自由移动的个体进行心理物理分析是具有挑战性的。我们不断努力最大限度地控制动物的感官体验，而不通过设备中不必要的提示来影响它们的行为。视频文档是澄清复杂实验方法的极佳格式，因为它提高了透明度，有望实现可重复性。首先，在专用房间的透明支撑平台顶部放置一个定制的水密聚甲基苯丙胺 Y 迷宫平台。Y 臂保持和左右域区域在构造中应相同。例如，这里Y迷宫臂的长度为46厘米，宽度为23厘米，深度为20厘米，中央决策区域直径约为46厘米。安装一个架空黑白千兆字节以太网摄像头，从上面记录迷宫，并记录鱼和视觉投影，将九米长的互联网协议电缆连接到控制室中具有 1 GB 以太网卡的计算机。然后，使用连接的计算机的软件来调整摄像机设置，以便优化图像清晰度以可视化相关行为。沿着实验室的墙壁安装四个高架轨道照明系统，定位灯光以避免在迷宫上反射。将短投投影仪固定到迷宫支撑结构的底部边缘，将投影分辨率设置为 1440 x 900 像素。然后使用图像处理程序测量和纠正投影仪产生的任何光失真。在开始试验之前，将迷宫中的环境条件设置为保持系统的环境条件，并在没有计算机产生视觉刺激的情况下，每天将动物转移到域中长达 40 分钟，为期五天。在此期间，选择、分配、称重、测量和将主题鱼转移到实验池。要启动心理物理检测，请将房间投影仪和发光二极管光轨道系统打开至预定亮度水平，使灯泡保持温暖。打开摄像机查看器程序并加载设置期间保存的光圈、颜色和录制的设置，以确保可以获得最佳视频质量，并激活用于录制的摄像机。从"相机"下拉菜单中选择"加载要素"，然后导航到保存的"相机设置"文件夹。打开保存的设置以确认视频质量，并在关闭查看器程序之前单击"连续拍摄"。在实验过程中，使用预定的实验时间表进行随机的局部主题治疗暴露，输入当前试验选择的值，将治疗组合数据记录到实验室笔记本中，然后点击 Vfish 中的返回键。pde 窗口以启动视觉投影。当虚拟鱼出现在域中时，记录时钟时间并抬起保持门。当50%的受试鱼体进入选择臂或指定实验检测期结束时，结束试验。从秒表记录时钟时间、开始和停止时间以及鱼的选择。停止视频录制，然后按视觉刺激程序中的暂停提示用户提供试验结果数据。在确认选择后，程序将返回到第一个屏幕，并等待下一个实验试验的值。然后，将鱼返回到其持有池，将下一条鱼放入持有区 Y 臂进行下一次试验。在会话结束时，一旦会话的最后一条鱼决定将会话数据写入文件，请按程序中的停止。在上午会议结束时重复换水，以确保试验之间的水质稳定，并查看实验室笔记本以做出任何所需的注释。最后一个下午试用后，在视觉刺激程序中按停止，将收集的数据输出到数据输出文件夹中。在这个具有代表性的实验中，大多数鱼的准确度随着这些刺激速度的提高而显著提高。然而，决策速度的趋势是不一致的，而且在刺激速度水平上变化很大，这表明，当刺激物移动时，受试者平均需要5到20倍的时间才能做出决定。我们的方法可以扩展，包括测试次莱特压力对响应时间的影响和一致性，社会信息在个人之间交换和传输。我们的技术已经成功地集成了Y迷宫和随机点运动检测，帮助揭示个人在导航周围环境时遵循的感官规则。在使用水电时，请使用安全预防措施，如 GFCI 开关、滴环和防震防滑鞋，以减少触电和打滑的机会。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

科研

行为学

Topographical Estimation of Visual Population Receptive Fields by fMRI

人口视觉感受野由功能磁共振成像地形估计

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic ...

Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment

认知任务的实用方法在一个导航评估

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be ...

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

方法在线测试视觉注意

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

一种方法来量化视觉信息加工儿童使用眼动追踪

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

可视化视觉适应

Many techniques have been developed to visualize how an image would appear to an individual with a different visual sensitivity: e.g., because of optical ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

心理跟踪方法来衡量儿童和成人的口味偏好

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, ...

A Visual Guide for Studying Behavioral Defenses to Pathogen Attacks in Leaf-Cutting Ants

叶切蚁病原体攻击行为防御研究的可视化指南

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies ...