Name: a laboratory method to measure contagious yawning in rats
Uploaded: 2019-06-14T12:30:00
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A. M. 部分资金由普埃布拉自治大学多森西亚大学。我们特别感谢动物设施"克劳德·伯纳德"的工作人员使用老鼠进行拍摄。我们感谢匿名裁判对本手稿的早期版本的评论。由于他们经过深思熟虑的评论,演讲不那么尖锐,更加平衡

实验规程和畜牧业是按照体制准则进行的。
1. 材料
<ol><li>在"材料表"中查找用于实现该方法的材料的完整列表。使用图 1并寻求专家建议构建倒置 T 形桌子、观察保持架和保持架分隔线。请遵循安全指示,以便使用锋利的工具和潜在危险材料。</li>
	<li>将两根类似栏杆的木条(45 厘米长,彼此分开 0.6 厘米)胶合在顶部和一块木头中间(100 厘米 x 45...

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为了获得成功的结果,该方法中应考虑一些关键步骤。熟悉的老鼠在两次骨后和进行实验之前,必须共用家庭笼子至少1.5个月。然而,不熟悉的老鼠必须住在单独的家庭笼子里。在这两种情况下,对大鼠必须来自不同的垃圾,但年龄尽可能相似。关于观察笼,它们的孔应该与分频器中的孔匹配,因为这是保证大鼠之间嗅觉接触的唯一方法。另一方面,分隔线应足够清晰,以确保视觉接触或不透明,以确保没有视...

传统上,沟通行为是从两个角度来研究的。从一个角度,动物学家观察和记录动物在自然环境中的行为,并试图识别其适应性值1。所涉及的特定感觉或感官并不是这些研究的主要兴趣。从另一个角度看,生理学家更感兴趣的是解开动物交流的机制。因此,实验室研究提供了方法,以解决感觉模式在沟通2,3的作用。这两种观点确实是互补的,因为对适应价值和直接机制的认识对于全面了解动物社会生活中的传播行为是必要的。
偏航行为是几种脊椎动物4行为中一个突出的组成部分,从鱼到灵长类动物5。它可以描述为缓慢张开口并保持其开口位置,然后更迅速地关闭口5。整个序列的持续时间取决于物种;例如,灵长类动物打哈欠的时间比非灵长类动物长6。在许多物种中,以人类为例外,男性往往比雌性7更频繁地打哈欠。此功能可能支持打哈欠的可能通信功能,尽管打哈欠的常规模式及其每日频率也可能暗示一种生理功能。在大鼠中,自发打哈欠遵循昼夜节律,高峰出现在上午和下午8、9。
打哈欠行为的一个有趣特征是,它可以是一种传染性行为(当一种行为的释放刺激恰好是另一种动物以同样的方式行为10)在几个种类的脊椎动物11,12, 13、14、15、16,包括鸟类17只和啮齿动物18只。此外,最近的证据表明,传染性打哈欠可能反映了沟通作用,因为一只大鼠打哈欠会影响另一只老鼠的生理状态,当暴露于嗅觉线索19。然而,打哈欠是否具有沟通作用仍在争论中,20、21,分析传染性打哈欠是解决这一问题的第一步。
另一方面,传染性打哈欠与动物同情其他动物的观点的能力有关;因此,关系密切的个人更有可能表现出传染4。这个假说经常在实验室条件下被测试,在实验室条件下,动物在视频12,13上呈现了哈欠刺激;因此,传染只能通过视觉线索发生。其他调查已经评估了哈欠在更自然条件下使用动物组14,15。一个主要问题是,社会互动的动物经常对通过感官模式组合传递的线索和交换信号做出反应。将给定行为中涉及的实际感官与其综合效应分开并不总是一件容易的事。通常,研究人员在药理学上或手术上阻碍动物使用某种感觉,然后推断该感在相关行为2、3、18、22中的作用。幸运的是,还有其他方法,其中只使用物理障碍,以允许或阻碍动物之间的通信23,24,25,从而达到更大的生物有效性。
这里提出的方法被专门设计用于研究在社交环境中熟悉和不熟悉的老鼠的传染性打哈欠。根据同情假说,前一组应该更容易感染打哈欠。该方法不要求动物在手术或药理学上失去任何感官。相反,它的工作原理是将大鼠放在有孔的相邻笼子里,并使用带或无孔的透明或不透明分隔线物理阻碍它们的通信。因此,可以检查四个测试条件:(1) 嗅觉通信(OC,穿孔不透明分频器),(2) 视觉通信(VC,非穿孔清除分频器),(3) 视觉和嗅觉通信(VOC,穿孔清除分频器),和(4) 两者均视觉或嗅觉通信(NVOC,非穿孔不透明分频器)。因此,研究人员可以比较嗅觉、视觉和听觉暗示在打哈欠传染中的相对贡献。这种方法并不新鲜,因为类似的方法已经被用来分离某些动物,如蜥蜴23和小鼠26的感官。事实上,盖洛普和27号同事也用类似的方法来证明视觉线索在发芽打哈欠中传染性打哈欠的作用。这些方法的主要特点是模拟社会背景和对动物造成的压力最小。此外,使用相互作用的动物增加了结论的生物有效性。
有几种方法可以测量传染性打哈欠25,28。Stephen E. G. Lea博士(个人交流,2015年)帮助我们在数值上适应了灵长类动物学家13、14以前采用的方法,以便对这里使用的数据进行早期分析。该协议中介绍的是此方法的增强版本,具有更广泛的应用程序范围。它包括按与时间窗口内外的观测时间比例对大鼠在给定时间窗口内外的哈欠总数进行加权。
例如,如果假定观察到大鼠 A 和 B 12 分钟,则其打哈欠记录到最接近的分钟,并设置 3 分钟时间窗口以测量传染性打哈欠。接下来,考虑每个大鼠的以下打哈欠序列:大鼠A(0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,2,1)和大鼠B(0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,3)。需要注意的是,每个数字 (0-3) 对应于每分钟打的哈欠数。对于大鼠 A,在第 1 分钟、10 分钟和第 11 分钟(粗体字数字)期间,大鼠 B 不会在前 3 分钟(所选时间窗口)或该分钟内打哈欠。在这几分钟里,老鼠A总共打哈欠2次。因此,没有任何哈欠刺激(非打哈欠后打哈欠率)的大鼠 A 的哈欠率为 2/3(即 0.67 打哈欠/分钟)。在剩下的9分钟内,大鼠B在同一分钟或前3分钟内至少打哈欠一次。老鼠A在这9分钟内总共打哈欠4次。因此,大鼠 A 响应打哈欠刺激(打哈后打哈欠率)的哈欠率为 4/9(即 0.44 打哈欠/分钟)。对大鼠 B 应用相同的程序会产生 2/3(即 0.66)的非后哈欠打哈欠率和5/9(0.55)的后打哈欠率。
另一方面,如果打哈欠记录到最接近的十进制一分钟,打哈欠传染将导致调整后的打哈欠时间。例如,如果记录大鼠A和B在12分钟的观察期内的以下打哈欠时间:大鼠A(2.3、5.1、5.8、10.4、10.8、11.1)和大鼠B(1.2、2.4、4.5、5.1、11.2、11.6、11.8)。 对于大鼠 A,大鼠 B 在过去 3 分钟内不打哈欠的时间段范围为 0 到 1.2 分钟,从 8.1 到 11.2 分钟(即 3.1 分钟),总共产生 4.3 分钟的非节后时间。大鼠 A 在这段时间内打哈欠的次数是 3(粗体字数字),因此非哈欠后打哈欠率为 3/4.3(即 0.69),而后哈欠打哈欠率为 3/7.7(即 0.38;分母为 12-4.3 分钟)。同样,对于大鼠 B,大鼠 A 在过去 3 分钟内不打哈欠的时间段范围为 0 到 2.3 分钟和 8.8 到 10.4 分钟,总共产生 3.9 分钟。大鼠 B 打哈欠的次数是 1,因此非后哈欠打哈欠率为 1/3.9(即 0.25)。因此,打哈欠后打哈欠率为 6/8.1(即 0.74)。
虽然行为上的接近同时期匹配是证明传染存在的理想标准,但诸如个人关注内容的限制、对刺激的反应时间、行为随时间分布(例如打哈欠)等方面可能发生在情节),时间适应实验设置都导致物种差异,使其难以使用独特的时间窗口。这可能是为什么研究人员使用的时间窗口从秒5到几分11,这在比较结果28时产生问题的原因。因此,建议在一系列时间窗口中重复上述过程,以获得哈欠传染曲线,并比较物种之间的哈欠传染曲线。
通过随机分布观察期内每只大鼠观察到的哈欠数,可以比较等效的哈欠传染曲线。因此,建议的测量哈欠传染的方法提供了两种类型的控制:(1) 在时间窗口之外发生的打哈欠速率(非打哈欠时间)和 (2) 从哈欠数的随机分布中获得的人工打哈欠传染曲线。因此,分析哈欠传染的方法是从其他程序(例如,将单个时间窗口内打哈欠的百分比或频率与在此窗口25之外发生的操作相比)的一个步骤,而不考虑实际时间帧。该方法辅以基于 R 的程序29,方便和客观地计算一个或多个时间窗口的传染性打哈欠概率。
为了说明此方法的有用性以及基于 R 的程序的优点,使用了以前发布的研究18中的数据集。实验条件包括144只雄性大鼠被分配到一个熟悉或不熟悉的条件。在每个实验条件下的大鼠被分成四组,共九对,并暴露于上述四种测试情况中的任何一个。大鼠在每次实验条件和试验情况中的打哈欠行为,然后记录在60分钟的周期内。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:860px;" width="860">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83" style="height:83px;width:221px;">Acrylic dividers</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Handcrafted</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">Two dividers, one clear and one opaque, will have 24 holes each. The other two dividers, one clear and one opaque, will have no holes. See the main text for details of construction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;">An R-based program</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Benem&#233;rita Universidad Aut&#243;noma de Puebla</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">This is the program used to assess yawn contagion in rats. See the main text for information about the way the program is used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="104">
			<td height="104" style="height:104px;">Data sheets</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">The user can elaborate them</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">These forms will be used for the observer to record the frequency of yawning behaviour by viewing the video recordings. Alternatively, a notebook can be use provided you follow the suggestions given in the main text.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:221px;">Desktop computer</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Any maker</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">Make sure the computer has a video card capable of conveniently processing the video recordings of yawning behaviour.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:221px;">Digital camcorders</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Any maker</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">They will be used to video record yawning behaviour of each pair of rats; there will be 2 pairs of rats per experimental session.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:221px;">Flash drive</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Any maker</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">Each experimental session will last 60 min, and so you will require sufficient memory to store the video recording.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="125">
			<td height="125" style="height:125px;width:221px;">Glass cages</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Handcrafted</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">Each cage (19 X 19 X 10 cm height) will have 24 holes (0.5 cm diameter) forming three rows in the middle of one of its sides. See the main text for more details about their construction. It is recommended to fabricate one extra cage in case one of them is accidentally broken.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:221px;">Markers</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sharpie or any other maker</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">Permanent markers to number the rats. See the main text to see one way of using painting symbols on the rat&#39;s tail.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="104">
			<td height="104" style="height:104px;">Pencils</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Any maker</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">They are used by the observer to record the frequency of yawning. It is important that the observer has previously been trained to recognize yawning behaviour and operate the video player system.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">R software</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">R Development Core Team</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td>Download R at: http://cran.r-project.org/&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="104">
			<td height="104" style="height:104px;width:221px;">Rail-like wooden bars</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Handcrafted</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">They will be fixed in the middle of the rectangular wooden sheet&#160; forming a track, where a second wooden sheet is placed. See the main text for additional instructions for construction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83" style="height:83px;width:221px;">Rectangular table</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Any maker</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">This is the table (approximately 2 x 1 m) where the inverted T-shaped table will be placed for performing the observation of yawning behaviour.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="146">
			<td height="146" style="height:146px;width:221px;">Sprague-Dawley male rats</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Any local supplier of laboratory animals</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">Nine pairs of male rats per test situation are necessary for each group, familiar and unfamiliar rats, because with this sample size the interindividual variation that might exist in yawning frequency will not severely affect the conclusions drawn from the statistical analysis performed to the data.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="104">
			<td height="104" style="height:104px;width:221px;">Spreadsheet software</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">Excel will be the software used to store the yawning recordings initially recorded on the data sheets. Revise the main text for instructions about the recommended way of doing the transcription.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Square filter papers</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Any maker</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">They are used for covering the cage&#39;s bottom.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">Tripods</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Any maker</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">They will be used for fixing the camcorders in front of each pair of observation cages.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="125">
			<td height="125" style="height:125px;">Wooden Inverted T-shaped table</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Handcrafted</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Not available</td>
			<td style="width:343px;">Read the instructions in the main text to see the way of constructing it. If preferred, a different material to wood can be used. Make sure any material is as resistant as possible to the transmission of ultrasounds, which the rats might use for communication.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a laboratory method to measure contagious yawning in rats

沟通是动物社会生活的一个重要方面。动物可以相互影响,在学校、羊群和羊群中走到一起。沟通也是男女在求爱中互动的方式,也是对手在不打架的情况下解决争端的方式。然而,有一些行为模式,很难测试通信函数的存在,因为可能涉及几种类型的感官模式。例如,传染性打哈欠是哺乳动物的一种沟通行为,可能通过视觉、听觉、嗅觉或这些感官的组合发生,这取决于这些动物是否彼此熟悉。因此,为了检验关于这种行为可能的传播作用的假设,需要一种合适的方法来识别参与的感官模式。
这里提出的方法旨在获得熟悉和不熟悉的老鼠的哈欠传染曲线,并评估视觉和嗅觉感觉方式的相对参与。该方法使用廉价的材料,并且稍作变化,也可以与其他啮齿动物物种,如小鼠使用。总体而言,该方法涉及用不透明的分隔线(带或不带孔)替换清晰的分隔器(带或不带孔),允许或阻止放置在相邻笼子中的老鼠之间的通信,相邻两侧有孔。因此,可以测试四种情况:嗅觉沟通、视觉交流、视觉和嗅觉沟通,以及视觉和嗅觉沟通。当大鼠之间发生社会互动时,这些测试条件模拟了自然环境中可能发生的情况。在这方面,这里提出的方法比依赖视频演示的传统方法更有效,因为视频演示的生物有效性会引起关注。然而,它没有区分听力的潜在作用和嗅觉和视觉在哈欠传染中的作用。

这些大鼠是从先前生产的斯普拉格-道利大鼠的子系中挑选出来的,这些子系被选作频繁打哈欠(大约每小时22个打哈欠31)。然而,每组测试情况使用的9对陌生大鼠和9对熟悉的雄性大鼠(年龄在2.5至3个月之间)每小时打哈欠约12次,平均为18次。因此,测试情况测量打哈欠传染部分抑制了打哈欠行为。
...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Laboratory Method to Measure Contagious Yawning in Rats at JoVE.com

A Laboratory Method to Measure Contagious Yawning in Rats

此处描述的方法旨在成对熟悉或不熟悉的雄性大鼠获得哈欠传染曲线。带有孔的笼子由透明或不透明的分区隔开,带(或不带)孔用于检测视觉、嗅觉或两种类型的感官提示是否可刺激哈欠传染。

测量大鼠传染性偏航的实验室方法

Communication is an essential aspect of animal social life. Animals may influence one another and come together in schools, flocks, and herds. ...

我们的协议意义重大，因为它提供了一种简单的方法来调查哪些感官可能与大鼠的传染性打哈欠有关。使用非侵入性程序以及应用软件的可用性（可加快测量传染性打哈欠的计算）是该技术的主要优点。从未执行过这种技术的个人在实施过程中不应遇到重大困难，前提是他们在构建观察案例时有条不紊地遵循每一步并寻求专业建议。该方法的视觉演示有助于理解实验过程中观察笼的空间排列。帮助避免在指定治疗错误。证明这个程序将是伊芙琳·贝里斯坦-卡斯蒂略，一个博士后从我的实验室。要设置测试会话，请将四只大鼠转移到各个笼子的观察室。当动物们适应时，在天花板灯下放置一张倒置的T形桌子，让房间充分点亮。将滤纸放在每个观察笼的底部，将笼子成对地放在倒置的 T 形桌子的每一侧。在每对笼子之间放置一个分隔器，并战略性地放置两个数字摄像机，以便每对摄像机记录每对大鼠的打哈欠行为。在确认摄像机牢固地固定在三脚架上并正确定位到观察笼后，将摄像机连接到台式计算机，以同时监控大鼠的行为。当动物适应15分钟后，根据先前确定的分配，将它们放在观察笼中，并自动对焦放在每个摄像机上。同时启动视频录制和秒表，在 60 分钟观察期结束时停止视频录制。观察结束之后，将老鼠回到动物设施中的家中笼子，获得食物和水。然后用无毒洗涤剂彻底清洁观察笼，然后准备实验装置，以执行当天的后续测试。上一个会话后，使用任何标准播放系统在计算机屏幕上播放每个视频。让观察者首先查看每个视频，以正常速度观察并记录数据表上的打哈欠行为，然后以较慢的速度进行额外查看，以便于观察和测量打哈欠。要打哈欠，请使用垂直线来表示打哈欠的发生，其中分钟写成上标。当所有打哈欠都得分后，将每只老鼠打哈欠的时间序列转录到电子表格中。如果打哈欠记录到最近的一分钟，则在每个相关分钟输入打哈欠的数量，并在给定分钟内未发生打哈欠时使用零填充单元格。然后将工作表另存为文本文件。如果打哈欠记录到最接近的十进制一分钟，请自上而下键入序列。使用 NA 填充大鼠列的空位，其中行中的打哈欠数低于列的打哈欠数。与老鼠记录的最大行打哈欠数。然后将工作表另存为文本文件。输入所有数据后，将文本文件导入 R.使用扩展代码 R 保存程序代码，并下载特定的程序代码，具体取决于打哈欠是记录为整数还是小数。然后运行每对大鼠的程序和所需的时间范围。在运行结束时，使用来自每只大鼠的打哈欠数的随机分布再次运行程序。要创建哈欠传染曲线，请使用电子表格中以前保存的数据，从每对大鼠的传染率、时间窗口和测试情况中减去非传染率，从而分离观测数据和人工数据的分析。在这个具有代表性的实验中，在1到10分钟的时间窗口上测量了不熟悉的雄性大鼠之间的打哈欠传染。这些打哈欠传染曲线表明，只有笼中具有穿孔不透明分隔带的老鼠之间的嗅觉通信才表现出打哈欠传染。这从时间窗口 4 和之后可见一个，因为平均值的置信区间不会与 60 分钟内随机分配的打哈欠数的置信区间重叠。乐队表示，正如预期的那样，在观察期间随机分配每只大鼠打哈欠的数量，产生打哈欠率，在未表现出任何明显形态的情况下，以大约零振荡。在这项对熟悉雄性大鼠的代表性实验中，四种测试情况都没有刺激打哈欠传染，因为它们的置信区间与随机生成的置信区间带重叠。此外，尽管10个时间窗口的总增加与零斜率不同，但四种测试情况之间没有差异。记得跟踪老鼠熟悉和不熟悉的身份，以正确解释结果，并清理实验之间的观察笼。药理学程序可用于阻断听觉交流，并完全将听力对传染性打哈欠的影响与其他感官的影响分开。这项技术为比较整个物种的传染性打哈欠铺平了道路，既包括所涉及的感官，也包括通过比较传染性打哈欠曲线来比较反应的强度。请记住小心处理观察笼，因为它们可能会意外断裂并导致受伤。

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Statistics

Behavior

Unit 1

Understanding Statistics

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration

一种新的方法为评估味质的实验室大鼠的补强性能：操作性口腔自我管理

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

一种用于评价大鼠乙醇的补强性能没有禁水，糖精衰落或扩展访问训练方法

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans

手动测试的协议来衡量感觉和疼痛人类

Numerous qualitative and quantitative techniques can be used to test sensory nerves and pain in both research and clinical settings. The current study ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

心理跟踪方法来衡量儿童和成人的口味偏好

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）：一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...