Name: impacts of free-falling spheres on a deep liquid pool with altered fluid and impactor surface conditions
Uploaded: 2019-02-17T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge the College of Engineering and Computer Sciences (CECS) at the University of Central Florida for funding this project, Joshua Bom and Chris Souchik for splash imagery and Nicholas Smith for valuable feedback.

1. Configuring the experiment for vertical impacts
<ol>
	<li>Fill a transparent water tank of dimensions approximately 60 cm x 30 cm x 36 cm (length x weight x depth) with 32 L of water and mount a meter ruler (&#8216;visual scale&#8217;) vertically inside the container such that the base sits atop the fluid, as seen in Figure 1a. 
	NOTE: Depth and width of the tank must be greater than 20 times the diameter of the largest spheres used in the experiment to ensure wall effects are negl...

<ol>
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T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cavity dynamics of water entry for spheres and ballistic projectiles. , (2009).</li><li>Truscott, T., Techet, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+entry+of+spinning+spheres.">Water entry of spinning spheres.</a> Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 625, 135 (2009).</li><li>Techet, A., Truscott, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+entry+of+spinning+hydrophobic+and+hydrophilic+spheres.">Water entry of spinning hydrophobic and hydrophilic spheres.</a> Journal of Fluids and Structures. , 716 (2011).</li><li>Zhao, S., Wei, C., Cong, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Numerical+investigation+of+water+entry+of+half+hydrophilic+and+half+hydrophobic+spheres.">Numerical investigation of water entry of half hydrophilic and half hydrophobic spheres.</a> Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2016, 1-15 (2016).</li><li>Worthington, A. 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This protocol describes the experimental design and best practices for investigations of free-falling spheres onto a deep liquid pool. We begin by highlighting steps necessary for configuring the experiment for vertical impacts. It is important to create an ideal splash environment with the use of a sufficiently large splash zone such that wall effects are negligible9, and a suitable visual scale for extracting kinematics12,13,<...

The characterization of splash dynamics arising from vertical impacts of solid objects on a deep liquid pool1 is applicable to military, naval and industrial applications such as ballistic missile water entry and sea surface landing2,3,4,5. The first studies of water entry were conducted well more than a century ago6,7. Here, we establish clear in-depth protocols and best practices for achieving consistent results for water entry investigations. To aid valid experimental design, a method is presented for the maintenance of sanitary conditions, alteration of interfacial conditions, control of dimensionless parameters, chemical modification of impactor surface, and visualization of splash kinematics.
Vertical impacts of free-falling hydrophilic spheres on the quiescent fluid show no sign of air-entrapment at low velocities8. We find that the placement of thin penetrable fabrics atop the fluid surface causes cavity formation due to forced flow separation1. A meager amount of fabric on the surface amplifies splashing across a range of moderate Weber numbers while sufficient layering attenuates splashing as spheres overcome drag at fluid entry1. In this article, we explain protocols suitable for establishing the effects of material strength on the water entry of hydrophilic spheres.
Cavity forming splashes from hydrophobic impactors show the ascension of a well-developed splash crown, followed by the protrusion of the primary jet high above the surface when compared to their water-liking counterparts8. Here, we present an approach for achieving water repellency through chemically modifying the surface of hydrophilic spheres.
With the advent of high-speed cameras, splash visualization and characterization have become more attainable. Even so, established standards in the field call for the use of a single camera orthogonal to the primary axis of travel. We show that the use of an additional high-speed camera for overhead views is necessary to adjudge spheres strike the intended location.

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impacts of free-falling spheres on a deep liquid pool with altered fluid and impactor surface conditions

Vertical impacts of spheres on clean water have been the subject of numerous water entry investigations characterizing cavity formation, splash crown ascension and Worthington jet stability. Here, we establish experimental protocols for examining splash dynamics when smooth free-falling spheres of varying wettability, mass, and diameter impact the free surface of a deep liquid pool modified by thin penetrable fabrics and liquid surfactants. Water entry investigations provide accessible, easily assembled and executed experiments for studying complex fluid mechanics. We present herein a tunable protocol for characterizing splash height, flow separation metrics, and impactor kinematics, and representative results which might be acquired if reproducing our approach. The methods are applicable when characteristic splash dimensions remain below approximately 0.5 m. However, this protocol may be adapted for greater impactor release heights and impact velocities, which augurs well for translating results to naval and industry applications.

This established protocols allow for the observance of the Worthington jets arising from vertical impacts over a range of Weber numbers <img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/59300/59300eq5.jpg" /> as seen in Figure 2c. These results are published in Watson et al.1, which can be referenced for the exact experimental conditions used to produce the data presented herein. We focus on the narrow elongated film of fluid protruding abo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions at JoVE.com

Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions

This protocol demonstrates the basic experimental configuration for water entry experiments with free-falling spheres. Methods for the alteration of liquid surface with penetrable fabrics, the preparation of chemically non-wetting spheres, and steps for splash visualization and data extraction are discussed.

Vertical impacts of spheres on clean water have been the subject of numerous water entry investigations characterizing cavity formation, splash crown ...

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