Name: microparticle manipulation by standing surface acoustic waves with dual-frequency excitations
Uploaded: 2018-08-21T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations at JoVE.com

This work was sponsored by the Academic Research Fund (AcRF) Tier 1 (RG171/15), Ministry of Education, Singapore.

1. Preparation of the Microfluidic Channel
<ol>
	<li>Mix poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with an elastomer base in a ratio of 10:1.</li>
	<li>Degas the mixture in a vacuum oven and pour it on a silicon wafer with a negative tone photoresist pattern on the top.</li>
	<li>Degas the patterned silicon wafer again and heat it at 70 &#176;C for 3 h in an incubator for solidification.</li>
</ol>
2. Fabrication of the Interdigital Transducers
<ol>
	<li>Deposit 20 nm of Cr and 400 nm of Al on a LiNbO...

<ol>
	<li>Chin, C. D., Linder, V., Sia, S. 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The microparticle motion in the microchannel by an SSAW at the dual-frequency excitation was extensively investigated in this study, and an effectively tunable patterning technique by varying the dual-frequency excitation signals was developed and tested. The production of such a waveform is easily realized by most function generators, and the adjusting approach is very convenient. Both the S12- and S11-frequency responses of the fabricated IDTs illustrate several resonant modes34<...

LOC technology integrates one or several functions on a microchip for biology, chemistry, biophysics, and biomedical processes. LOC allows a laboratory set-up on a scale smaller than sub-millimeters, fast reaction rates, a short response time, a high process control, a low volume consumption (less waste, lower reagents cost, and less required sample volume), a high throughput due to parallelization, a low cost in the future mass production and cost-effective disposables, a high safety for chemical, radioactive, or biological studies, and the advantages of a compact and portable device1,2. Precise cell manipulation (i.e., accumulation and separation) is critical in an LOC-based analysis and diagnosis3,4. However, the accuracy and reproducibility of microparticle manipulation have a variety of challenges. Many techniques, such as electro-osmosis5, dielectrophoresis (DEP)6, magnetophoresis7, thermophoresis8,9, an optical approach10, an optoelectronic approach11, a hydrodynamic approach12, and acoustophoresis13,14,15, have been developed. In comparison, acoustic approaches are appropriate for a LOC application because, theoretically, many types of microparticles/cells can be manipulated effectively and noninvasively with a sufficiently high contrast (density and compressibility) compared with the surrounding fluid. Therefore, compared to their counterparts, acoustic approaches are inherently eligible for most microparticles and biological objects, no matter their optical, electrical, and magnetic properties16.
Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) from the IDTs propagate mostly on the surface of a piezoelectric substrate at the thickness of several wavelengths and then leak at the Rayleigh angle into the fluid in the microchannel, according to the Snell&#39;s law17,18,19,20,21,22. They have the technical advantages of a high energy efficiency along the surface due to their localization of the energy, a great design flexibility at high frequency, a good system integration with the microfluidic channel and miniaturization using micro-electronic-mechanical system (MEMS) technology, and a high potential of mass production23. In this protocol, SAWs are generated from a pair of identical IDTs and propagated in the opposite direction to generate a standing wave, or SSAW, in the microchannel, where the suspended microparticles are pushed to pressure nodes, mostly by the applied acoustic radiation force24. The amplitude of such resultant force is determined by the excitation frequency, microparticle size, and its acoustic contrast factor22,25.
Such acoustophoresis has the limitation of predetermined manipulating patterns that are not easily adjustable. The excitation frequency of the IDTs is determined by their periodic distance, so the bandwidth is quite limited. Several strategies have been developed to enhance the tunability and manipulation capability. The first and second modes of acoustic standing waves applied in different parts of the microchannel could separate microparticles more effectively according to different motion speeds toward the nodal lines26. These two modes could also be applied to the whole part of the microchannel and switched alternatively27,28,29. However, for this, a large number of equipment (i.e., three function generators, two impedance matching units, and an electromagnetic relay) is required, with the increased cost and control complexity of the experimental set-up owing to the different electrical impedances at the fundamental frequency and third harmonic of the piezoceramic plate30. Furthermore, slanted-finger interdigital transducers (SFITs) could be applied to adjust the cells and the microparticles patterning by exciting a period of the slanted fingers for a certain resonance20,31. However, then, the bandwidth is inversely proportional to the number of slanted fingers. Multiple pressure nodal lines have a higher separation efficiency and sensitivity in comparison to the single nodal line in the conventional SSAW-based microparticle separator. Alternatively, the location of the pressure nodes could also be changed simply by adjusting the phase difference applied to the two IDTs in the design32,33.
The fundamental frequency and the third harmonic of IDTs have similar frequency responses so that they can be excited simultaneously, which provides more tunability for the microparticles manipulation34. In comparison to the conventional IDT excitation at a single frequency, adjusting the acoustic pressures of the dual-frequency excitation and the phase between them provides technical uniqueness, such as the up to ~2-fold reduced motion time to the pressure nodal line or the center of the microchannel, the varied number and location of the pressure nodal lines, and the microparticle concentrations.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="689">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:257px;">poly-dimethylsiloxane</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sylgard 184</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">poly-dimethylsiloxane elastomer base</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>Sylgard 184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">silicon wafer</td>
			<td>Bonda Technology</td>
			<td>SI8PSPD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">negative tone photoresist</td>
			<td>Microchem</td>
			<td>SU-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">double-side polished LiNbO3 wafer</td>
			<td>University Wafer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Y-128&#176;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">positive photoresist</td>
			<td>Nicolaus-Otto-Stra&#223;e</td>
			<td>AZ 9260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">oxygen plasma</td>
			<td>Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">plastic mask</td>
			<td>Infinite Graphics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microparticle manipulation by standing surface acoustic waves with dual-frequency excitations

We demonstrate a method for increasing the tuning ability of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) for microparticles manipulation in a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) system. The simultaneous excitation of the fundamental frequency and its third harmonic, which is termed as dual-frequency excitation, to a pair of interdigital transducers (IDTs) could generate a new type of standing acoustic waves in a microfluidic channel. Varying the power and the phase in the dual-frequency excitation signals results in a reconfigurable field of the acoustic radiation force applied to the microparticles across the microchannel (e.g., the number and location of the pressure nodes and the microparticle concentrations at the corresponding pressure nodes). This article demonstrates that the motion time of the microparticle to only one pressure node can be reduced ~2-fold at the power ratio of the fundamental frequency greater than ~90%. In contrast, there are three pressure nodes in the microchannel if less than this threshold. Furthermore, adjusting the initial phase between the fundamental frequency and the third harmonic results in different motion rates of the three SSAW pressure nodes, as well as in the percentage of microparticles at each pressure node in the microchannel. There is a good agreement between the experimental observation and the numerical predictions. This novel excitation method can easily and non-invasively integrate into the LOC system, with a wide tenability and only a few changes to the experimental set-up.

The distributions of the acoustic pressure and the acoustic radiation force of an SSAW at the dual-frequency excitation (6.2 and 18.6 MHz) are shown in Figure 1. Here, the dual-frequency excitation occurs on polystyrene microparticles (4 &#181;m in diameter) in a microchannel with a width of 300 &#181;m at an acoustic power of 146 mW. The resultant acoustic pressure is always in phase when P1 &#62; 90% so that only one pressure node is pre...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations at JoVE.com

Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations

A protocol for manipulating the microparticles in a microfluidic channel with a dual-frequency excitation is presented.

We demonstrate a method for increasing the tuning ability of a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) for microparticles manipulation in a lab-on-a-chip ...

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Synthesis of Phase-shift Nanoemulsions with Narrow Size Distributions for Acoustic Droplet Vaporization and Bubble-enhanced Ultrasound-mediated Ablation

High-intensity  focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To  enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in ...

Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments

In materials science and engineering it is often necessary to obtain quantitative measurements of surface topography with micrometer lateral resolution. ...

Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we ...

Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment

The wettability of silicon (Si) is one of the important parameters in the technology of surface functionalization of this material and fabrication of ...

Characterization of Full Set Material Constants and Their Temperature Dependence for Piezoelectric Materials Using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

During the operation of high power electromechanical devices, a temperature rise is unavoidable due to mechanical and electrical losses, causing the ...

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution ...

Fabrication and Operation of Acoustofluidic Devices Supporting Bulk Acoustic Standing Waves for Sheathless Focusing of Particles

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must ...

Hand Controlled Manipulation of Single Molecules via a Scanning Probe Microscope with a 3D Virtual Reality Interface

Considering organic molecules as the functional building blocks of future nanoscale technology, the question of how to arrange and assemble such building ...

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Local, deterministic manipulation of individual vortices in type 2 superconductors is challenging. The ability to control the position of individual ...

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Stable and efficient red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light sources based on solution-processed quantum dots (QDs) play important roles in next-generation ...