Name: studying normal tissue radiation effects using extracellular matrix hydrogels
Uploaded: 2019-07-24T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Normal Tissue Radiation Effects using Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels at JoVE.com

作者感谢Laura L. Bronsart博士提供GFP和荧光素酶-4T1细胞,Edward L. LaGory博士就1-([4-(Xlylazo)xlyl_azo]-2-脱脂醇染色提供建议,克雷格·杜瓦尔博士为IVIS和冻合剂使用,斯科特·盖尔克博士为流流质表提供建议使用。这项研究得到了NIH资助#R00CA201304资助。

动物研究是根据范德比尔特大学机构动物护理和使用委员会批准的机构准则和协议进行的。
1. MFP的准备和外生辐照
<ol><li>使用CO2窒息和宫颈脱位牺牲贫血Nu/Nu小鼠(8-10周)。</li>
	<li>使用 70% 乙醇清洁皮肤。</li>
	<li>使用预消毒剪刀和钳子从牺牲的小鼠身上收集乳腺脂肪垫 (MFP),在含有完整 RPMI 介质的 15 mL 锥形管中(RPMI 补充 1% 青霉素-链霉素和 10% 胎儿牛血清)(参见?...

<ol>
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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+characterization+of+a+naturally+derived+lung+extracellular+matrix+hydrogel.">Development and characterization of a naturally derived lung extracellular matrix hydrogel.</a> Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 104 (8), 1922-1935 (2016).</li><li>Bonvillain, R. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Nonhuman+Primate+Model+of+Lung+Regeneration:+Detergent-Mediated+Decellularization+and+Initial+In+Vitro+Recellularization+with+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cells.">A Nonhuman Primate Model of Lung Regeneration: Detergent-Mediated Decellularization and Initial In Vitro Recellularization with Mesenchymal Stem Cells.</a> Tissue Engineering Part A. 18 (23-24), 2437-2452 (2012).</li><li>Brown, B. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+Three+Methods+for+the+Derivation+of+a+Biologic+Scaffold+Composed+of+Adipose+Tissue+Extracellular+Matrix.">Comparison of Three Methods for the Derivation of a Biologic Scaffold Composed of Adipose Tissue Extracellular Matrix.</a> Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods. 17 (4), 411-421 (2011).</li><li>Link, P. A., Pouliot, R. A., Mikhaiel, N. S., Young, B. M., Heise, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tunable+Hydrogels+from+Pulmonary+Extracellular+Matrix+for+3D+Cell+Culture.">Tunable Hydrogels from Pulmonary Extracellular Matrix for 3D Cell Culture.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (119), 1-9 (2017).</li><li>Massensini, A. 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这种水凝胶形成方法很大程度上取决于起始组织的数量。Murine MM 非常小,脱细胞化过程可显著减少材料(表 1)。该过程可以重复与更多的多功能一机,以提高最终产量。铣削是另一个可能导致材料损失的重要步骤。其他人已经展示了成功的低温磨机,但该协议是基于铣削通过手持砂浆和电钻与刺带附件8,17。这具有降低资本成本和最小化材料损失...

癌症的特点是细胞的过度增殖,可以避免凋亡,也可以转移到遥远的站点1。乳腺癌是美国女性最常见的发病之一,2018年估计有26.6万新发病例和4万例死亡。特别具有攻击性和难以治疗的亚型是三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC),它缺乏雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)和人类表皮生长因子(HER2)。放射治疗通常用于乳腺癌,以消除肿瘤切除术后的残余肿瘤细胞,但超过13%的TNBC患者在原发性肿瘤部位3仍然出现复发。
众所周知,放射治疗是有效的缓解转移和复发,因为块切除术和辐射的组合导致相同的长期生存,作为乳房切除术4。然而,最近已经表明,放射治疗与免疫功能低下设置5、6的原发性肿瘤部位局部复发有关。此外,众所周知,辐射通过诱导纤维化7改变正常组织的细胞外基质(ECM)。因此,了解辐射引起的ECM变化在控制肿瘤细胞行为中的作用是很重要的。
脱细胞组织已被用作体外模型来研究疾病8,9。这些去细胞化组织可保存ECM成分,并重述体内复合体ECM。这种脱细胞组织ECM可以进一步处理和消化,形成重组的ECM水凝胶,可用于研究细胞生长和功能10,11。例如,从脱细胞的人类脂吸剂和心肌组织中提取的可注射水凝胶作为组织工程的非侵入性方法,而从猪肺组织中提取的水凝胶被用作体外检测方法中生干细胞附着和活力12,13,14。然而,正常组织辐射损伤对ECM特性的影响尚未研究。
从ECM衍生的氢凝胶对体外体外现象的研究潜力最大。其他几种材料已经研究过,包括胶原蛋白、纤维蛋白和母蛋白,但很难综合地概括ECM13的成分。使用ECM衍生水凝胶的一个优点是ECM含有特定组织所需的蛋白质和生长因子14,15。在块切除术期间对正常组织的照射会导致ECM的显著变化,ECM衍生的水凝胶可用于在体外研究这种效应。这种方法可能导致更复杂和更准确的疾病体外模型。
在这项研究中,我们让母体乳腺脂肪垫(MFP)受到外体辐射。MFP被脱细胞制成预凝胶溶液。水凝胶是由嵌入的4T1细胞,一个小鼠TNBC细胞系形成的。研究了水凝胶材料的脑学特性,并在水凝胶内评估了肿瘤细胞动力学。由辐照的MFP制成的水凝胶增强了肿瘤细胞增殖。未来的研究将纳入其他细胞类型,以研究治疗后癌症复发背景下的细胞-细胞相互作用。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Neutral Buffered Formalin, Cube with Spigot</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>16004-128</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methylbutane</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>19387</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AR 2000ex Rheometer</td>
			<td>TA Instruments</td>
			<td>10D4335</td>
			<td>rheometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A1933-25G</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcein acetoxymethyl (calcein AM)</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes, Inc.</td>
			<td>C1430</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Luciferin Firefly, potassium salt</td>
			<td>Biosynth Chemistry &#38; Biology</td>
			<td>L-8820</td>
			<td>(S)-4,5-Dihydro-2-(6-hydroxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid potassium salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPX Mountant for Histology</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>06522-500ML</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14040133</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin-Y with Phloxine</td>
			<td>Richard-Allan Scientific</td>
			<td>71304</td>
			<td>eosin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethidium homodimer</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes, Inc.</td>
			<td>E1169</td>
			<td>ethidium homodimer-1 (EthD-1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F0926-500ML</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisher Healthcare Tissue-Plus O.C.T. Compound</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23-730-571</td>
			<td>cryostat embedding medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoromount-G</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>0100-01</td>
			<td>aqueous based mounting medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FreeZone 4.5</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td>7751020</td>
			<td>lyophilizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342 Solution (20 mM)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>62249</td>
			<td>blue fluorescent dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>258148-500ML</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS Lumina III</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>CLS136334</td>
			<td>bioluminescence imaging system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimtech Science Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly Clark</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>delicate task wipes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n-Propanol (Peroxide-Free/Sequencing), Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1130-500</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oil Red O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>O0625-25G</td>
			<td>1-([4-(Xylylazo)xylyl]azo)-2-naphthol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OPS Diagnostics CryoGrinder</td>
			<td>OPS Diagnostics, LLC</td>
			<td>CG-08-02</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (10X), pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Quality Biological, Inc.</td>
			<td>119-069-151</td>
			<td>Phosphate-buffered saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6887-5G</td>
			<td>pepsin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peracetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>77240-100ML</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin-iFluor 594 Reagent (ab176757)</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab176757</td>
			<td>phalloidin conjugate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propylene glycol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>W294004-1KG-K</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Richard-Allan Scientific Signature Series Bluing Reagent</td>
			<td>Richard-Allan Scientific</td>
			<td>7301L</td>
			<td>bluing agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Richard-Allan Scientific Signature Series Hematoxylin 7211</td>
			<td>Richard-Allan Scientific</td>
			<td>7211</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI Medium 1640</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11875-093</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium deoxycholate, 98%</td>
			<td>Frontier Scientific</td>
			<td>JK559522</td>
			<td>deoxycholic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5016</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton x-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100-100ML</td>
			<td>t-Octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%), phenol red</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whatman qualitative filter paper, Grade 4</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>1004-110</td>
			<td>grade 4 qualitative filter paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylenes (Certified ACS), Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>X5-4</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

studying normal tissue radiation effects using extracellular matrix hydrogels

辐射是治疗三阴性乳腺癌患者的一种疗法。辐射对健康乳腺组织细胞外基质(ECM)的影响及其在原发性肿瘤部位局部复发中的作用尚不得而知。在这里,我们提出了一种从母体乳腺脂肪垫中提取的ECM水凝胶的去细胞化、冻干和制造方法。对脱细胞化过程的有效性进行了评价,并评估了变菌学参数。GFP-和荧光素酶标记的乳腺癌细胞封装在水凝胶中,表明辐照水凝胶的增殖增加。最后,利用phalloidin结合染色来可视化封装肿瘤细胞的细胞骨架组织。我们的目标是提出一种用于体外研究的培养水凝胶的方法,模拟体内乳房组织环境及其对辐射的反应,以研究肿瘤细胞行为。

使用图1A所示的程序在辐照后对MFP进行去细胞化。图为MFP预脱细胞化(图1B)和脱细胞后(图1C)。使用血氧素和欧辛(H & E)染色确认去细胞化,并使用1-([4-(Xlylazo)xlyl_azo-2-纳普霍尔染色法评估脂质含量(图2)。ECM水凝胶的学性质在37°C下也得到评估(图3)。在所有条件下,储存模量均高于损耗模量,表明水凝胶形成稳定。
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Studying Normal Tissue Radiation Effects using Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels

研究使用细胞外基体水凝胶的正常组织辐射效应

该协议提出了一种在外体照射后,对母体乳腺脂肪垫进行去细胞化和随后水凝胶形成的方法。

Radiation is a therapy for patients with triple negative breast cancer. The effect of radiation on the extracellular matrix (ECM) of healthy breast tissue ...

该协议表明，辐射影响乳腺脂肪垫中脂肪组织的细胞外基质特性。在去细胞化模型中添加辐射以前没有做过。此技术使用几个洗涤步骤，每个步骤在去细胞化过程中都具有独特的化学用途。这种技术的特异性允许更温和的化学洗涤，以更好地保持组织属性。乳腺癌复发发生在治疗后，特别是在三重阴性病例。评估辐照的细胞外基质如何改变肿瘤细胞行为将导致有关复发机制的重要发现。辐照样品后，使用钚源，将辐照的 MFP 和完整的 RPMI 介质转移到生物安全柜中。将 6 厘米或 10 厘米的盘子装满足够的介质，以淹没 MFP 的介质。在37摄氏度下孵育，用5%的二氧化碳孵育两天。首先，将 MFP 放在六厘米的盘子中，配以五毫升的 Trypsin-EDTA 溶液。用70%乙醇喷洒和擦拭盘子，在37摄氏度下孵育一小时。使用 0.7 毫升过滤器用去压水清洗 MFP 的，将水浇在组织上三次。使用钳子手动按摩洗涤之间的组织。接下来，在精细的任务上短暂干燥组织，擦拭并称重。将干燥组织放在预 <3>化的烧杯中，内含适当大小的搅拌棒，每克组织用 60 毫升 3%t-00-二氧乙烷醇覆盖组织。在室温下搅拌一小时。然后将烧杯的内容放入过滤器中。用去维他水的洗杯冲洗，然后倒入纸巾。再重复此冲洗过程两次，确保使用钳子在冲洗之间手动按摩组织。在此之后，短暂地干燥组织，在一个微妙的任务擦拭和称重。将组织和搅拌棒放回同一个烧杯中，用每克组织 4% 脱氧核酸 60 毫升覆盖它们。在室温下搅拌一小时。接下来，将烧杯的内容物倒入网状过滤器中，用去维化的水冲洗烧杯，然后倒入组织。再重复此冲洗过程两次，确保使用钳子在冲洗之间手动按摩组织。在精细的任务擦拭上，将冲洗过的纸巾短暂干燥并称重。将干燥的组织放入同一个烧杯中，以及新鲜的去iond水，辅以1%青霉素链霉素。用石蜡膜将烧杯紧紧盖住，并在4摄氏度下过夜。第二天，将烧杯内装物排入过滤器中，在精细的任务中短暂干燥组织，擦拭并称重。然后，将 MFP 放在同一个烧杯中，并放置一个适当大小的搅拌棒。用含有4%乙醇和每克组织0.1%的乙酸溶液覆盖组织。在室温下搅拌两小时。将烧杯内装物放入0.7毫米过滤器中。使用钳子手动按摩组织，将内装物放回烧杯中。用每克组织 60 毫升 1X PBS 的覆盖来清洗组织。在室温下搅拌15分钟。重复整个洗涤过程一次。接下来，将烧杯的内容放入0.7毫米过滤器中。使用钳子，手动按摩组织，将内装物放回烧杯中。用每克组织60毫升的去层水覆盖组织来清洗组织。在室温下搅拌15分钟。重复整个洗涤过程一次。将洗净的组织短暂干燥，然后进行精细的擦拭并称重。将组织和内装物倾倒到过滤器中，并使用钳子手动按摩组织。将内装物放回烧杯中，用每克组织100%n-丙醇的60毫升覆盖组织。在室温下搅拌一小时。然后，在精细的任务擦拭和称重上简单干燥组织。将组织和内装物放入0.7毫米过滤器中，并用钳子手动按摩组织。将内装物放回烧杯中，用每克组织60毫升的去维水覆盖，清洗组织。在室温下搅拌15分钟。重复此洗涤过程三次。在此之后，在精细的任务上短暂干燥组织，擦拭并称重。将组织转移到标有15毫升的管子中，并在80摄氏度的负温度下冷冻过夜。首先，用液氮填充浅容器。从冰柜中取出样品，称重每个冻干型 MFP。将一个样品放在砂浆中，用低温手套将砂浆放在液氮中。然后，使用附着在手持钻头上，磨出样品。每隔一分钟磨一次，检查进度，然后从液氮中取下戴手套的手。对所有样品重复此铣削过程，确保在每个样品之间喷洒和擦拭砂浆和乙醇。将粉末状样品存放在 15 毫升管中，呈负 80 摄氏度，直到准备好使用。首先，从冰柜中取出样品，在室温下解冻。当样品解冻时，将辣椒混合到盐酸中，形成百事可乐-HCL溶液。接下来，将样品粉和百事可乐-HCL溶液加入15毫升的管子中，加入一个小搅拌棒，搅拌48小时。在此之后，将管子放在冰上五分钟。在每个样品中添加 10X PBS，使最终溶液的浓度为 1X PBS。然后，将 10%体积/体积、0.1 摩尔氢氧化钠添加到每个溶液中，达到 pH 7.4，使用 pH 纸单独测试每个溶液。使用 pH 7.4 凝胶溶液，将标有 4T1 细胞的颗粒 GFP 和荧光酶重新暂停至每毫升凝胶溶液的浓度为 500，000 或 1，000，000 个细胞。在16井室滑梯的每个井中加入16微升凝胶细胞溶液，并在37摄氏度下孵育30分钟。在此之后，向每个井添加 100 微升的完整 RPMI 介质。继续在37摄氏度下孵育48小时。然后，使用荧光显微镜观察519纳米的激发波长和618纳米的发射波长的细胞。本研究利用细胞外基质水凝胶对正常组织辐射效应进行了研究。赤氧树脂素和 eosin 染色用于通过DNA的核和其他痕迹的丧失来确认去细胞化。而油红O染色用于评估脂质含量，并确认二土石质形态的保留。ECM 水凝胶的流变特性在 37 摄氏度下进行评估。储存模量高于所有条件下的损耗模量，表明水凝胶形成稳定。标有4T1乳腺癌细胞的GP和荧光酶随后被封装在水凝胶中。细胞增殖通过荧光显微镜、光照测量和活力染色（封装后 48 小时）进行检查。辐照水凝胶在肿瘤细胞增殖方面呈上升趋势。法罗丁结合用于在封装的细胞中可视化F-Actin。在将组织放入磨机之前，请记住冷却砂浆，温暖的砂浆可能会导致铣削不完整。处理 n-丙烷和辣椒时要小心，仅在化学罩下打开 n-丙烷和其他去细胞剂。如果可能，在化学罩下称压辣椒，因为存在吸入危险。可以使用质谱法和拉曼光谱法评估辐照和去细胞化后 ECM 成分的变化。此外，还可以通过扫描电子显微镜分析 ECM 水凝胶的纤维结构。这种方法有可能扩大，以检查辐射对肿瘤细胞的影响，不仅肿瘤细胞，而且免疫细胞，以及组织，体验辐射损伤，由于治疗。这种去细胞化技术将使研究人员能够评估辐射后组织的细胞外基质特性，这是大多数癌症的重要治疗选择。

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Analyzing the Communication Between Monocytes and Primary Breast Cancer Cells in an Extracellular Matrix Extract (ECME)-based Three-dimensional System

Analyzing the Communication Between Monocytes and Primary Breast Cancer Cells in an Extracellular Matrix Extract ECME-based Three-dimensional System

基于细胞外基质提取物 (ECME) 的三维系统中单核细胞与原代乳癌细胞的通讯分析

Embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM), normal and neoplastic epithelial cells intimately communicate with hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, ...

科研

癌症研究

PET and MRI Guided Irradiation of a Glioblastoma Rat Model Using a Micro-irradiator

PET 与 MRI 引导下微器对大鼠胶质瘤模型的照射

For decades, small animal radiation research was mostly performed using fairly crude experimental setups applying simple single-beam techniques without ...

Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors

用基因编码荧光传感器评估毒理学氧化应激的成像方法

While oxidative stress is a commonly cited toxicological mechanism, conventional methods to study it suffer from a number of shortcomings, including ...

Fabrication of Tongue Extracellular Matrix and Reconstitution of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vitro

Fabrication of Tongue Extracellular Matrix and Reconstitution of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vitro

舌细胞外基质的制备与舌鳞癌体外重建

In order to construct an effective and realistic model for tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) in vitro, the methods were created to produce ...

Extraction of Extracellular Vesicles from Whole Tissue

全组织细胞外囊的提取

Circulating and interstitial small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent promising targets for the development of novel diagnostic or ...

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma

骨肉瘤的三维骨细胞外基质模型

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common and a highly aggressive primary bone tumor. It is characterized with anatomic and histologic variations along with ...

Cell Cycle-specific Measurement of &#947;H2AX and Apoptosis After Genotoxic Stress by Flow Cytometry

Cell Cycle-specific Measurement of ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â³H2AX and Apoptosis After Genotoxic Stress by Flow Cytometry

细胞周期特异性测量βH2AX和细胞凋亡后热源毒性应力通过流细胞测定

The presented method or slightly modified versions have been devised to study specific treatment responses and side effects of various anti-cancer ...

Characterization of the Effects of Migrastatic Inhibitors on 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion by High-resolution Confocal Microscopy

通过高分辨率共聚焦显微镜对3D肿瘤球体入侵的影响表征

Drug discovery and development in cancer research is increasingly being based on drug screens in a 3D format. Novel inhibitors targeting the migratory and ...

Studying Triple Negative Breast Cancer Using Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model

研究使用正交乳腺癌模型的三阴性乳腺癌

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with limited therapeutic options. When compared to patients with less ...

Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports

研究肿瘤分泌性副体结扎对宏噬细胞活化的影响，使用可渗透膜支架共培养

Tumor-derived paracrine signaling is an overlooked component of local immunosuppression and can lead to a permissive environment for continued cancer ...