Name: an instrumented pull test to characterize postural responses
Uploaded: 2019-04-06T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses at JoVE.com

我们感谢安格斯·比格 (仿生学研究所) 在视频协议方面的协助。我们感谢推荐博士 (墨尔本大学统计咨询中心和墨尔本统计咨询平台) 提供统计支持。这项工作得到了国家卫生和医学研究委员会 (1066565)、维多利亚狮子基金会和维多利亚州政府运营基础设施支助方案的资助。

墨尔本卫生部当地人类研究伦理委员会对所描述的所有方法进行了审查和批准。研究前获得了参与者的知情同意。
1. 设备设置
<ol><li>根据制造商的指导, 使用3个微型运动传感器准备电磁运动跟踪器。在收集数据之前, 请确保每个传感器至少采样 250 Hz, 位移以毫米单位测量, 旋转 (俯仰、滚动和打哈欠) 以度为单位。确保禁用所有内部过滤器, 并将传感器设置为引用静态原点 (通...

<ol>
	<li>Shemmell, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactions+between+stretch+and+startle+reflexes+produce+task-appropriate+rapid+postural+reactions.">Interactions between stretch and startle reflexes produce task-appropriate rapid postural reactions.</a> Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 9, (2015).</li><li>Kerr, G. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predictors+of+future+falls+in+Parkinson+disease.">Predictors of future falls in Parkinson disease.</a> Neurology. 75 (2), 116-124 (2010).</li><li>Latt, M. D., Lord, S. R., Morris, J. G. L., Fung, V. S. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+biomechanical+markers+of+postural+instability+in+Parkinson's+disease.">Early biomechanical markers of postural instability in Parkinson's disease.</a> Gait and Posture. 30 (4), 538-542 (2009).</li><li>Mancini, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trunk+accelerometry+reveals+postural+instability+in+untreated+Parkinson's+disease.">Trunk accelerometry reveals postural instability in untreated Parkinson's disease.</a> Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders. 17 (7), 557-562 (2011).</li><li>Nonnekes, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+postural+responses+to+backward+and+forward+perturbations+processed+by+different+neural+circuits?.">Are postural responses to backward and forward perturbations processed by different neural circuits?.</a> Neuroscience. 245, 109-120 (2013).</li><li>Horak, F. B., Dimitrova, D., Nutt, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direction-specific+postural+instability+in+subjects+with+Parkinson's+disease.">Direction-specific postural instability in subjects with Parkinson's disease.</a> Experimental Neurology. 193 (2), 504-521 (2005).</li><li>Colebatch, J. G., Govender, S., Dennis, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postural+responses+to+anterior+and+posterior+perturbations+applied+to+the+upper+trunk+of+standing+human+subjects.">Postural responses to anterior and posterior perturbations applied to the upper trunk of standing human subjects.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 234, 367-376 (2016).</li><li>Graus, S., Govender, S., Colebatch, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+postural+reflex+evoked+by+brief+axial+accelerations.">A postural reflex evoked by brief axial accelerations.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 228 (1), 73-85 (2013).</li><li>Govender, S., Dennis, D. L., Colebatch, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axially+evoked+postural+reflexes:+influence+of+task.">Axially evoked postural reflexes: influence of task.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 233, 215-228 (2015).</li><li>Smith, B. A., Carlson-Kuhta, P., Horak, F. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consistency+in+Administration+and+Response+for+the+Backward+Push+and+Release+Test:+A+Clinical+Assessment+of+Postural+Responses:+Consistency+of+Push+and+Release+Test.">Consistency in Administration and Response for the Backward Push and Release Test: A Clinical Assessment of Postural Responses: Consistency of Push and Release Test.</a> Physiotherapy Research International. 21 (1), 36-46 (2016).</li><li>Di Giulio, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintaining+balance+against+force+perturbations:+impaired+mechanisms+unresponsive+to+levodopa+in+Parkinson's+disease.">Maintaining balance against force perturbations: impaired mechanisms unresponsive to levodopa in Parkinson's disease.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. , (2016).</li><li>Nonnekes, J., de Kam, D., Geurts, A. C. H., Weerdesteyn, V., Bloem, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unraveling+the+mechanisms+underlying+postural+instability+in+Parkinson's+disease+using+dynamic+posturography.">Unraveling the mechanisms underlying postural instability in Parkinson's disease using dynamic posturography.</a> Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 13 (12), 1303-1308 (2013).</li><li>Tan, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurophysiological+analysis+of+the+clinical+pull+test.">Neurophysiological analysis of the clinical pull test.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. , (2018).</li><li>McVey, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+moderate+Parkinson's+disease+on+compensatory+backwards+stepping.">The effect of moderate Parkinson's disease on compensatory backwards stepping.</a> Gait and Posture. 38 (4), 800-805 (2013).</li><li>Valls-Sole, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reaction+time+and+acoustic+startle+in+normal+human+subjects.">Reaction time and acoustic startle in normal human subjects.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 195 (2), 97-100 (1995).</li><li>Carlsen, A. N., Maslovat, D., Lam, M. Y., Chua, R., Franks, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Considerations+for+the+use+of+a+startling+acoustic+stimulus+in+studies+of+motor+preparation+in+humans.">Considerations for the use of a startling acoustic stimulus in studies of motor preparation in humans.</a> Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 35 (3), 366-376 (2011).</li><li>Nanhoe-Mahabier, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+trial+reactions+and+habituation+rates+over+successive+balance+perturbations+in+Parkinson's+disease.">First trial reactions and habituation rates over successive balance perturbations in Parkinson's disease.</a> Neuroscience. 217, 123-129 (2012).</li><li>Aminian, K., Najafi, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capturing+human+motion+using+body-fixed+sensors:+outdoor+measurement+and+clinical+applications.">Capturing human motion using body-fixed sensors: outdoor measurement and clinical applications.</a> Computer animation and virtual worlds. 15 (2), 79-94 (2004).</li><li>De Luca, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+surface+electromyography+in+biomechanics.">The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics.</a> Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 13 (2), 135-163 (1997).</li><li>Horak, F. B., Nashner, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+programming+of+postural+movements:+adaptation+to+altered+support-surface+configurations.">Central programming of postural movements: adaptation to altered support-surface configurations.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 55 (6), 1369-1381 (1986).</li><li>Saito, H., Yamanaka, M., Kasahara, S., Fukushima, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+improvements+in+motor+performance+and+changes+in+anticipatory+postural+adjustments+during+whole-body+reaching+training.">Relationship between improvements in motor performance and changes in anticipatory postural adjustments during whole-body reaching training.</a> Human Movement Science. 37, 69-86 (2014).</li><li>Kam, D. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopaminergic+medication+does+not+improve+stepping+responses+following+backward+and+forward+balance+perturbations+in+patients+with+Parkinson's+disease.">Dopaminergic medication does not improve stepping responses following backward and forward balance perturbations in patients with Parkinson's disease.</a> Journal of Neurology. 261 (12), 2330-2337 (2014).</li><li>Peterson, D. S., Horak, F. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effect+of+Levodopa+on+Improvements+in+Protective+Stepping+in+People+With+Parkinson's+Disease.">The Effect of Levodopa on Improvements in Protective Stepping in People With Parkinson's Disease.</a> Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 30 (10), 931-940 (2016).</li><li>Haubenberger, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transducer-based+evaluation+of+tremor.">Transducer-based evaluation of tremor.</a> Movement Disorders. 31 (9), 1327-1336 (2016).</li><li>Elble, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Task+force+report:+scales+for+screening+and+evaluating+tremor:+critique+and+recommendations.">Task force report: scales for screening and evaluating tremor: critique and recommendations.</a> Movement disorders: official journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 28 (13), 1793-1800 (2013).</li><li>Adkin, A. L., Carpenter, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+on+emotional+contributions+to+human+postural+control.">New insights on emotional contributions to human postural control.</a> Frontiers in Neurology. 9, 789 (2018).</li><li>Huffman, J. L., Horslen, B., Carpenter, M., Adkin, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+increased+postural+threat+lead+to+more+conscious+control+of+posture?.">Does increased postural threat lead to more conscious control of posture?.</a> Gait and Posture. 30 (4), 528-532 (2009).</li><li>Valls-Sole, J., Rothwell, J. C., Goulart, F., Cossu, G., Munoz, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterned+ballistic+movements+triggered+by+a+startle+in+healthy+humans.">Patterned ballistic movements triggered by a startle in healthy humans.</a> The Journal of Physiology. 516 (Pt 3), 931-938 (1999).</li><li>Campbell, A. D., Squair, J. W., Chua, R., Inglis, J. T., Carpenter, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+trial+and+StartReact+effects+induced+by+balance+perturbations+to+upright+stance.">First trial and StartReact effects induced by balance perturbations to upright stance.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 110 (9), 2236-2245 (2013).</li><li>Oude Nijhuis, L. B., Allum, J. H. J., Valls-Sol&#233;, J., Overeem, S., Bloem, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+trial+postural+reactions+to+unexpected+balance+disturbances:+a+comparison+with+the+acoustic+startle+reaction.">First trial postural reactions to unexpected balance disturbances: a comparison with the acoustic startle reaction.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 104 (5), 2704-2712 (2010).</li></ol>

在这里, 我们已经证明了临床拉力试验仪器的协议, 采取了一种广泛应用于临床实践的方法, 并产生了一个客观的测量姿势反应, 除了拉给管理的重要方面。使用半便携式运动跟踪, 这种方法提供了一种测量手段, 比传统的实验室技术更好地访问28。利用这种方法, 研究人员可以探索不同年龄和条件人群对自上而下的扰动的姿势反应特征。
虽然该议定书得到了成?...

姿势反射的作用是保持平衡和直立的立场, 以响应扰动 1。这些姿势反应的损害, 如帕金森病的疾病导致姿势不稳定, 并通常导致跌倒, 步行信心下降和生活质量下降 2,3,4。在临床实践中, 姿势反射通常通过拉力测试进行评估, 在这种测试中, 审查员轻快地将患者拉向后靠在肩膀上, 并在视觉上对反应 5,6, 7 进行评分,8. 姿势不稳定通常使用国际运动障碍协会5公布的帕金森病综合评分表 (0-正常至 4-严重) 进行评分.这种方法已被广泛用于评估患有帕金森病的个人, 但可靠性差, 缩放 (记分)6,7,9。拉考试成绩通常与重要的临床终点 (如跌倒) 和基于整数的评分缺乏敏感性来检测精细的姿势变化10,11。
基于实验室的客观测量方法通过量化动力学 (例如压力中心)、运动学 (如关节性腺/肢体位移) 和神经生理学 (如肌肉), 提供有关平衡反应性质的准确信息) 终点12。这些方法可以在临床上明显的姿势不稳定之前发现异常, 并跟踪随着时间的推移而变化, 包括对治疗13,14的反应。
量化姿势不稳定的工具
传统的动态后尿路技术通常采用移动平台。所产生的姿势反应是通过后尿路造影、肌电图 (emg) 和加速度计 12、15、16 的组合来量化的。然而, 平台扰动的自下而上的反应----这引起了像在潮湿的地板上滑倒一样的反应----与临床拉力试验的自上而下的姿势反应有根本的不同----当在人群中被撞时可能会发生这种情况。新出现的证据表明, 截断扰动产生的姿势特征与移动平台的姿势特征不同, 为 17、18、19.因此, 其他人则试图在实验室中使用复杂的技术, 包括电机、滑轮和钟摆 15、20、21、22,以截断扰动.测量方法往往费用高昂, 无法使用, 包括基于视频的运动捕捉, 需要在专门实验室提供专门的空间 20,21。理想情况下, 一个客观的方法来描述拉测试反应应该具有优良的心理测量性能, 易于管理, 易于操作, 广泛访问, 和便携。这对于促进广泛采用该技术作为一种替代评估工具以评估研究和潜在的临床环境中的体位反应非常重要。
仪器拉力测试
该方案的目的是为研究人员提供一种客观评估拉拔试验姿势反应的技术。半便携和广泛使用的电磁运动捕获系统是这一技术的基础。这种扰动涉及手动拉力, 不需要专门的机械系统。该方法具有足够的灵敏度, 可检测体位反应时间和响应振幅的微小差异;因此, 根据 UPDRS (无辅助平衡恢复的姿势不稳定),它适合捕获从正常到1级姿势不稳定的潜在异常。该方法也可用于探讨治疗对体位不稳定的影响。这里描述的协议来自 Tan 等人的协议。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:879px;" width="879">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Analog to Digital Convertor &#38; Software</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">CED</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Micro 1401-3</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Any suitable digital acquisition system can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Load Cell</td>
			<td>Omegadyne</td>
			<td>LCM201-100N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MATLAB Software</td>
			<td>MathWorks Inc.</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Any data science platform can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Motion Sensor</td>
			<td>Ascension</td>
			<td>6DOF, type-800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Motion Tracker</td>
			<td>Ascension&#160;</td>
			<td>3D Guidance trakSTAR</td>
			<td>Mid-range transmitter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">S&#38;F Technical Harness and Belt</td>
			<td>Lowepro</td>
			<td>LP36282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an instrumented pull test to characterize postural responses

姿势反射的损害, 称为姿势不稳定, 是帕金森病的常见和致残的缺陷。为了评估体位反射, 临床医生通常采用拉力测试来对肩部向后的扰动进行校正反应。但是, 拉力测试容易出现可靠性和缩放 (记分) 方面的问题。在这里, 我们提出了一个仪器版本的拉测试, 以更精确地量化姿势反应。亲缘对临床试验, 拉除拉力外, 还记录拉。主干和脚的位移被半便携式运动跟踪系统捕获。原始数据表示行驶距离 (毫米单位), 使后续解释和分析直观。仪器拉力测试还检测影响拉力测试管理的变异性, 如拉力, 从而识别和量化可由统计技术解释的潜在混淆。仪器拉力试验可应用于旨在捕获姿势反应早期异常、跟踪体位不稳定和检测治疗反应的研究。

仪器拉力测试 (图 1) 用于调查一个年轻的, 健康的队列23的躯干和步骤反应.对35项试验进行了连续介绍, 每次拉同时进行听觉刺激 (图 2)。听觉刺激有90分贝 (正常) 或116分贝 (大声)。大声的刺激已经被证明足以触发 StartReact 效应, 在这种效果下, 事先准备好的反应会通过惊人的听觉刺激25提前发?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses at JoVE.com

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

姿势反射的损害, 称为姿势不稳定, 是很难量化的。临床评估 (如拉力测试) 会遇到可靠性和扩展性方面的问题。在这里, 我们提出了一个仪器版本的拉测试, 以客观地描述姿势反应。

一种表征姿势反应的仪器拉力测试

Impairment of postural reflexes, termed postural instability, is a common and disabling deficit in Parkinson's disease. To assess postural reflexes, ...

此程序的总体目标是使用临床拉力测试的仪器版本更精确地评估姿势反应。这是通过使用半便携式运动跟踪系统捕获手动向后拉的姿势响应实现的。首先，将线束和传感器连接到后备箱和脚上。下一步是确保参与者站在舒适的立场沿线标记，向前看。接下来，执行仪器的拉取测试程序。每次试验期间记录拉力。计算中继响应的幅度和反应时间。最后一步是协助学员离开线束，将传感器从后备箱和脚上拆下。最终，仪器拉取测试用于描述临床拉力测试产生的姿势反应。它还可用于确定影响拉取测试性能的变异性。这种方法的主要优点是能够对临床拉力测试的姿势反应进行精确定量。使用半便携式运动捕获，仪器拉式测试提供了一种与传统实验室技术相比更易于访问的测量方法。这使得研究人员能够轻松地采用这种技术来测量拉力测试的姿势反应。临床拉力测试的仪器在研究中具有潜在的效用，这些研究旨在量化姿势不稳定性，例如，随着时间的推移，在一组患者中，或为了对平衡问题的疗法作出反应，特别是在帕金森病等疾病中。此方法的可视化演示至关重要，因为调查人员了解事件序列非常重要。其中包括设备设置、患者准备和检查员对仪器拉测试的管理。简而言之，所有设备在数据收集之前都设置正确。根据制造商指南，使用三个微型运动传感器准备电磁运动跟踪器。每个传感器的采样速度至少为 250 赫兹，位移以毫米为单位，以度为单位旋转。必须禁用所有内部滤波，并且传感器的位置设置为引用静态原点。使用最小直径为 10 毫米的绳索将称重传感器固定到肩部的患者线束上。将称重单元连接到数据采集单元。根据负载单元规格，可能需要前置放大器和单独的电源。将数据采集单元的触发输出连接到运动跟踪器的触发输入，以确保同步录制。匹配运动跟踪器的采样率并禁用任何滤波。触发器还可用于时间传递听觉或视觉刺激，以进一步描述平衡机制。实验应在安静的房间里进行，以尽量减少评估期间的干扰。为学员留出足够的空间，采取若干纠正措施以恢复平衡。作为预防措施，泡沫垫可以放在地板上。首先获得参与者的知情同意。适合仪器拉测试程序的参与者包括能够独立站立并生成更正的余额响应，无需协助即可恢复的参与者。要求学员在实验当天穿着舒适宽松的衣服，并脱鞋参加测试。协助学员佩戴线束。将扣子夹在胸部和腰部。确保拉扯绳索时，线束适当拧紧，线束中不超过 50 毫米的松弛。使用医用胶带将运动传感器连接到胸口和左右脚踝的脚部。所有电缆必须小心布线，以避免绊倒危险。将学员放在垫子上，双脚以舒适的姿势沿着标记对齐。学员应注意其在线条上的脚位，以便他们能够在每次拉取后返回到同一位置。如果观察到任何偏差，评估员应提示学员返回原始脚部位置。指导学员在眼睛水平前方 1.5 米处专注于艺术品，双手放在一边，以尽量减少拉力之间的干扰。仪器拉力测试根据统一帕金森病评分表中描述的临床拉力测试指南进行。首先，解释测试过程，让学员知道在向后拉后允许执行步进。劝阻预期反应，如拉拔前树干向前倾斜。确保学员专心致志，直立站立，睁开眼睛，以舒适的姿势站在指定标记上。站在学员后面，对绳索进行快速、有力的拉力。确保绳索与参与者的肩部水平垂直固定。每次拉取后，确保学员回到地板上的原始脚部位置，并重复测试 35 次。每 10 次拉拉后，让学员休息一分钟。请求参与者在允许休息之前不要在两次试验之间讲话，除非表示不适或需要提前休息。评估员应时刻准备好捕捉学员。在评估已知姿势不稳定性的参与者时，需要一名助理来保障安全。完成仪器的拉力测试步骤后，拆下传感器并协助学员离开线束。研究期间记录的数据必须使用合适的数据科学软件进行分析。使用触发信号对齐运动跟踪器和加载单元数据。高通滤波器或运动跟踪和加载细胞数据与0.05赫兹的截止频率，以删除基线磨。双区分中继运动跟踪位移数据，获取中继速度和加速度。将连续记录分为各个试验纪元。拒绝在拉药前观察到预期性流氓运动的试验。确定姿势反应时间作为拉扯后干线位移的开始与树干速度曲线的转折点之间的差值，这表示树干减速的开始。确定当中继的峰值减速时姿势响应的大小。步进定义为脚向后移动的踏脚。计算步进反应时间，作为单脚位移到步进肢体初始运动之间的差值。通过计算脚的总位移（以毫米为单位）确定步进响应幅度，从初始脚部升空到接触步进肢体，向后追溯。排除小于 50 毫米的步骤，因为支持基数的变化被认为可以忽略不计。从称重电池计算峰值拉力和力发展速率。峰值拉力表示瞬时最大力传递，而力速率是力与时间曲线的斜率，指示力的生成速度。使用仪器拉力测试评估了一群年轻健康参与者的姿势反应。35 次试验进行了，同时提供听觉刺激，每次拉取 90 分贝或 116 分贝。被称为开始反应效应，惊人的116分贝刺激预计将加快反应时间超过较小的强度90分贝刺激。在35项试验中，第一项被保留用于分析未习惯的反应，随后的4项试验被丢弃，以产生实践效果。随后的试验分析包括20个正常强度试验在90分贝和10个响亮的试验在116分贝随机混合。由于可能影响树干和步进姿势反应的多种促成因素，使用线性混合模型进行分析。这些因素包括拉力和参与者的身高和体重。仪器拉取试验能够区分第一次试验效果，其中与第一次试验的反应与随后的习惯于试验不同。在第一次试验中，步进反应时间较慢，步进反应幅度较大。启动反应效果只存在于中继到随后的习性拉。响亮的听觉刺激加速了流断反应时间，增加了流断反应量。检查官峰值拉力被发现影响步进反应的类型和躯干反应时间。参与者体重影响步进反应时间。否则，参与者的体重和身高不会影响结果。根据学员的物理功能和平衡能力，仪器拉力测试程序大约需要 20 分钟。这还允许每 10 次拉式试验后最多休息一分钟。在已知姿势不稳定性的患者中，在实验期间防止实际跌倒非常重要。助理应在场，需要不断监测参与者的疲劳程度和参与能力。临床拉力试验的仪器已经产生了一种客观量化姿势不稳定性的方法。这在跟踪姿势不稳定以及检测姿势不稳定性的新兴治疗方法方面可能有用。

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Unit 1

Equilibrium of a Rigid Body

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap

传统冷压机测试的替代方案：冷压机臂包装

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into ...

科研

行为学

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

方法在线测试视觉注意

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective

评估参与的多维度来表征学习：神经生理学角度

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: ...

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

坐姿到站姿和步行距离120％膝盖高度：新方法来评估铅肢体的动态姿势控制独立

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

测试环境线索对交配行为的影响的方法<em&gt;黑腹果蝇</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

The Other End of the Leash: An Experimental Test to Analyze How Owners Interact with Their Pet Dogs

皮带的另一端: 分析主人与宠物狗互动的实验测试

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective ...

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

用基于气味的延迟配对试验对大鼠元认知应答的测试

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, ...

Multi-Modal Signals for Analyzing Pain Responses to Thermal and Electrical Stimuli

分析疼痛对热和电刺激反应的多模态信号

The assessment of pain relies mostly on methods that require a person to communicate. However, for people with cognitive and verbal impairments, existing ...

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

飞行酒吧研究乙醇诱导的行为抑制和敏感性

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the ...