Name: purification and transplantation of myogenic progenitor cell derived exosomes to improve cardiac function in duchenne muscular dystrophic mice
Uploaded: 2019-04-10T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification and Transplantation of Myogenic Progenitor Cell Derived Exosomes to Improve Cardiac Function in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophic Mice at JoVE.com

Tang blev delvist støttet af American Heart Association: GRNT31430008, NIH-AR070029, NIH-HL086555, NIH-HL134354.

Dyrene blev håndteret henhold til godkendte protokoller og dyrevelfærd forordninger af institutionelle Animal Care og brug Udvalget af Medical College of Georgia Augusta Universitet.
1. isolering og oprensning af MPC-afledte Exosomes
<ol><li>Frø 5 x 106 C2C12 celler i en 15 cm celle kultur fad med 20 mL komplet Dulbecco ændrede Eagle's medium (DMEM) som indeholder 10% føtal bovint serum (FBS), 100 U/mL penicillin G og 100 μg/mL streptomycin. Der inkuberes ved 37 ° C og 5% C...

<ol>
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M., Weintraub, N. L., Tang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+regeneration+of+dystrophic+muscle+using+autologous+iPSC-derived+progenitors+with+CRISPR-Cas9+mediated+precise+correction.">Effective regeneration of dystrophic muscle using autologous iPSC-derived progenitors with CRISPR-Cas9 mediated precise correction.</a> Medical Hypotheses. 110, 97-100 (2018).</li><li>Quinlan, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+the+mdx+mouse+cardiomyopathy:+physiological+and+morphological+findings.">Evolution of the mdx mouse cardiomyopathy: physiological and morphological findings.</a> Neuromuscular Disorders. 14 (8-9), 491-496 (2004).</li><li>Siemionow, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creation+of+Dystrophin+Expressing+Chimeric+Cells+of+Myoblast+Origin+as+a+Novel+Stem+Cell+Based+Therapy+for+Duchenne+Muscular+Dystrophy.">Creation of Dystrophin Expressing Chimeric Cells of Myoblast Origin as a Novel Stem Cell Based Therapy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.</a> Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. 14 (2), 189-199 (2018).</li><li>Sienkiewicz, D., Kulak, W., Okurowska-Zawada, B., Paszko-Patej, G., Kawnik, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy:+current+cell+therapies.">Duchenne muscular dystrophy: current cell therapies.</a> Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders. 8 (4), 166-177 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+engraftment+of+myogenic+progenitors+from+adipose-derived+stem+cells+and+muscle+regeneration+in+dystrophic+mice.">Long-term engraftment of myogenic progenitors from adipose-derived stem cells and muscle regeneration in dystrophic mice.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 24 (21), 6029-6040 (2015).</li><li>Ju, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+Cardiac+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cell-Derived+Exosomes+for+Angiogenesis.">Transplantation of Cardiac Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for Angiogenesis.</a> Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research. 11 (5), 429-437 (2018).</li><li>Ju, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+Cardiac+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cell-Derived+Exosomes+Promotes+Repair+in+Ischemic+Myocardium.">Transplantation of Cardiac Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Promotes Repair in Ischemic Myocardium.</a> Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research. 11 (5), 420-428 (2018).</li><li>Ruan, X. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suxiao+Jiuxin+pill+promotes+exosome+secretion+from+mouse+cardiac+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+vitro.">Suxiao Jiuxin pill promotes exosome secretion from mouse cardiac mesenchymal stem cells in vitro.</a> Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 39 (4), 569-578 (2018).</li><li>Ruan, X. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+from+Suxiao+Jiuxin+pill-treated+cardiac+mesenchymal+stem+cells+decrease+H3K27+demethylase+UTX+expression+in+mouse+cardiomyocytes+in+vitro.">Exosomes from Suxiao Jiuxin pill-treated cardiac mesenchymal stem cells decrease H3K27 demethylase UTX expression in mouse cardiomyocytes in vitro.</a> Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 39 (4), 579-586 (2018).</li><li>Chen, Y., Tang, Y., Fan, G. C., Duan, D. 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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+carvedilol-responsive+microRNA,+miR-125b-5p+protects+the+heart+from+acute+myocardial+infarction+by+repressing+pro-apoptotic+bak1+and+klf13+in+cardiomyocytes.">A carvedilol-responsive microRNA, miR-125b-5p protects the heart from acute myocardial infarction by repressing pro-apoptotic bak1 and klf13 in cardiomyocytes.</a> Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 114, 72-82 (2018).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes/microvesicles+from+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+deliver+cardioprotective+miRNAs+and+prevent+cardiomyocyte+apoptosis+in+the+ischemic+myocardium.">Exosomes/microvesicles from induced pluripotent stem cells deliver cardioprotective miRNAs and prevent cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the ischemic myocardium.</a> International Journal of Cardiology. 192, 61-69 (2015).</li><li>Cheruvanky, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+isolation+of+urinary+exosomal+biomarkers+using+a+nanomembrane+ultrafiltration+concentrator.">Rapid isolation of urinary exosomal biomarkers using a nanomembrane ultrafiltration concentrator.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology. 292 (5), 1657-1661 (2007).</li><li>Oksvold, M. 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Metode til at isolere ren exosomes er afgørende for at studere funktionen af exosomes. En af de almindelige teknikker til exosome isolation er polyethylen glykoler (pinde) medieret nedbør17,18,25. Exosomes kan være i en pløkkerne, og pelleted ved lav hastighed centrifugering. PIND-medieret rensning er meget praktisk, billigt, behøver det ikke nogen avanceret udstyr, men der er bekymring om renheden af exosomes, da andre lip...

Duchenne muskeldystrofi (DMD) er en X-linked recessive, progressive neuromuskulær sygdom forårsaget af en mutation i DMD-genet og tabet af funktionelle dystrofin1. Dystrofin udtrykkes primært i skeletmuskulatur og myokardiet og er mindre udtrykt i glatte muskelceller, endokrine kirtler og neuroner2,3. DMD er den mest almindelige form for muskeldystrofi med en forekomst af en pr. 3.500 til 5.000 nyfødte drenge verden over4,5. Personer typisk udvikle progressiv muskel nekrose, tab af uafhængige walking af tidlig pubertet, og død i de anden til tredje årtier af deres liv på grund af hjertesvigt og respirationssvigt6.
Forstørrede kardiomyopati, arytmier og kongestiv hjerteinsufficiens er fælles hjerte-kar-manifestationer af DMD7,8. Sygdommen kan ikke helbredes, støttende behandling kan forbedre symptomer eller forsinke progression af hjertesvigt, men det er meget vanskeligt at forbedre hjerte funktion9,10.
Svarende til DMD patienter, X-linked muskeldystrofi (MDX) mus er mangelfuld i dystrophin protein og nuværende symptomer på kardiomyopati11, og er derfor meget udbredt i DMD forbundet kardiomyopati forskning. For at gendanne dystrofin i sygdomsramte muskler, allogen stamcelleterapi har vist sig for at være en effektiv behandling af DMD12,13,14. Exosomes, 30-150 nm membran vesikler udskilles af forskellige celletyper, spiller en central rolle i celle-til-celle kommunikation gennem genetisk materiale transport, såsom messenger RNA (mRNA) og ikke-kodende RNA'er15,16,17 ,18,19,20,21.
Vores tidligere undersøgelser har vist, at exosomes stammer fra myogenic stamceller (MPC), såsom C2C12 cellelinie, kan overføre dystrofin mRNA til værten cardiomyocytes efter direkte hjertets indsprøjtning22, der angiver at allogene levering af MPC-afledte exosomes (MPC-Exo) kan forbigående gendanne DMD genekspression i MDX-mus. Denne artikel fokuserer på MPC-Exo rensning og transplantation teknikker.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:424px;">0.22-&#956;m Filter</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">09-720-004</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15-cm Cell Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>157150</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">24-gauge catheter</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">TERUMO</td>
			<td>SR-OX2419CA</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">31-gauge insulin needle</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">BD</td>
			<td>328291</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4% paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Affymetrix</td>
			<td>AAJ19943K2</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50 mL Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>339652</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6-0 suture</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Pro Advantage by NDC</td>
			<td>P420697</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11008</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution</td>
			<td>Corning&#160;</td>
			<td>30-004-CI</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Dystrophin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>ab15277</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antigen retriever&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Aptum Biologics</td>
			<td>R2100-US</td>
			<td>Antigen recovery</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Autofluorescence Quenching Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>SP-8400</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">C2C12 cell line</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-1772</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Unico</td>
			<td>C8606</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Change-A-Tip High Temp Cauteries</td>
			<td>Bovie Medical Corporation</td>
			<td>HIT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Confocal microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>Zeiss 780 Upright Confocal</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DBA/2J-mdx mice</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>013141</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM</td>
			<td>Corning&#160;</td>
			<td>10-013-CM</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Corning&#160;</td>
			<td>35-011-CV</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat serum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">MP Biomedicals, LLC</td>
			<td>191356</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-893-1389</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Henry Schein</td>
			<td>056344</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mounting Medium with DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1500</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Retractor Set</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>SURGI-5001</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP151-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rodent ventilator</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>55-7066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SW-28 Ti rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>342207</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">The Vevo 2100 Imaging Platform</td>
			<td style="width:280px;">FUJIFILM VisualSonics</td>
			<td>Vevo 2100</td>
			<td>Ultrasound System&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>365672</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultra-Clear Tubes</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>344058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Xylazine (XylaMed)</td>
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purification and transplantation of myogenic progenitor cell derived exosomes to improve cardiac function in duchenne muscular dystrophic mice

Duchene muskeldystrofi (DMD) er en X-linked recessive genetisk sygdom forårsaget af en mangel på funktionelle dystrofin protein. Sygdommen kan ikke helbredes, og som sygdommen skrider frem patienten udvikler symptomer på forstørrede kardiomyopati, arytmi og kongestiv hjerteinsufficiens. DMDMDX mutant-mus udtrykke ikke dystrofin, og er almindeligt anvendt som en musemodel af DMD. I vores undersøgelse for nylig, konstaterede vi, at intramyocardial injektion af bred type (WT)-myogenic Stamform celler-afledte exosomes (MPC-Exo) forbigående restaureret udtryk af dystrofin i myokardiet af DMDMDX mutant-mus, der var forbundet med en forbigående forbedring i hjertefunktion tyder på, at kan WT-MPC-Exo give en mulighed for at lindre de kardiale symptomer af DMD. Denne artikel beskriver teknik af MPC-Exo rensning og transplantation i hjerter af DMDMDX mutant mus.

Et flowdiagram til isolering og rensende exosomes fra C2C12 celler er vist i figur 1A. For at bekræfte tilstedeværelsen af exosomes, udførte vi transmissions Elektron Mikroskopi analyse. Transmissions Elektron Mikroskopi billede (figur 1B) viser morfologi af lyse og runde form vesikler i C2C12 stammer exosomes. Western blot analyse bekræftet tilstedeværelsen af exosome markører, herunder CD63 og TSG101 (<strong class="xfig...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification and Transplantation of Myogenic Progenitor Cell Derived Exosomes to Improve Cardiac Function in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophic Mice at JoVE.com

Purification and Transplantation of Myogenic Progenitor Cell Derived Exosomes to Improve Cardiac Function in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophic Mice

Vi præsenterer her, en protokol for at forbedre forbigående hjertefunktion i Duchenne muskeldystrofi mus ved omplantning exosomes stammer fra normal myogenic stamceller.

Rensning og Transplantation af Myogenic stamfader celle afledte Exosomes for at forbedre hjertefunktion i Duchenne muskuløs dystrofe mus

Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive genetic disease caused by a lack of functional dystrophin protein. The disease cannot be cured, ...

Denne protokol præsenterer metoden til overgangs forbedre hjertefunktion i Duchennes muskelsvindmus ved at transplantere exon afledt af normale myogene progenitorceller. Den exosomal transplantation kan forbedre hjertefunktionen i DMD mus i forbindelse med øget udtryk for dystrofi i modtagerhjerter. Passende metode til exon isolation, rensning, og intramyocardial transplantation bidrage til succes for exon transplantation til at forbedre hjertefunktion for mus med Duchenne's muskelsvind.MPC-afledt eksosombehandling kan forbedre skeletmuskulaturfunktionen ved exosom-medieret normal dystrophin mRNA-overførsel. Denne video viser de kritiske teknikker til exosome rensning, intramyokardie exosome levering, og ekkokardiografi post-transplantation. Demonstrationen af ekkokardiografi vil blive udført af Yan Shen, tekniker fra vores laboratorium.For at begynde denne procedure, frø fem millioner C2C12 celler i en 15 centimeter kultur fad med 20 milliliter komplet DMEM indeholder 10% FBS og antibiotika. Inkubere ved 37 grader Celsius med 5% kuldioxid. Brug derefter en svingende spandrotor til ultracentrifuge FBS ved 100, 000 gange G og ved fire grader Celsius i 18 timer for at forberede exosome-forarmet medium.Kassér pellet og indsamle supernatant. Når monolayercellerne når 80% sammenløb i kulturskålen, skal du erstatte det komplette DMEM med eksosomt forarmet medium. Brug en overførselpipette til at indsamle supernatanten fra cellekulturskålen hver 48.Centrifuge rørene ved 150 gange G i ti minutter for at fjerne de resterende celler. Supernatanten filtreres gennem et 0,22 mikrometerfilter for at fjerne eventuelt celleaffald og overføre det filtrerede medium til ultra-klare rør. Brug derefter en swing bucket rotor til ultracentrifuge rørene ved 100, 00 gange G og ved 4 grader Celsius i 120 minutter for at udfælde exosomer.Opslæm den exosomholdige pellet i PBS, og fyld derefter hele det ultralette rør med PBS. Ultracentrifuge denne suspension ved 100, 00 gange G og ved 4 grader Celsius i 120 minutter for at fjerne forurenende proteiner. Kassér supernatanten og opsplit exosom pellet i 100 mikroliter AF PBS.Opbevares på minus 80 grader Celsius til fremtidig brug. Først fastgør hver bedøvet mus i liggende position på en kirurgisk platform ved at sikre hvert ben med tape. Placer en 3-0 sutur vandret under de øverste tænder til at holde overkæben på plads.Dernæst anvende depilatory creme til venstre side af musens bryst til at fjerne gran fra huden. Ved hjælp af en 24 gauge kateter, udføre endotrakeal intubation via mundhulen. Og brug en en gnaver ventilator til at ventilere musen med luft i rummet med en hastighed på 195 vejrtrækninger i minuttet.Desinficere huden med 70% alkohol og 10% povidone jod. Derefter foretages en 10 til 15 millimeter skrå snit fra venstre brystkant til venstre armhule. Brug saks til at skære pectoralis større og pectoralis mindre.Og lav en venstre thoracotamy gennem den fjerde intercoastal plads. Forsigtigt indsætte retractor bands til at sprede brysthulen til en bredde på 10 millimeter passe på ikke at beskadige venstre lunge. Efter dette, bruge to lige pincet til at fjerne pericardium.Træk dem fra hinanden og læg dem bag retractorspidserne for at eksponere hjertet. Brug en 31 gauge insulin nål til at injicere enten MPC-Exo eller PBS intramyocardially i den forreste væg af venstre hjertekammer på ét sted. Brug derefter 6-0 nylon suturer til at lukke brysthulen, pectoralis muskler, og huden, i rækkefølge.To dage efter PBS exosome transplantation, bedøve musene som skitseret i tekstprotokollen. Brug tape til at fastgøre en mus i liggende position og anvende forvarmet akustisk gel på venstre bryst område. Brug derefter ekkokardiografi til at vurdere den venstre ventrikelfunktion.Få den parasternale lange akse visning af venstre hjertekammer i to dimensioner og derefter rotere ultralydsonden 90 grader for at opnå en venstre ventrikel kort akse visning på papillære muskelniveau. Derefter skal du optage ekkokardiografiske billeder i M-tilstand og måle den venstre ventrikeldiastoldiameter, venstre ventrikulære endesystoliske volumen, venstre ventrikulære endediastolvolumen og det venstre ventrikulære endesystoliske volumen. Musenes puls skal kontrolleres mindst 400 bpm for hjertemålingsfunktionen.Efter exosomer er isoleret og renset fra C2C12 celler, deres tilstedeværelse er bekræftet ved hjælp af transmission elektron mikroskopi analyse. Transmissionselektrekoskopibilledet viser morfologien af de lyse og runde vesikler af C2C12-afledte exosomer. Western blot analyse bekræfter tilstedeværelsen af exosome markører, herunder CD63 og Tsg101.Et gennemsigtigt ødem område er observeret efter intramyocardial injektion i den forreste væg af venstre hjertekammer af mdx mus, hvilket indikerer, at injektionen i myokardiet er vellykket. Immunfluorescerende farvning for dystrophin udføres derefter for at afgøre, om hjerte MPC-Exo levering genskaber dystrophin-protein udtryk i mdx hjerter. Delvis restaurering af dystrophin udtryk er observeret med membran lokalisering i nogle af kardiomyocytter.Hjertefunktionen måles ved ekkokardiografi to dage efter intramyokardielevering for at afgøre, om transplation af MPC-Exo forbedrer hjertefunktionen i mdx-mus. MPC-Exo behandlingen ses for at forbedre indvendige væg bevægelse sammenlignet med PBS, tyder på, at MPC-Exo transplantation forbedret hjertefunktion i mdx mus. Ved hjælp af en 31 gauge insulin nål med spidsen på omkring 20 grader er afgørende for succes for levering af de fleste exosomer i myokardiet og maksimerer eksponeringen af injicerede exosomer til at være vært kardiomyocytter.Efter proceduren, dystrophin udtryk kan påvises efter MPC-afledt exosom injektion ved immunfluorescerende farvning indikerer, at hjerte MPC-afledt exosom levering genskaber dystrophin-protein udtryk. Denne teknik vil bane vejen for kardiomyopati behandling med exosom-regnskabsmæssige terapeutiske genetiske materialer, herunder DNA, mRNA, lncRNA, eller microRNAs.

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